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________________ jainadharma kI vizva ko maulika dena : eka cintana DaoN0 kastUra canda 'sumana' sAMsArika sthiti ko dekhate hue samprati yahI anubhava kiyA jA rahA hai, ki saMsAra zAnti kA pipASu hai| usakI pipASA-zAnti abhayasthiti meM hai aura abhayasthiti kA mUlAdhAra dikhAI detI hai surakSA, jisakA sadbhAva premAzrita hai; jisa prema yA hArdika sneha ko hama ahiMsA kahakara pukArate haiM, aura use dhArmika svarUpa pradAna karate haiN| jainadharma meM ahiMsAtmaka-bhAvoM kA aMkana jIvarakSArtha kiyA gayA hai| jIva hitaiSI hone ke kAraNa ve sarva-grAhya ho gae haiM / vaidika aura bauddhAdi anya dharmoM meM nirdezita ahiMsA kI apekSA jainadharma kI ahiMsA meM "sarve bhavantu sukhina: sarve santu nirAmayA:" ke sarvAdhika bhAvoM kA aMkana dikhAI detA hai| sUryAsta ke pazcAt bhojana-pAnAdi na karanA, pAnI chAnakara pInA Adi kriyAeM jIvasurakSA-pradhAna ahiMsA dharma kI hI pratIka haiN| ahiMsA pradhAna dharmoM meM jainadharma uccakoTi kA dharma mAnA gayA hai / isa dharma meM jIva-hatyA kI bAta to bahuta dUra hai, jIva-hatyA kI kalpanA ko bhI mahApApa kI saMjJA dI gaI hai| ahiMsA dharma ke anuyAyI hiMsaka-bhAva na mana meM vicArate haiM, na vacana se ucArate haiM aura na hI kisI ko aise niMdya karma hetu protsAhita karate yA AjJA dete haiN| ahiMsA kA mArmika rahasyodghATana karate hue yathA dhIvarakarSako kahakara jainadharma ne hI saMbhavata: sarvaprathama yaha kahA thA ki hiMsA-bhAvoM se yukta dhIvara bhale hI hiMsA na kare kintu hiMsAgata pApa se alipta nahIM raha pAtA hai, jabaki kRSaka hiMsA karate hue bhI hiMsAgata bhAva na hone ke kAraNa hiMsA-doSoM se alipta banA rahatA hai| __ isI prakAra sUkSma vizleSaNa karate hue jainadharma ne hI saMbhavataH sarvaprathama yaha udghoSaNA kI thI ki agni, jala, vAyu, vanaspati aura parvatoM meM bhI AtmA nivAsa karatI hai, ve sacetana haiM tathA unameM bhI manuSyoM ke samAna duHkhAnubhUti hotI hai| ata: inheM bhI pIr3ita nahIM karanA caahie| jIvikA ke saMbaMdha meM bhI jainadharma kA cintana anaThA hI hai| isa dharma meM upadeza diyA gayA hai ki zrAvakoM ko apanI AjIvikA madhukaravRtti se karanI caahie| isase yahI artha phalita hotA hai ki jainadharma cAhatA hai ki jaise bhramara phUla ko hAni pahuMcAe binA hI parAga kA pAna karatA hai, vaise hI jIvoM ko binA kaSTa die sabhI ko apanI AjIvikA ajita karanI caahie| isa prakAra ahiMsAtmaka sUkSmAtisUkSma rUpa se jaisA cintana jaina dharma meM prastuta kiyA gayA hai, vaisA anyatra nahIM hai| itara dharmo meM premopadeza avazya upalabdha hai, parantu usakA saMbaMdha kevala manuSyoM se darzAyA gayA hai, manuSyetara jIvoM kI upekSA kI gaI hai| anya dharmoM meM eka ora dayA ko dharma kA mUla darzAyA gayA hai to dUsarI ora yajJAdi-saMbaMdhI upadeza dekara virodhAbhAsa bhI utpanna kara diyA gayA hai, jabaki jaina dharma meM aise bhAva kahIM bhI nahIM darzAye gae haiN| sarvatra eka rUpatA hI bhAvoM meM prApta hotI hai| jaina dharma kA hI prabhAva thA jo ki jIva-dayA se prerita hokara bhagavAna mahAvIra ne pazu balikArI yajJAdi kA apane jIvana kAla meM kamara kasakara virodha kiyA thA, aura "jiyo aura jIne do" kA nArA bulanda kara ahiMsA-dharma kI ora samAja ko AkRSTa kiyA thaa| bIsavIM sadI ke mahAna saMta mahAtmA gAMdhI aise hI ahiMsA ke pujArI the| ahiMsA paramo dharmaH kI mAnyatA jaina dharma ne hI prastuta kii| yahI kAraNa hai ki yaha vAkya Aja jaina dharma kA paryAyavAcI nAma mAnA jAne lagA hai| isa prakAra ahiMsAtmaka cintana jaina dharma kI vizva ke lie eka aisI maulika dena hai, jisase na kevala manuSyoM ko balki manuSyetara sabhI zAnti pipASu jIvadhAriyoM ko zAnti prApta ho skegii| sAMsArika maraNabhaya dUra ho sakegA aura jIvana jI sakeMge sabhI sukha aura zAnti puurvk| ___jaina dharma kI dvitIya maulika dena hai satya / bauddha-dharma meM cAra Arya satyoM ke rUpa meM jaisA satya kA vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai, jaina AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ dharma meM aisI koI satya saMbaMdhI vibhAjana rekhA parilakSita nahIM hotI hai| isa dharma meM satya kA tAtparyaM kevala satya bolane mAtra se nahIM hai / yahAM satya kA tAtparya aise sambhASaNa se hotA hai jisameM sundaratA aura madhuratA kA samAveza rahatA hai| kahane kA tAtparya yaha hai ki hita-mitapriya guNoM se pUrNa hone para hI kathana meM satyatA kahI jAvegI / athavA satya kA hitamita priya honA paramAvazyaka hai| aise satya ke lie kSamA, nirbhayatA aura nirlobhatA jaise guNoM kA sadbhAva jIvana meM Avazyaka hai kyoMki krodha, bhaya, aura lobhAbasthA meM satya kA pAlana nahIM ho pAtA hai| saMskRta ke vidvAnoM ne bhI hitaM manohAri ca durlabhaM baccaH kahakara hita-mita priya guNoM kI ora hI saMketa kiyA hai aura parokSa rUpa se ukta abhimata ko hI mAnyatA pradAna kI hai| aise satyAnveSI sAMsArika kaSTa se bhayabhIta nahIM hote haiN| Atma kalyANArtha siMhavRti se jIvanayApana karate hue Age bar3hate haiM tathA satya ko samajha kara ve jIvana meM kriyA rUpa meM use pariNata karate haiN| satyAcaraNI munijana yahI kAraNa hai ki nirbhayatA pUrvaka vicarate haiM kyoMki ve svahita to karate hI haiM parantu jIvahita kA bhI pUrNa dhyAna rakhate haiM satya kI yathArthatA ke darzana muniyoM meM hI hote haiM / jaina dharma meM samajhAye gae jIvAjIvAdika sapta tattvoM kI yathArthatA kA bodha hI satya pratIta hotA hai kyoMki tattva-bodha meM jIva kA kalyANa nihita hai, jo ki satya kA eka aMga hai| satyAcaraNa anubhava meM AtA hai ki bahuta kaThina hai, phira bhI satya yaha hI hai ki satya jAne pahicAne binA jIva ko zAnti kI upalabdhi nahIM hai / aise kalyANakArI satya kA gaharAI se nirUpaNa kara Adarza prastuta karanA jaina dharma kI dvitIya maulika dena hai / sadAcaraNa saMbaMdhI ciMtana isa dharma kI tRtIya vizeSatA hai| sadAcAritA para itara dharmoM kI apekSA isa dharma meM adhika bala diyA gayA hai / isa hetu isa dharma ne aneka aise niyama evaM AcAra saMbaMdhI tathyoM kA samAveza kiyA hai tathA unakI gaharAI meM praveza kara bArIkI se vicAra karate hue paMca mahAvrata ahiMsA, satya, asteya, brahmacarya, aura aparigraha kA aticAroM sahita varNana kara sAmAjika vyavasthA evaM zAnti banAye rakhane meM mahatvapUrNa yogadAna kiyA hai| ye mahAvrata manasA vAcA karmaNA pAlanIya batAye gae haiN| sadAcAritA ke lie jaina dharma ne jIvana meM - kSamA, namratA, saujanyatA, satya, svacchatA, Atma saMyama, pavitratA, tyAga, aparigraha tathA brahmacarya guNoM kA samAveza Avazyaka batAyA hai, tathA pratyeka ko dharma kahA hai| sAmAyika, pratikramaNa, vratopavAsa jaise upAya bhI darzAye gae haiM jinase ki sadAcAritA meM sthiratA banI rahatI hai| DaoN0 vidyAdhara mahAjana ne spaSTa zabdoM meM apanI kRti prAcIna bhArata kA itihAsa ( 1673 I0 ) ke pRSTha 174 meM likhA hai ki "jIvana kI pavitratA kI dRSTi se jaina dharma, bauddha dharma kI apekSA paryApta Age rahA hai|" isa kathana se yaha artha niSpanna hotA hai ki jIvana ko pavitra banAne meM anya dharmoM kI apekSA jaina dharma ne adhika gaharAI se citana prastuta kiyA hai tathA samAja ko sadAcaraNa kI ora prerita kara tadanukUla AcaraNa banAye rakhane kI mahatI AkAMkSA prakaTa kI hai| isase yaha spaSTa hai ki sadAcaraNa ke abhAva meM sAmAjika azAnti utpanna hotI hai aura paga-paga para samAja kaSTa kA anubhava karatA hai| ataH kahA jA sakatA hai ki kalyANakArI sadAcaraNa saMbaMdhI ukta niyamAdi kA gambhIra cintana jaina dharma kI maulika dena hai, jo niyama sAmAjika sukha-zAnti ke srota pramANita hue haiN| 1 maulika dena hai jaina dharma kI vizva ke lie usakI karma vyavasthA, AtmA aura Izvara ke saMbaMdha meM vicAra kAmika vyavasthA kA nirmANa kara jaina dharma ne eka kalyANakArI bhUmikA kA nirvAha kiyA hai| sukha-duHkha, jIvana-maraNa, rUpa-raMga, jAti-kula, Adi svakRta karmoM ke phala darzAye gae haiN| jIvana meM prApta vighna-bAdhAeM tathA jJAna darzanAdi sAtA - asAtA karma janita phala haiN| pratyeka prANI ko inheM anivArya rUpeNa bhoganA par3atA hai| jaina dharma cUMki AtmA ke astitva meM vizvAsa karatA hai tathA usakI yaha mAnyatA hai ki prakAza kI bhAMti isakA astitva hotA hai / yahI sukha-duHkha kA anubhava karatI hai aura yaha zarIra se pRthak hai tathA ajara, amara, arUpI, anitya hai| isa dhAraNA se yaha aura pramANita ho gayA hai ki jina karmoM kA phala isa prayaya meM prApta nahIM ho sakA hai, vaha phala AgAmI paryAya meM bhoganA par3egA / isI prakAra Izvara ko jaina dharma ne mAnyatA to dI hai kintu Izvara ko karttA hartA ke rUpa meM svIkAra nahIM kiyA hai| sukha-duHkha dAtA bhI nahIM mAnA hai / isa dharma meM Izvara ko vItarAgI kahA gayA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki Izvara pUjA meM dayA athavA kSamA ke lie isa dharma meM yAcanA nirdezita nahIM kI gayI hai| Izvara ko nispRhI sAMsArika bandhanoM se mukta batAyA gayA hai| aisA kahakara jaina dharma ne devI devatAoM ko prasanna karane ke lie yajJAdi meM yA vividha rUpa se jIva-vadha kie jAne yA bali car3hAye jAne se utpanna pApa phala bhogane se apane anuyAyiyoM ko bacAkara dhArmika sUjha bUjha kA paricaya diyA hai tathA itara dharmoM ke samakSa jIva hitaiSI bhAvanA ko prastuta kiyA hai / aisI Izvara saMbaMdhI dhAraNA se svAvalambana kI bhAvanA kA nirmANa hotA hai tathA hIna bhAvanAoM kA vinAza hotA hai / vArNika bheda ko bhI prazraya nahIM mila pAtA hai| samAnatA kI bhAvanA udita hotI hai| itara sAmAjika burAiyAM bhI utpanna nahIM ho pAtI haiN| jaina tatva cintana : Adhunika saMdarbha 67
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________________ yadi yaha mAnyatA banI rahatI ki Izvara pApoM ko kSamA kara sakatA hai, asad karma janita phala se bacA sakatA hai to nizcita hI Alasya pravRttiyoM ko prazraya milatA, ajJAna ke garta meM par3e rahane kI hI prakRti banI rahatI aura asad pravRttiyoM kI punarAvRtti meM bhI aise loga saMkucita na hote ; phalasvarUpa sAmAjika-azAnti ko prazraya milatA , parantu jaina dharma kI Izvara saMbaMdhI mAnyatA ne yaha pramANita kara diyA hai ki aisI dhAraNAeM duHkhotpAdaka haiM, ___ manuSya apanA kalyANa karane ke lie svataMtra hai| pUjA arcanA-ArAdhanA kara apane bhAvoM ko nirmala banAyA jA sakatA hai aura nirmala bhAvoM dvArA nispRhI banakara, kASAyika bhAvoM ko jItakara, niviSayI hokara vItarAgI sAdhanA se vaha karmajanita duHkhoM kA anta kara sakatA hai , yaha usakI AkAMkSA sAmarthya tathA viveka para Azrita hai-- "nara cAhe nara banA rahe, yA bana jAye nArAyaNa ," isa prakAra 'svAvalambana' kI bhAvanA ko janma denA jaina dharma ke gahana cintana kA pariNAma hai , yaha bhAvanA vizva ke lie jaina dharma kI maulika dena kahI jA sakatI hai , kyoMki mukta, satarka, hitaiSI aisA gahana cintana anya dharmoM meM na ke barAbara hI upalabdha hai, jJAna kI pradhAnatA aura mukti kI sAdhanA-cintana ke anukrama meM jaba hama jJAna aura mukti kI sAdhanA ke saMbaMdha meM vicAra karate haiM to sAdhanA ke vividha rUpa dikhAyI dete hai| sAdhana hetu bauddha dharma meM jaise madhyama mArga kI khoja kI gaI vaise hI anya dharmoM ne bhI sAdhanA ke saralatama mArga ko nirdezita kara jana samUha ko AkRSTa kiyA / parantu jaina dharma ne kisI bhI prakAra na kevala sAdhanA ke kSetra meM apitu apane maulika siddhAntoM meM bhI kabhI koI parivartana nahIM kiyaa| sAdhanA ke jaise kaThora niyamoM kA jaina dharma ne ullekha kiyA hai, vaise kaThora zArIrika kaSTadAyI niyamoM kA itara dharmoM meM samAveza nahIM kiyA gayA hai| niyamAdi kI kaThoratA hI pradhAna kAraNa thI jo ki jaina dharma kalyANakArI dharma hote hue bhI lokadharma na bana sakA aura bhAratIya sImAoM meM hI sImita raha gyaa| kar3avI guNakArI bheSaja ke samAna phira bhI yaha dharma vivekavAnoM ke bIca banA rahA hai aura yahI kAraNa hai ki Aja bhI isa dharma kA yathAvat astitva vidyamAna hai| jaina dharma nivRtti pradhAna dharma hai / bItarAgatA isa dharma kI AtmA hai / sAdhanA bhI bItarAgatAmayI hai| vItarAgatA kA hI prabhAva hai jo ki isa dharma meM bAhyADambara ko kisI bhI prakAra se prazraya nahIM mila sakA hai, aura anya tattvadarziyoM ko bhI yaha prabhAvita kara sakA hai| jaina dharma se prabhAvita hone ke kAraNa hI saMbhavata: sAdhu kabIra isa dharma kI AlocanA karane meM asamartha rahe pratIta hote haiN| unheM itara dharmoM ke samAna isa dharma meM aisI koI burAI samajha meM nahIM AI jisakA ki ve samAja meM ullekha karate / yathArtha meM yaha dharma bAhya nagnatA ko jitanA mahattva detA hai usase kahIM adhika vaha Antarika bhAvoM ko mahattvapUrNa samajhatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki antastha vicAroM, bhASaNoM tathA zArIrika vicaraNa para niyaMtraNa rakhate hue bhAvoM meM vItarAgatA kA lAnA hI sAdhanA kI saphalatA kA mUlAdhAra isa dharma meM batAyA gayA hai| jJAna kA mahattva pratipAdita karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki sAdhanA kA pradhAna sAdhana jJAna hI hai / yaha jJAna zraddhA ke sAtha-sAtha hI utpanna hotA hai / jJAna hI eka aisA sAdhana hai trigupti pUrvaka jisakI sAdhanA se sahaja hI karmoM kA vinAza kiyA jA sakatA hai / anubhava meM bhI yahI AtA hai ki sadjJAnI sahaja hI tyAjya vastuoM ko tyAjya samajhakara tyAga kara detA hai jabaki AjJAnI tyAjya samajhate hue bhI mohAdhIna hokara vastuoM kA parityAga nahIM kara pAtA hai| yadi kisI prakAra vivazatA vaza tyAga bhI de to usakI prAptyAzA banI hI rahatI hai jo ki duHkha kA mUla kAraNa kahA gayA hai / jJAna hI eka aisA sAdhana hai jisake hote hI kriyA bhI tadanurUpa pariNata hotI hai| manasA vAcA-karmaNA eka honA hI jJAna hone kA pratIka hai| yaha jJAna indriyoM aura mana kI sahAyatA se tathA tarka dvArA prApta kiyA jAtA hai| jaba karmoM kA AMzika prabhAva naSTa ho jAtA hai to avadhijJAna; tathA jaba IrSyA, ghRNAdi kA nAza ho jAtA hai taba manaHparyaya jJAna hotA hai| aura jaba sabhI karmabandhana naSTa ho jAte haiM taba tIna loka ke padArthoM kA eka sAtha jJAna karAne vAlA kevala jJAna utpanna hotA hai| yathArtha meM samyak jJAna yahI hai / jo caritra hameM bandhana se chur3AtA hai vaha samyakcAritra kahA jAtA hai| isa darzana-jJAna-caritra ko isa dharma meM ratnatraya saMjJA dI gaI hai aura jise mukti kA mArga batAyA gayA hai, jo mukti ananta Ananda kA dhAma sukhoM kA bhaMDAra hai| isa prakAra jJAna kI mahattA pratipAdina kara viveka buddhi utpanna karane kA prayAsa kiyA gayA hai| hitAhita kA jJAna karAne vAlA viveka hI hai jisake abhAva meM jIva du:kha sAgara meM par3A huA hai| aura viveka hI aisA sAdhana hai jo asad pravRttiyoM se manuSya ko lauTA sakatA hai| tathA samAja meM zAnti sthApita kara sakatA hai| aisI anupama nidhi kI mahattA pratipAdita karanA jaina dharma kI eka vizeSatA hai| yadi mukti ko asIma sukhoM kA bhaMDAra na kahA gayA hotA to usakI prApti ke lie kauna prayatna karatA / isI prakAra yadi jJAna meM usakI prApti kA sAdhana na batAyA gayA hotA to jana samUha usakI ora AkarSita na hotA jisake abhAva meM viveka zUnyatA rahatI aura viveka ke abhAva meM asad pravRttiyoM meM par3akara yaha manuSya na kevala sAmAjika zAnti bhaMga karatA apitu svayaM kI zAnti bhI bhaMga kara baitthtaa| jaina dharma kI anekAnta aura syAdvAda-dRSTiyAM bhI usakI maulika dena haiN| ye aisI dRSTiyAM haiM jinase visaMvAda ko sahaja hI AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ nipaTAyA jA sakatA hai / vivAdAspada tathyoM ke prati samAdhAna kI upalabdhi bhI sahaja ho gaI hai| isa prakAra jaina dharma eka vaijJAnika, jIva-kalyANakArI evaM samAja sudhAravAdI, vivekAzrita dharma pratIta hotA hai| isake dvArA pratipAdita siddhAnta anUThe haiM tathA anya dharmoM se pRthak mahattva rakhate haiM / isa dharma kI saiddhAntika maulikatA hI pradhAna kAraNa hai jo ki rAjyAzraya prApta na hone para bhI isa dharma kA sthAyitva banA huA hai / aura aise samAja se vaha gauravAnvita hai jo sukhI aura samRddha hai / tathA samRddhatA se jo svayaM ke vivekavAn hone kA pramANa de rahI hai|| dharma kI vyAkhyA karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki "dharma vaha hai jo samIcIna arthAt vAdI prativAdiyoM dvArA nirAbAdhita ho, karmabandhanoM kA vinAzaka ho, aura jIvoM ko jo saMsAra ke duHkhoM se nikAlakara uttama sukha kI ora le jaave|" isa dhArmika vyAkhyA se bhI yahI pratIta hotA hai ki jaina dharma hI eka aisA dharma hai jo nispRhI evaM jIva hitaiSI hai, jise dharma saMjJA dI jA sakatI hai| jIvakalyANa kI sarvopari bhAvanA isa dharma kI mahattvapUrNa evaM maulika dena hai / ataH zAntyartha yahI dharma AcaraNIya pratIta hotA hai / dhana kA sadupayoga anyAyopAjitaM vittaM dazavarSANi tiSThati / prApte tvekAdaze varSe samUlaM ca vinazyati // anyAya se kamAyA huA dhana kevala dasa varSa taka sthira rahatA hai aura gyArahavA~ varSa prArambha hote hI vaha samUla naSTa ho jAtA hai / isalie nyAyapUrvaka dhana kamAkara usake cAra bhAga karane caahie| pahalA bhAga dAna-dharma meM kharca kareM, dUsarA kuTambiyoM ke pAlana-poSaNa meM, tIsarA ApattikAla ke lie kahIM surakSita rUpa se rakha deM tathA cauthA bhAga vyApAra meM lagAnA cAhie isa prakAra kA niyama banAkara dharmAtmA zrAvakoM ko dharma saMcaya karate rahanA caahie| dharma karane se hamArA dhana kabhI nahIM ghaTatA / vaha to dina pratidina bar3hatA hI jAtA hai / kahA bhI hai ki--- pyAse pakSI ke piye ghaTe na saritA nIra / dharma kie dhana nA ghaTe jo sahAya jina vIra // arthAt jisa prakAra pakSiyoM ke pAnI pIne se saritA kA nIra kama nahIM hotA, usI prakAra jinezvara bhagavAn kI zaraNa lekara dharma karane se dhana kabhI nahIM ghaTatA / dhana daulata kSaNabhaMgura hai| vaha kisI ke pAsa sthira hokara rahane vAlI nahIM hai / jisa prakAra pAnI ke buda-bude barasAta meM uThate haiM aura thor3I dera bAda ve naSTa ho jAte haiM usI prakAra hamArA dhana-aizvarya kSaNika hai daulata pAya na kIjie sapane meM abhimAna / caMcala jala dina cAri ko ThAUMna rahata nidAna / ThAU na rahata nidAna jiyata jaga meM yaza lIjai / mIThe bacana sunAya vinaya saba hI ko koja / -----AcArya zrI dezabhUSaNa, upadezasArasaMgraha, kothalI, 1676, pR0 136, 146, 167 se uddhRta jaina tatva cintana : Adhunika saMdarbha