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________________ jaina dharma kI paramparA, itihAsa ke jharokhe se yadyapi janasaMkhyA kI dRSTi se Aja vizva meM prati eka hajAra vyaktiyoM meM mAtra chaha vyakti jaina haiM, phira bhI vizva ke dharmoM ke itihAsa meM jaina dharma kA apanA eka viziSTa sthAna hai kyoMki vaicArika udAratA, dArzanika gaMbhIratA, vipula sAhitya aura utkRSTa zilpa kI dRSTi se vizva ke dharmoM meM isakA avadAna mahattvapUrNa hai| prastuta nibandha meM hama isa dharma paramparA ko itihAsa ke Aine meM dekhane kA prayAsa kreNge| zramaNa paramparA vizva ke dharmo kI mukhyataH semeTika dharma aura Arya dharma, aisI do zAkhAe~ haiN| semeTika dharmoM meM yahUdI, IsAI aura musalamAna Ate haiM jabaki Arya dharmoM meM pArasI, hindU (vaidika), bauddha aura jaina dharma kI gaNanA kI jAtI hai| inake atirikta sudUra pUrva ke deza jApAna aura cIna meM vikasita kucha dharma kanyUziyasa evaM zinto ke nAma se jAne jAte haiM Arya dharmoM meM jahA~ hindU dharma ke vaidika svarUpa ko pravRttimArgI mAnA jAtA hai vahA~ jainadharma aura bauddhadharma ko saMnyAsamArgI yA nivRttiparaka kahA jAtA hai| jaina aura bauddha donoM hI dharma zramaNa paramparA ke dharma haiN| zramaNa paramparA kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki vaha sAMsArika evaM aihika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA ko ujAgara kara saMnyAsa evaM vairAgya ke mAdhyama se nirvANa kI prApti ko jIvana kA carama lakSya nirdhArita karatI hai| isa nivRttimArgI zramaNa paramparA ne apanI tapa evaM yoga kI AdhyAtmika sAdhanA evaM zIloM yA vratoM ke rUpa meM naitika mUlyoM kI saMsthApanA kI dRSTi se bhAratIya dharmoM ke itihAsa meM apanA viziSTa avadAna pradAna kiyA hai| isa zramaNa paramparA meM na kevala jaina aura bauddha dhArAyeM hI sammilita hai, apitu aupaniSadika aura sAMkhyayoga kI dhArAyeM bhI sammilita haiM jo Aja bRhad hindU dharma kA hI eka aMga bana cukI haiN| inake atirikta AjIvaka Adi anya kucha dhArAeM bhI thIM jo Aja vilupta ho cukI haiN| pArasparika sauhArda kI prAcIna sthiti prAkRta sAhitya meM RSibhASita (isimAsiyAI) aura pAli sAhitya meM theragAthA aise grantha haiM jo isa tathya kI puSTi karate haiM ki ati prAcIna kAla meM AcAra aura vicAragata vibhinnatAoM ke hote hue bhI ina RSiyoM meM pArasparika sauhArda thaa| RSibhASita jo ki prAkRta jaina AgamoM aura bauddha pAlipiTakoM meM apekSAkRta rUpa se prAcIna hai aura jo kisI samaya jaina paramparA kA mahattvapUrNa grantha mAnA jAtA thA, adhyAtmapradhAna zramaNadhArA ke isa pArasparika sauhArda aura ekarUpatA ko sUcita karatA hai| yaha grantha AcArAMga ke prathama zrutaskandha ke pazcAt tathA zeSa sabhI prAkRta aura pAli sAhitya ke pUrva I0pU0 lagabhaga caturtha zatAbdI meM nirmita huA hai| isa grantha meM nirmandha, bauddha, aupaniSadika evaM AjIvaka Adi anya zramaNa paramparAoM ke 45 RSiyoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| isI prakAra bauddha paramparA ke grantha dheragAthA meM bhI zramaNa dhArA ke vibhinna RSiyoM ke upadeza evaM AdhyAtmika anubhUtiyA~ saMkalita haiN| aitihAsika evaM anAmahI dRSTi se adhyayana karane se yaha spaSTa ho jAtA hai ki na to RSibhAsita (isibhAsiyAI) ke sabhI RSi jaina paramparA ke hai aura na theragAthA ke sabhI zera (sthavira) bauddha paramparA ke haiM jahA~ RSibhASita meM sAriputra, vAtsIputra (cajjIputta) aura mahAkAzyapa bauddha paramparA ke haiM, vahIM uddAlaka, yAjJavalkya, aruNa, asitadevala, nArada, dvaipAyana, aMgirasa, bhAradvAja Adi aupaniSadika dhArA se sambandhita haiM, to saMjaya (saMjaya belapitta), maMkhalI gozAlaka, rAmaputta Adi anya svatantra bhramaNa paramparAoM se sambandhita haiN| isI prakAra theragAthA meM varddhamAna Adi jaina dhArA kI, to nArada Adi aupaniSadika dhArA ke RSiyoM kI svAnubhUti saMkalita hai sAmAnyatayA yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki zramaNadhArA kA janma vaidika dhArA kI pratikriyA ke rUpa meM huA kintu isameM mAtra AMzika satyatA hai| yaha sahI hai ki vaidika dhArA pravRttimArgI thI aura zramaNa dhArA nivRttimArgI aura inake bIca vAsanA aura viveka athavA bhoga aura tyAga ke jIvana mUlyoM kA saMgharSa thA kintu aitihAsika dRSTi se to bhramaNa dhArA kA udbhava mAnava vyaktitva ke parizodhana evaM naitika tathA AdhyAtmika mUlyoM ke pratisthApana kA hI prayatna thA jisameM zramaNa-brAhmaNa sabhI sahabhAgI bane the| RSibhASita meM ina RSiyoM ko ahaMta kahanA aura sUtrakRtAMga meM inheM apanI paramparA se sammata mAnanA, prAcIna kAla meM ina RSiyoM kI paramparA ke bIca pArasparika sauhArda kA [ 66 ] loka
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________________ -yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha- Adhunika sandarbha meM jaina dharma hI sUcaka hai| nirgrantha paramparA lagabhaga I0pU0 sAtavIM chaThI zatAbdI kA yuga eka aisA yuga thA jaba jana samAja ina sabhI zramaNoM, tapasviyoM, yoga sAdhakoM evaM cintakoM ke upadezoM ko AdarapUrvaka sunatA thA aura apane jIvana ko AdhyAtmika evaM naitika sAdhanA se jor3atA thaa| phira bhI vaha kisI varga vizeSa yA vyakti vizeSa se baMdhA huA nahIM thaa| dUsare zabdoM meM usa yuga meM dharma paramparAoM yA dhArmika sampradAyoM kA udbhava nahIM huA thA kramazaH ina zramaNoM, sAdhakoM evaM cintakoM ke AsapAsa ziSyoM, upAsakoM evaM zraddhAluoM kA eka vartula khar3A huaa| ziSyoM evaM praziSyoM kI paramparA calI aura unakI alaga-alaga pahacAna banane lgii| isI krama meM nirgrantha paramparA kA udbhava huaa| jahA~ pArzva kI paramparA ke bhramaNa apane ko pArthApatya nirmantha kahane lage, vahIM varddhamAna mahAvIra ke bhramaNa apane ko jJAtraputrIya nirmanya kahane lage siddhArtha gautama buddha kA bhikSu saMgha zAkya putrIya zramaNa ke nAma se pahacAnA jAne lgaa| pArzva aura mahAvIra kI ekIkRta paramparA nirmantha ke nAma se jAnI jAne lgii| jaina dharma kA prAcIna nAma hameM nirgrantha dharma ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| jaina zabda to mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa bAda astitva meM AyA hai| azoka ( I0pU0 tRtIya zatAbdI), khAkhela (I0pU0 dvitIya zatAbdI) Adi ke zilAlekhoM meM jaina dharma kA ullekha nirgrantha saMgha ke rUpa meM hI huA hai| pArzva evaM mahAvIra kI paramparA " * 3 RSibhASita uttarAdhyayana sUtrakRtAMga Adi se jJAta hotA hai ki pahale nirmanya dharma meM nami, bAhuka, kapila, nArAyaNa (tArAyaNa) aMgirasa, bhAradvAja, nArada Adi RSiyoM ko bhI jo ki vastutaH usakI paramparA ke nahIM the, atyanta sammAnapUrNa sthAna prApta thA / pArzva aura mahAvIra ke samAna inheM bhI arhat kahA gayA thA kintu jaba nirmanya sampradAya pArzva aura mahAvIra ke prati kendrita hone lagA to inheM pratyeka-buddha ke rUpa meM sammAnajanaka sthAna to diyA gayA kintu aparokSa rUpa se apanI paramparA se pRthak mAna liyA gyaa| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki I0pU0 pAMcavIM yA cauthI zatI meM nirgrantha saMgha pArzva aura mahAvIra taka sImita ho gyaa| yahA~ yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki prArambha meM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paramparAeM bhI pRthak pRthak hI thiiN| yadyapi uttarAdhyayana evaM bhagavatIsUtra kI sUcanAnusAra mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM pArzva kI paramparA ke kucha zramaNa unake vyaktitva se prabhAvita ho unake saMgha meM sammilita hue the kintu mahAvIra ke jIvana kAla meM mahAvIra aura pArzva kI paramparAeM pUrNataH ekIkRta nahIM ho skiiN| uttarAdhyayana meM prApta ullekha se aisA lagatA hai ki mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt hI zrAvastI meM mahAvIra ke pradhAna ziSya gautama aura pArzvApatya paramparA ke tatkAlIna AcArya kezI ne paraspara milakara donoM saMghoM ke ekIkaraNa kI bhUmikA taiyAra kI thii| yadyapi Aja hamAre pAsa aisA koI bhI sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai jisake AdhAra para yaha kahA jA sake ki pArzva kI paramparA pUrNataH mahAvIra kI paramparA meM vilIna ho gayI thii| phira bhI itanA niracita hai ki pArzvApatyoM kA eka bar3A bhAga mahAvIra kI paramparA meM sammilita ho gayA thA aura mahAvIra kI paramparA ne pArzva ko apanI hI paramparA ke pUrva puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnya kara liyA thaa| pArzva ke lie 'puruSAdAnIya' zabda kA prayoga isakA pramANa hai| kAlAntara meM RSabha nami aura ariSTanemi jaise prAgaitihAsika kAla ke mahAn vyaktiyoM ko svIkAra karake nirmantha paramparA ne apane astitva ko ati prAcInakAla se jor3ane kA prayatna kiyaa| RSabha Adi tIrthakaroM kI aitihAsikatA kA prazna vedoM evaM vaidika paramparA ke prAcIna granthoM se itanA to nirvivAda rUpa se siddha hotA hai ki vAtarazanA muniyoM evaM vrAtyoM ke rUpa meM bhramaNa dhArA usa yuga meM bhI jIvita thI jisake pUrva puruSa RSabha the| phira bhI Aja aitihAsika AdhAra para yaha batA pAnA kaThina hai ki RSabha kI dArzanika evaM AcAra sambandhI vistRta mAnyatAeM kyA thIM aura ve vartamAna jaina paramparA ke kitanI nikaTa thIM, to bhI itanA nizcita hai ki RSabha saMnyAsa mArga ke pravartaka ke rUpa meM dhyAna aura tapa para adhika bala dete the| RSabha, nami, ajita ara ariSTanemi, pArzva aura mahAvIra ko chor3akara anya tIrthaMkaroM kI aitihAsikatA ke sambandha meM aitihAsika sAkSya pUrNataH mauna hai aura unake prati hamArI AsthA kA AdhAra paravartI kAla ke Agama aura anya kathA grantha hI haiN| " mahAvIra aura ajIvaka paramparA jaina dharma ke isa pUrva itihAsa kI isa saMkSipta rUpa rekhA dene ke pakSAt jaba hama punaH mahAvIra ke kAla kI ora Ate haiM to kalpasUtra evaM bhagavatI meM kucha aise sUcanA sUtra milate haiM, jinake AdhAra para jJAtaputra zramaNa mahAvIra ke pArzvApatyoM ke atirikta AjIvakoM ke sAtha bhI nikaTa sambandhoM kI puSTi hotI hai| jainAgamoM aura Agamika vyAkhyAoM meM yaha mAnA gayA hai ki mahAvIra dIkSita hone ke dUsare varSa meM hI maMkhalI putra gozAlaka unake nikaTa samparka meM AyA thA, kucha varSa donoM sAtha bhI rahe kintu niyativAda aura puruSArthavAda sambandhI matabhedoM ke kAraNa donoM alaga-alaga ho gye| haramana jekobI ne to yaha kalpanA bhI kI hai ki mahAvIra kI nirmanya paramparA meM nagnatA Adi jo AcArya mArga kI kaThoratA hai, vaha gozAlaka kI AjIvaka paramparA kA prabhAva hai| yaha satya hai ki gozAlaka ke pUrva bhI AjIvakoM ko eka paramparA thI jisameM arjuna Adi AcArya the phira bhI aitihAsika sAkSya ke abhAva meM yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki kaThora sAdhanA kI yaha paramparA mahAvIra se AjIvaka paramparA meM gaI yA AjIvaka gozAlaka ke dvArA mahAvIra kI paramparA meM aaii| kyoMki isa tathya kA koI pramANa nahIM hai ki mahAvIra se alaga hone ke pazcAt gozAlaka AjIvaka paramparA se jur3A thA yA vaha prArambha meM hI AjIvaka paramparA [ 67 ]G
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________________ -yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha -Adhunika sandarbha meM jaina dharma meM dIkSita hokara mahAvIra ke pAsa AyA thaa| phira bhI itanA nizcita hai saMbaMdha meM gambhIra cintana kI AvazkatA hai| ki IsA kI prathama-dvitIya zatAbdI ke bAda taka bhI isa AjIvaka paramparA kA astitva rahA hai| yaha nirgranthoM evaM bauddhoM kI eka pratispardhI zramaNa nirgrantha saMgha kI dharma prasAra yAtrA paramparA thI jisake zramaNa bhI jainoM kI digambara zAkhA ke samAna nagna bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kAla meM unake nirgrantha saMgha kA prabhAva kSetra rahate the| jaina aura AjIvaka donoM paramparAeM pratispardhI hokara bhI eka bihAra evaM pUrvI uttara pradeza tathA unake AsapAsa kA pradeza hI thaa| kintu dUsare ko anya paramparAoM kI apekSA adhika sammAna detI thIM, isa tathya mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt ina sImAoM meM vistAra hotA gyaa| phira kI puSTi hameM bauddha piTaka sAhitya meM upalabdha vyaktiyoM ke SaTvidha bhI AgamoM aura niyuktiyoM kI racanA tathA tIrthaMkaroM kI avadhAraNA ke vargIkaraNa se hotI hai| nirgranthoM ko anya paramparA ke zramaNoM se Upara aura vikAsa kAla taka uttara pradeza, hariyANA, paMjAba evaM pazcimI rAjasthAna AjIvaka paramparA se nIce sthAna diyA gayA hai| isa prakAra AjIvakoM ke ke kucha bhAga taka hI nirgranthoM ke vihAra kI anumati thii| tIrthaMkaroM ke nirgrantha saMgha se jur3ane evaM alaga hone kI yaha ghaTanA nimrantha paramparA kI kalyANa kSetra bhI yahIM taka sImita the| mAtra ariSTanemi hI aise tIrthaMkara eka mahattvapUrNa ghaTanA hai| sAtha hI nirgranthoM ke prati apekSAkRta udAra bhAva haiM jinakA saMbaMdha zUrasena (mathurA ke AsapAsa ke pradeza) ke atirikta donoM saMghoM kI AMzika nikaTatA kA bhI sUcaka hai| saurASTra se bhI dikhAyA gayA hai aura unakA nirvANa sthala giranAra parvata mAnA gayA hai| kintu AgamoM meM dvArikA aura giranAra kI jo nikaTatA nirgrantha paramparA meM mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM hue saMgha bheda varNita hai vaha yathArtha sthiti se bhinna hai| sambhavataH ariSTanemi aura kRSNa mahAvIra ke jIvanakAla meM nirgrantha saMgha kI anya mahattvapUrNa ke nikaTa-sambandha hone ke kAraNa hI kRSNa ke sAtha-sAtha ariSTanemi kA ghaTanA mahAvIra ke jAmAtR kahe jAne vAle jAmAli se unakA vaicArika sambandha bhI dvArikA se jor3A gayA hogaa| abhI taka isa sambandha meM matabheda honA aura jAmAli kA apane pA~ca sau ziSyoM sahita unake saMgha aitihAsika sAkSyoM kA abhAva hai| vidvAnoM se apekSA hai ki isa dizA se alaga honA hai| bhagavatI, Avazyaka niyukti aura paravartI granthoM meM meM khoja kreN| isa sambandha meM vistRta vivaraNa upalabdha hai| nirgrantha saMgha-bheda kI isa ghaTanA jo kucha aitihAsika sAkSya mile haiM usase aisA lagatA hai ke atirikta hameM bauddha piTaka sAhitya meM eka anya ghaTanA kA ullekha ki nirgrantha saMgha apane janma sthala bihAra se do dizAoM meM apane pracAra bhI milatA hai jisake anusAra mahAvIra ke nirvANa hote hI unake bhikSuoM abhiyAna ke lie Age bddh'aa| eka varga dakSiNa-bihAra evaM baMgAla se evaM zveta vastradhArI zrAvakoM meM tIvra vivAda utpanna ho gyaa| nirgrantha saMgha ur3IsA ke rAste tamilanADu gayA aura vahIM se usane zrIlaMkA aura ke isa vivAda kI sUcanA buddha taka bhI pahu~catI hai| kintu piTaka sAhitya svarNadeza (jAvA-sumAtrA Adi) kI yAtrAe~ kii| lagabhaga I0pU0 dUsarI meM isa vivAda ke kAraNa kyA the, isakI koI carcA nahIM hai| eka sambhAvanA zatI meM bauddhoM ke bar3hate prabhAva ke kAraNa nirgranthoM ko zrIlaMkA se yaha ho sakatI hai ki yaha vivAda mahAvIra ke uttarAdhikArI ke prazna ko nikAla diyA gyaa| phalata: ve puna: tamilanADu meM A gye| tamilanADu lekara huA hogaa| zvetAmbara aura digambara paramparAoM meM mahAvIra ke prathama meM lagabhaga I0pU0 prathama-dvitIya zatI se brAhmI lipi meM aneka jaina uttarAdhikArI ko lekara matabheda hai| digambara paramparA mahAvIra ke pazcAt abhilekha milate haiM jo isa tathya ke sAkSI haiM ki nirgrantha saMgha mahAvIra gautama ko paTTadhara mAnatI hai, jabaki zvetAmbara paramparA sudharmA ko| zvetAmbara ke nirvANa ke lagabhaga do, tIna sau varSa pazcAt hI tamila pradeza meM paramparA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke samaya gautama ko nikaTa ke dUsare grAma pahu~ca cukA thaa| mAnyatA to yaha bhI hai ki AcArya bhadrabAhu, candragupta meM kisI devazarmA brAhmaNa ko pratibodha dene hetu bhejane kI jo ghaTanA varNita maurya ko dIkSita karane dakSiNa gaye the| yadyapi isakI aitihAsika hai, vaha bhI isa prasaMga meM vicAraNIya ho sakatI hai| kintu dUsarI sambhAvanA prAmANikatA nirvivAda rUpa se siddha nahIM ho sakatI hai kyoMki jo yaha bhI ho sakatI hai ki bauddhoM ne jainoM ke zvetAmbara evaM digambara sambandhI abhilekha ghaTanA kA ullekha karatA hai vaha lagabhaga chaThI-sAtavIM zatI paravartI vivAda ko piTakoM ke sampAdana ke samaya mahAvIra ke nirvANa kI kA hai| Aja bhI tamila jainoM kI vipula saMkhyA hai aura ve bhArata meM ghaTanA ke sAtha jor3a diyA ho| merI dRSTi meM yadi aisA koI vivAda ghaTita jaina dharma ke anuyAyiyoM kI prAcInatama paramparA ke pratinidhi haiN| yadyapi huA hogA to vaha mahAvIra ke nagna rakhane vAle zramaNoM ke bIca huA bihAra, baMgAla aura ur3IsA kI prAcIna jaina paramparA kAlakrama meM vilupta hogA, kyoMki pApityoM ke mahAvIra ke nirgrantha saMgha meM praveza ke sAtha ho gayI hai kintu sarAka jAti ke rUpa meM usa paramparA ke avazeSa Aja hI unake saMgha meM nagna aura savastra aise do varga avazya hI bana gaye hoMge bhI zeSa haiN| 'sarAka' zabda zrAvaka kA hI apabhraMza rUpa hai aura Aja aura mahAvIra zramaNoM ke ina do vargoM ko sAmAyika-cAritra aura bhI isa jAti meM rAtri bhojana niSedha jaise kucha saMskAra zeSa haiN| chedopasthApanIya-cAritra dhArI ke rUpa meM vibhAjita kiyA hogaa| vivAda kA kAraNa ye donoM varga hI rahe hoNge| merI dRSTi meM bauddha paramparA meM jinheM zveta uttara aura dakSiNa ke nirgrantha zramaNoM meM AdhAra bheda vastradhArI zrAvaka kahA gayA, ve vastutaH savastra zramaNa hI hoNge| kyoMki dakSiNa meM gayA nimrantha saMgha apane sAtha vipula prAkRta jaina bauddha paramparA meM zramaNa (bhikSu) ko bhI zrAvaka kahA gayA hai, phira bhI isa sAhitya to nahIM le jA sakA kyoMki usa kAla taka jainAgama sAhitya
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________________ -yatIndrasUri smArakarAndha Adhunika sandarbha meM jaina dharma kI pUrNa racanA hI nahIM ho pAI thii| vaha apane sAtha zruta paramparA se kucha dArzanika vicAroM evaM mahAvIra ke kaThora AcAra mArga ko hI lekara calA thA jise usane bahuta kAla taka surakSita rkhaa| Aja kI digambara paramparA kA pUrvaja yahI dakSiNI acela nirgrantha saMgha hai| isa sambandha anya kucha mudde bhI aitihAsika dRSTi se vicAraNIya haiN| mahAvIra ke apane yuga meM bhI unakA prabhAva kSetra mukhyatayA dakSiNa bihAra hI thA jisakA kendra rAjagRha thA, jabaki bauddhoM evaM pArthApatyoM kA prabhAva kSetra uttarI bihAra evaM pUrvottara uttara pradeza thA jisakA kendra zrAvastI thaa| mahAvIra ke acela nirgrantha saMgha aura pAzrvApatya santarottara (sacela) nirgrantha saMgha ke sammilana kI bhUmikA bhI zrAvastI meM gautama aura kezI ke netRtva meM taiyAra huI thii| mahAvIra ke sarvAdhika cAturmAsa rAjagRha nAlandA meM honA aura buddha ke zrAvastI meM honA bhI isI tathya kA pramANa hai| dakSiNa kA jalavAyu uttara kI apekSA garma thA, ataH acalatA ke paripAlana meM dakSiNa meM gaye nirdhanya saMgha ko koI kaThinAI nahIM huI jabaki uttara ke nirgrantha saMgha meM kucha pArzvApatyoM ke prabhAva se aura kucha ati zItala jalavAyu ke kAraNa yaha acelatA akSuNNa nahIM raha sakI aura eka vakha rakhA jAne lgaa| svabhAvataH bhI dakSiNa kI apekSA uttara ke nivAsI adhika suvidhAvAdI hote haiN| bauddha dharma meM bhI buddha ke nirvANa ke pazcAt suvidhAoM kI mAMga vAtsIputrIya bhikSuoM ne hI kI thI jo uttarI tarAI kSetra ke the| bauddha piTaka sAhitya meM nirmanyoM ko eka zATaka aura AjIvakoM ko nagna kahA gayA hai| yaha bhI yahI sUcita karatA hai ki lajjA aura zIta nivAraNa hetu uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha kama se kama eka vastra to rakhane laga gayA thaa| mathurA meM IsvI san prathama zatAbdI ke AsapAsa kI jaina zramaNoM kI jo mUrtiyAM upalabdha huI haiM unameM sabhI meM zramaNoM ko eka vastra se yukta dikhAyA gayA hai| vesAmAnyatayA nagna rahate the kintu bhikSA yA jana samAja meM jAte samaya vaha vastra khaNDa hAtha para DAlakara apanI nagnatA chipA lete the aura ati zIta Adi kI sthiti meM use or3ha lete the| isake atirikta mathurA ke aMkana meM muniyoM evaM sAdhviyoM ke hAtha meM mukha vastrikA (muMha- patti) aura pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) ke aMkana upalabdha hote haiN| pratilekhana ke aMkana digambara paramparA meM pracalita mayUra picchi aura zve0 paramparA meM pracalita rajoharaNa donoM hI AkAroM meM milate haiN| yadyapi spaSTa sAhityika aura purAtAttvika sAkSya ke abhAva meM yaha kahanA kaThina hai ki ve pratilekhana mayUrapiccha ke bane hote the yA anya kisI vastu ke digambara paramparA meM mAnya yApanIya grantha mUlAcAra aura bhagavatI ArAdhanA meM pratilekhana (paDilehaNa) aura usake guNoM kA to varNana hai kintu yaha spaSTa ullekha nahIM hai ki ve kisa vastu ke bane hote the| isa prakAra IsA kI prathama zatI ke pUrva uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha meM vastra, pAtra, jholI, mukhavastrikA aura pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) kA pracalana thA / sAmAnyatayA muni nagna hI rahate the aura sAdhviyA~ sAr3I pahanatI thIM muni vastra kA upayoga ucita avasara para zIta evaM lajjA nivAraNa hetu karate the| muniyoM ke dvArA sadaiva vastra dhAraNa kiye rahane kI paramparA nahIM thii| isI prakAra aMkanoM meM mukhavastrikA bhI hAtha meM hI pradarzita hai, na ki vartamAna sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparAoM ke anurUpa mukha para baMdhI huI dikhAI gaI hai| prAcIna stara ke zvetAmbara Agama grantha bhI inhIM tathyoM kI puSTi karate haiN| zvetAmbara paramparA meM muni ke jina 14 upakaraNoM kA ullekha milA hai, ve sambhavataH IsA kI dUsarI-tIsarI zatI taka nizcita ho gaye the / mahAvIra ke pazcAt nirmandha saMgha meM hue saMghabheda mahAvIra ke nirvANa aura mathurA ke aMkana ke bIca lagabhaga pA~ca sau varSoM ke itihAsa se hameM jo mahattvapUrNa sUcanAeM milatI haiN| ve nihavoM ke dArzanika evaM vaicArika matabhedoM evaM saMgha ke vibhinna, gaNoM, zAkhAoM, kuloM evaM sambhogoM meM vibhakta hone se sambandhita haiN| Avazyaka niyukti sAta niyoM kA ullekha karatI hai, inameM se jAmAli aura tiSyagupta to mahAvIra ke samaya meM hue the, zeSa pA~ca ASAr3habhUti, azvAmitra, gaMga, rohagupta aura goSTamahila mahAvIra nirmANa ke pazcAt 214 varSa se 584 varSa ke bIca hue ye nihnava kinhIM dArzanika praznoM para nirgrantha saMgha kI paramparAgata mAnyatAoM se matabheda rakhate the| kintu inake dvArA nirvrandha saMgha meM kisI navIna sampradAya kI utpatti huI ho, aisI koI bhI sUcanA upalabdha nahIM hotii| isa kAla meM nirgrantha saMgha meM gaNa aura zAkhA bheda bhI hue kintu ve kina dArzanika evaM AcAra sambandhI matabheda ko lekara hue the, yaha jJAta nahIM hotA hai| merI dRSTi meM vyavasthAgata suvidhAoM evaM ziSya-praziSyoM kI paramparAoM ko lekara hI ye gaNa yA zAkhA bheda hue hoNge| yadyapi kalpasUtra sthavirAvali meM badulaka rohagupta se trairAzika zAkhA nikalane kA ullekha huA hai| rohagupta vairAzika mata ke pravaktA eka nihnava mAne gaye haiN| ataH yaha spaSTa hai ki ina gaNoM evaM zAkhAoM meM kucha mAnyatA bheda bhI rahe hoMge kintu Aja hamAre pAsa yaha jAnane kA koI sAdhana nahIM hai| kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvali tuMgIyAyana gotrI Arya yazobhadra ke yaha sunizcita hai ki mahAvIra binA kisI pAtra ke dIkSita hue the| AcArAMga se upalabdha sUcanA ke anusAra pahale to ve gRhI pAtra kA upayoga kara late the kintu bAda meM unhoMne isakA tyAga kara diyA aura pANipAtra ho gaye arthAt hAtha meM hI bhikSA grahaNa karane lge| sacitta jala kA prayoga niSiddha hone se sambhavataH sarvaprathama nirvandha saMgha meM zauca ke lie jalapAtra kA grahaNa kiyA gayA hogA kintu bhikSukoM kI bar3hatI huI saMkhyA aura eka hI ghara se pratyeka bhikSu ko peTa bhara bhojana na mila pAne ke kAraNa Age calakara bhikSA hetu bhI pAtra kA upayoga prArambha ho gayA hogaa| isake atirikta bImAra aura ativRddha bhikSuoM kI paricaryA ke lie bhI pAtra meM AhAra lAne aura grahaNa karane kI paramparA pracalita ho gaI hogii| mathurA meM IsA kI prathama dvitIya zatI kI eka jaina zramaNa kI pratimA milI hai jo apane hAtha meM eka pAtra yukta jholI aura dUsare meM pratilekhana (rajoharaNa) lie hue hai| isa jholI kA svarUpa Aja zve0 paramparA meM, vizeSa rUpa se sthAnakavAsI aura terApaMthI paramparA meM pracalita jholI ke samAna hai| yadyapi mathurA ke aMkanoM meM hAtha meM khulA pAtra bhI pradarzita hai| [ 69 ]
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________________ -yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha -Adhunika sandarbha meM jaina dharma - do ziSyoM mADharagotrI sambhUtivijaya aura prAcInagotrI bhadrabAhu kA ullekha mukhavastrikA aura pratilekhana bhI muni ke upakaraNoM meM samAhita haiN| muniyoM karatI hai| kalpasUtra meM gaNoM aura zAkhAoM kI utpatti batAI gaI hai, ve ke nAma, gaNa, zAkhA, kula Adi zvetAmbara paramparA ke kalpasUtra kI eka ora Arya bhadrabAhu ke ziSya kAzyapa gotrI godAsa se evaM dUsarI ora sthavirAvali se milate haiN| isa prakAra ye zvetAmbara paramparA kI pUrva sthiti sthUlibhadra ke ziSya-praziSyoM se prArambha hotI hai| godAsa se godAsagaNa ke sUcaka haiN| jaina dharma meM tIrthaMkara pratimAoM ke atirikta stUpa ke nirmANa kI utpatti huI aura usakI cAra zAkhAeM tAmraliptikA, koTivarSIyA, kI paramparA bhI thI, yaha bhI mathurA ke zilpa se siddha ho jAtA hai| pauNDravarddhanikA aura dAsIkaTikA nikalI haiN| isake pazcAt bhadrabAhu kI paramparA kaise Age bar3hI, isa sambandha meM kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvali meM koI yApanIya yA boTika saMgha kA udbhava' nirdeza nahIM hai| ina zAkhAoM ke nAmoM se bhI aisA lagatA hai ki bhadrabAhu IsA kI dvitIya zatI meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke cha: sau nau varSa kI ziSya paramparA baMgAla aura ur3IsA se dakSiNa kI ora calI gaI hogii| pazcAt uttara bhArata nirgrantha saMgha meM vibhAjana kI eka anya ghaTanA ghaTita dakSiNa meM godAsa gaNa kA eka abhilekha bhI milA hai| ata: yaha mAnyatA huI, phalataH uttara bhArata kA nirgrantha saMgha sacela evaM acela aise do bhAgoM samucita hI hai ki bhadrabAhu kI paramparA se hI Age calakara dakSiNa kI meM baMTa gyaa| pArthApatyoM ke prabhAva se ApavAdika rUpa meM evaM zItAdi acelaka nirgrantha paramparA kA vikAsa huaa| ke nivAraNArtha gRhIta hue vastra, pAtra Adi jaba muni kI aparihArya upadhi zvetAmbara paramparA pATaliputra kI vAcanA ke samaya bhadrabAhu ke banane lage, to parigraha kI isa bar3hatI huI pravRtti ko rokane ke prazna para nepAla meM hone kA ullekha karatI hai jabaki digambara paramparA candragupta Arya kRSNa aura Arya zivabhUti meM matabheda ho gyaa| Arya kRSNa jinakalpa maurya ko dIkSita karake unake dakSiNa jAne kA ullekha karatI hai| sambhava kA uccheda batAkara gRhIta vastra-pAtra ko municaryA kA aparihArya aMga mAnane hai ki ve apane jIvana ke antima caraNa meM uttara se dakSiNa cale gaye hoN| lage, jabaki Arya zivabhUti ne inake tyAga aura jinakalpa ke AcaraNa uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha saMgha kI paramparA sambhUtivijaya ke praziSya evaM para bala diyaa| unakA kahanA thA ki samartha ke jinakalpa kA niSedha nahIM sthUlibhadra ke ziSyoM se Age bddh'ii| kalpasUtra meM varNita godAsa gaNa aura mAnanA caahie| vastra, pAtra kA grahaNa apavAda mArga hai, utsarga mArga to usakI uparyukta cAra zAkhAoM ko chor3akara zeSa sabhI guNoM, kuloM aura acelatA hI hai| Arya zivabhUti kI uttara bhArata kI isa acela paramparA zAkhAoM kA sambandha sthUlibhadra kI ziSya-praziSya paramparA se hI hai| isI ko zvetAmbaroM ne boTika (bhraSTa) khaa| kiMtu Age calakara yaha paramparA prakAra. dakSiNa kA acela nirgrantha saMgha bhadrabAhu kI paramparA se aura uttara yApanIya ke nAma se hI adhika prasiddha huii| gopAJcala meM vikasita hone kA sacela nirgrantha saMgha sthUlibhadra kI paramparA se vikasita huaa| isa saMgha ke kAraNa yaha gopya saMgha nAma se bhI jAnI jAtI thii| SaTdarzanasamuccaya meM uttara balissahagaNa, uddhehagaNa, koTikagaNa, cAraNagaNa, mAnavagaNa, kI TIkA meM guNaratna ne gopya saMgha yA yApanIya saMgha ko paryAyavAcI batAyA vesavADivagaNa, uDavADiyagaNa Adi pramukha gaNa the| ina gaNoM kI aneka hai| yApanIya saMgha kI vizeSatA yaha thI ki eka ora yaha zvetAmbara paramparA zAkhAeM evaM kula the| kalpUsatra kI sthavirAvali ina sabakA ullekha to ke samAna AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi karatI hai kintu isake aMtima bhAga meM mAtra koTikagaNa kI vajrI zAkhA arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko mAnya karatA thA jo ki use uttarAdhikAra kI AcArya paramparA dI gaI hai jo devarddhikSamAzramaNa (vIra nirmANa meM hI prApta huA thA, sAtha hI vaha sacela, strI aura anyatairthikoM kI mukti saM0980) taka jAtI hai| sthUlabhadra ke ziSya-praziSyoM kI paramparA meM udbhUta ko svIkAra karatA thaa| Agama sAhitya ke vastra-pAtra sambandhI ullekhoM jina vibhinna gaNoM, zAkhAoM evaM kuloM kI sUcanA hameM kalpasUtra kI ko vaha sAdhviyoM evaM ApavAdika sthiti meM muniyoM se sambandhita mAnatA sthavirAvali se milatI hai usakI puSTi mathurA ke abhilekhoM se ho jAtI thA kintu dUsarI ora vaha digambara paramparA ke samAna vastra aura pAtra kA hai jo kalpasUtra kI sthavirAvali kI prAmANikatA ko siddha karate haiN| niSedha kara muni kI nagnatA para bala detA thaa| yApanIya muni nagna rahate digambara paramparA meM mahAvIra ke nirvANa se lagabhaga eka hajAra varSa pazcAt the aura pAnItalabhojI (hAtha meM bhojana karane vAle) hote the| isake AcAryoM taka kI jo paTTAvalI upalabdha hai, eka to vaha paryApta paravartI hai dUsare ne uttarAdhikAra meM prApta AgamoM se gAthAyeM lekara zaurasenI prAkRta meM aneka bhadrabAha ke nAma ke atirikta usakI puSTi kA prAcIna sAhityika aura grantha bnaaye| inameM kaSAyaprAbhRta, SaTkhaNDAgama, bhagavatI-ArAdhanA, abhilekhIya koI sAkSya nahIM hai| bhadrabAhu ke sambandha meM bhI jo sAkSya mUlAcAra Adi prasiddha haiN| haiM, vaha paryApta paravartI haiN| ata: aitihAsika dRSTi se usakI prAmANikatA dakSiNa bhArata meM acela nirgrantha paramparA kA itihAsa IsvI san para prazna cihna lagAye jA sakate haiN| mahAvIra ke nirvANa se IsA kI prathama kI tIsarI cauthI-zatI taka aMdhakAra meM hI hai| isa sambandha meM hameM na to evaM dvitIya zatAbdI taka ke jo mahattvapUrNa parivartana uttara bhArata ke nirgrantha vizeSa sAhityika sAkSya hI milate haiM aura na abhilekhIya hii| yadyapi saMgha meM hue, unheM samajhane ke lie arddhamAgadhI AgamoM ke atirikta mathurA isa kAla ke kucha pUrva ke brAhmI lipi ke aneka guphA abhilekha tamilanADu kA zilpa evaM abhilekha hamArI bahuta adhika madada karate haiN| mathurA zilpa meM pAye jAte haiM kintu ve zramaNoM yA nirmAtA ke nAma ke atirikta koI kI vizeSatA yaha hai ki tIrthakara pratimAe~ nagna haiM, muni nagna hokara bhI jAnakArI nahIM dete| tamilanADu meM abhilekha yukta jo guphAyeM haiM, ve vastra khaNDa se apanI nagnatA chipAye hue haiN| vastra ke atirikta pAtra, jholI, sambhavata: nirgrantha ke samAdhi maraNa grahaNa karane ke sthala rahe hoNge| saMgama aroubrowondvoniroiwordwonitoriwomabritoriamiridroid-[70] omiridroraordivodeoroordinatorironivorironorardwara
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________________ - yatIndrasUri smArakaM grantha - Adhunika sandarbha meM jaina dharma - yuga ke tamila sAhitya se itanA avazya jJAta hotA hai ki jaina zramaNoM ne bhI tamila bhASA ke vikAsa aura samRddhi meM apanA yogadAna diyA thaa| tirUkurala ke jainAcAryakRta hone kI bhI eka mAnyatA hai / IsA kI cauthI zatAbdI meM tamila deza kA yaha nirmantha saMgha karNATaka ke rAste uttara kI ora bar3hA, udhara uttara kA nirgrandha saMgha sacela (zvetAmbara) aura acelaka (yApanIya) ina do bhAgoM meM vibhakta hokara dakSiNa meM gyaa| sacela cetAmbara paramparA rAjasthAna, gujarAta evaM pazcimI mahArASTra hotI huI uttara karnATaka pahu~cI, to acela yApanIya paramparA bundelakhaNDa evaM vidizA hokara viMdhya aura satapur3A ko pAra karatI huI pUrvI mahArASTra se hokara uttarI karnATaka phuNcii| IsA kI pA~cavI zatI meM uttarI kanArTaka me mRgezavarmA ke jo abhilekha mile haiM unase usa kAla meM jainoM ke pA~ca saMghoM ke astitva kI sUcanA milatI hai- (1) nirgrantha saMgha (2) mUla saMgha (3) yApanIya saMgha, (4) kUcarka saMgha aura (5) zvetapaTa mahAzramaNa saMghA isI kAla meM pUrvottara bhArata meM vaTagohalI se prApta tAmrapatra meM paMcastUpAnvaya ke astitva kI bhI sUcanA milatI hai| isa yuga kA zvetapaTa mahAzramaNa saMgha aneka kuloM evaM zAkhAoM meM vibhakta thA jisakA sampUrNa vivaraNa kalpasUtra evaM mathurA ke abhilekhoM se prApta hotA hai| bhI cheda sUtroM kI prAcInatA nirvivAda hai| isI prakAra prakIrNaka sAhitya meM aneka grantha aise haiM, jo kucha aMgoM aura upAMgoM kI apekSA bhI prAcIna hai| phira bhI sampUrNa ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya ko antima rUpa lagabhaga I0 san kI chaThI zatI ke pUrvArdha meM milA yadyapi isake bAda bhI isameM kucha prakSepa aura parivartana hue haiN| IsA kI chaThI zatAbdI ke pazcAt se dasavIM gyArahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya taka mukhya Agamika vyAkhyA sAhitya ke rUpa meM niyukti, bhASya, cUrNI aura TIkAe~ likhI giiN| yadyapi kucha niyuktiyA~ prAcIna bhI haiN| isa kAla meM ina Agamika vyAkhyAoM ke atirikta svataMtra anya bhI likhe gye| isa kAla ke prasiddha AcAryoM meM siddhasena, jinabhadragaNi, zivArya baGgakera, kundakunda akalaMka, samantabhadra, vidyAnanda, jinasena, svayambhU, haribhadra, siddharSi, zIlAMka, abhayadeva Adi pramukha haiN| digambaroM meM tattvArtha kI vividha TIkAoM aura purANoM kA racanA kAla bhI yahI yuga hai| nirgrantha paramparA kA sAhitya mahAvIra ke nirvANa ke pazcAt se lekara IsA kI pA~cavI zatI taka eka hajAra varSa kI isa sudIrgha avadhi meM arddhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kA nirmANa evaM saMkalana hotA rahA hai| ataH Aja hameM jo Agama upalabdha haiM, ve na to eka vyakti kI racanA hai aura na eka kAla kI mAtra itanA hI nahIM, eka hI Agama meM vividha kAloM kI sAmagrI saMkalita hai| isa avadhi meM sarvaprathama I0pU0 tIsarI zatI meM pATaliputra meM prathama vAcanA huI, sambhavata: isa vAcanA meM aMgasUtroM evaM pArthApatya paramparA ke pUrva sAhitya ke granthoM kA saMkalana huaa| pUrva sAhitya ke saMkalana kA prazna isaliye mahattvapUrNa bana gayA thA ki pArzvApatya paramparA lupta hone lagI thii| isake pazcAt Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM mathurA meM aura Arya nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM vallabhI meM samAnAntara vAcanAe~ huI, jinameM aMga, upAMga Adi Agama saMkalita hue| isake pazcAt vIra nirvANa 980 arthAt I0 san kI pA~cavI zatI meM vallabhI meM devarddhikSamAzramaNa ke netRtva meM antima vAcanA huii| vartamAna Agama isI vAcanA kA pariNAma hai| phira bhI devarddhi ina AgamoM ke sampAdaka hI haiM, racanAkAra nhiiN| unhoMne mAtra granthoM ko suvyavasthita kiyaa| ina granthoM kI sAmagrI to unake pahale kI hai| ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM jahA~ AcArAMga evaM sUtrakRtAMga ke prathama zrutaskaMdha, RSibhASita, uttarAdhyayana, dazavaikAlika Adi prAcIna stara ke arthAt I0pU0 ke grantha hai, vahIM samavAyAMga, vartamAna praznavyAkaraNa Adi paryApta paravartI arthAt lagabhaga I0sa0 kI pAMcavIM zatI ke haiN| sthAnAMga, aMtakRtadazA, jJAtA aura bhagavatI kA kucha aMza prAcIna (arthAt I0pU0 kA) hai, to kucha paryApta paravartI hai| upAMga sAhitya meM apekSAkRta rUpa meM sUrya prajJapti, rAjapraznIya, prajJApanA prAcIna hai| upAMgoM kI apekSA Gand 71 ] caityavAsa aura bhaTTAraka paramparA kA udaya digambara paramparA meM bhaTTAraka sampradAya aura zvetAmbara paramparA meM caityavAsa kA vikAsa bhI isI yuga arthAt IsA kI pAMcavIM zatI se hotA hai, yadyapi jina mandira aura jina pratimA ke nirmANa ke purAtAttvika pramANa mauryakAla se to spaSTa rUpa se milane lagate haiN| zaka aura kuSANa yuga meM isameM paryApta vikAsa huA, phira bhI IsA kI 5vIM zatI se 12vIM zatI ke bIca jaina zilpa apane sarvottama rUpa ko prApta hotA hai yaha vastutaH caityavAsa kI dena hai| donoM paramparAoM meM isa yuga meM muni banavAsa ko chor3akara caityoM, jina mandiroM meM rahane lage the kevala itanA hI nahIM, ve ina caityoM kI vyavasthA bhI karane lage the| abhilekha se to yahAM taka sUcanA milatI hai ki na kevala caityoM kI vyavasthA ke lie, apitu muniyoM ke AhAra aura telamardana Adi ke liye bhI saMbhrAnta varga se dAna prApta kiye jAte the| isa prakAra isa kAla meM jaina sAdhu maThAdhIza bana gayA thaa| phira bhI isa suvidhAbhogI varga ke dvArA jaina darzana, sAhitya evaM zilpa kA jo vikAsa isa yuga meM huA usakI sarvotkRSTatA se inkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA yadyapi isa caityavAsa meM suvidhAvAda ke nAma para jo zithilAcAra vikasita ho rahA thA usakA virodha zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM huA / zvetAmbara paramparA meM sarvaprathama AcArya haribhadra ne isake virodha meM lekhanI claaii| 'sambodha prakAraNa' meM unhoMne ina caityavAsiyoM ke Agama viruddha AcAra kI khulakara alocanA kI, yahA~ taka ki unheM nara-pizAca taka kaha diyaa| caityavAsa kI isI prakAra kI AlocanA Age calakara jinezvarasUri jinacandrasUri Adi kharataragaccha ke anya AcAryoM ne bhI kii| IsvI san kI dazavIM zatAbdI meM kharataragaccha kA AvirbhAva bhI caityavAsa ke virodha meM huA thA jisakA prArambhika nAma suvihita mArga yA saMvigna pakSa thaa| digambara paramparA meM isa yuga meM dravir3a saMgha, mAthura saMgha, kASTA saMgha Adi kA udbhava bhI isI kAla meM huA, jinheM darzana - sAra nAmaka grantha meM jainAbhAsa kahA gyaa| isa saMbaMdha meM paM0 nAthUrAmajI 'premI' ne apane 'graMtha' jaina sAhitya " -
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________________ -yatIndrasUri smArakagrandha -Adhunika sandarbha meM jaina dharma aura itihAsa' meM caityavAsa aura banavAsa ke zIrSaka ke antargata vistRta prazAkhAeM bhI banIM, phira bhI lagabhaga 15vIM zatI taka jaina saMgha isI sthiti carcA kI hai| phira bhI upalabdha sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para yaha kahanA kaThina kA zikAra rhaa| hai ki ina virodhoM ke bAvajUda jaina saMgha isa bar3hate hue zithilAcAra se mukti pA skaa| madhyayuga meM kalA evaM sAhitya ke kSetra me jainoM kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna yadyapi madhyakAla jainAcAra kI dRSTi se zithilAcAra evaM tantra aura bhakti mArga kA jaina dharma para prabhAva suvidhAvAda kA yuga thA phira bhI kalA aura sAhitya ke kSetra meM jainoM vastuta: guptakAla se lekara dasavIM aura gyArahavIM zatAbdI taka ne mahanIya avadAna pradAna kiyaa| khajurAho, zravaNabelagola, AbU kA yuga pUre bhAratIya samAja ke lie caritrabala ke hrAsa aura lalita (delavAr3A), tAraMgA, raNakapura, devagar3ha Adi kA bhavya zilpa aura kalAoM ke vikAsa kA yuga hai| yahI kAla hai jaba khajurAho aura koNArka sthApatya kalA jo 9vIM zatI se 14vIM zatI ke bIca meM nirmita huI, ke maMdiroM meM kAmuka aMkana kiye gye| jina maMdira bhI isa prabhAva se achUte Aja bhI jaina samAja kA mastaka gaurava se U~cA kara detI hai| aneka nahIM raha ske| yahI vaha yuga hai jaba kRSNa ke sAtha rAdhA aura gopiyoM kI praur3ha dArzanika evaM sAhityika granthoM kI racanAeM bhI inhIM zatAbdiyoM kathA ko gar3hakara dharma ke nAma para kAmukatA kA pradarzana kiyA gyaa| isI meM huii| zvetAmbara paramparA meM haribhadra, abhayadeva, vAdidevasUrI, hemacandra, kAla meM tantra aura vAma mArga kA pracAra huA, jisakI agni meM bauddha bhikSu maNibhadra, mallisena, jinaprabha Adi AcArya evaM digambara paramparA meM saMgha to pUrI taraha jala marA kintu jaina bhikSu saMgha bhI usakI lapaToM kI vidyAnandI, zAkaTAyana, prabhAcandra jaise samartha vicAraka bhI isI kAla jhulasa se baca na skaa| adhyAtmavAdI jaina dharma para bhI tantra kA prabhAva ke haiN| maMtra-taMtra ke sAtha cikitsA ke kSetra meM bhI jaina AcArya Age aayaa| hindU paramparA ke aneka devI-devatAoM ko prakArAMtara se yakSa, yakSI aaye| isa yuga ke bhaTTArakoM aura jaina yatiyoM meM sAhitya evaM kalAtmaka athavA zAsana deviyoM ke rUpa meM jaina devamaMDala kA sadasya svIkAra kara maMdiroM kA nirmANa to kiyA hI sAtha hI cikitsA ke mAdhyama se liyA gyaa| unakI kRpA yA unase laukika sukha-samRddhi prApta karane ke janasevA ke kSetra meM bhI ve pIche nahIM rhe| liye aneka tAntrika vidhi-vidhAna bne| jaina tIrthakara to vItarAga thA ataH vaha na to bhaktoM kA kalyANa kara sakatA thA na duSToM kA vinAza, phalataH sudhAravAdI AMdolana evaM amUrtika sampradAyoM kA AvirbhAva jainoM ne yakSa-yakSiyoM yA zAsana-devatA ko bhaktoM ke kalyANa kI javAbadArI jaina paramparA meM eka parivartana kI lahara punaH solahavIM zatAbdI dekara apane ko yuga-vidyA ke sAtha samAyojita kara liyaa| isI prakAra meM aayii| jaba adhyAtma pradhAna jainadharma kA zuddha karma-kANDa ke ghora bhakti mArga kA prabhAva bhI isa yuga meM jaina saMgha para pdd'aa| tantra mArga ke ADambara ke AvaraNa meM dhUmila ho rahA thA aura muslima zAsakoM ke saMyukta prabhAva se jina maMdiroM meM pUjA-yajJa Adi ke rUpa meM vividha prakAra mUrtibhaMjaka svarUpa se mUrti pUjA ke prati AsthAeM vicalita ho rahI thIM, ke karmakANDa astitva meM aaye| vItarAga jina pratimA kI hindU paramparA tabhI musalamAnoM kI ADambara rahita sahaja dharma sAdhanA ne hinduoM kI kI SoDazopacAra pUjA kI taraha satrahabhedI pUjA kI jAne lgii| na kevala bhAMti jainoM ko bhI prabhAvita kiyaa| hindU dharma meM aneka nirguNa bhaktimArgI vItarAga jinapratimA ko vastrAbhUSaNAdi se susajjita kiyA gayA, apitu santoM ke AvirbhAva ke samAna hI jaina dharma meM bhI aise santoM kA AvirbhAva use phala-nevaidya Adi bhI arpita kiye jAne lge| yaha viDambanA hI thI huA jinhoMne dharma ke nAma para karmakANDa aura ADambara yukta pUjA-paddhati ki hindU devI-devatAoM kI pUjA paddhati ke vivekazUnya anukaraNa ke dvArA kA virodha kiyaa| phalata: jainadharma kI zvetAmbara evaM digambara donoM hI tIrthakara yA siddha paramAtmA kA bhI AhvAna aura visarjana kiyA jAne zAkhAoM meM sudhAravAdI Andolana kA prAdurbhAva huaa| inameM zvetAmbara lgaa| yadyapi yaha prabhAva zvetAmbara paramparA meM adhika AyA thA kintu paramparA meM lokAzAha aura digambara paramparA meM santa taraNatAraNa tathA digambara paramparA bhI isa se baca na skii| banArasIdAsa pramukha the| yadyapi banArasIdAsa janmanA zvetAmbara paramparA ke vividha prakAra ke karmakANDa aura maMtra-taMtra kA praveza unameM bhI the kintu unakA sudhAravAdI AMdolana digambara paramparA se sambandhita thaa| ho gayA thaa| zramaNa paramparA kI varNa-mukta sarvodayI dharma vyavasthA kA lokAzAha ne zvetAmbara paramparA meM mUrtipUjA tathA dhArmika karmakANDa aura parityAga karake usameM zUdra kI mukti ke niSedha aura zUdra jala tyAga para ADambaroM kA virodha kiyaa| inakI paramparA Age calakara loMkAgaccha ke bala diyA gyaa| nAma se prasiddha huii| isI se Age calakara satrahavIM zatAbdI meM zvetAmbara yadyapi bArahavIM evaM terahavIM zatI meM hemacandra Adi aneka samartha meM sthAnakavAsI paramparA vikasita huii| jisakA puna: eka vibhAjana 18vIM jaina dArzanika aura sAhityakAra hue, phira bhI jaina paramparA meM sahagAmI zatI meM zuddha nivRttimArgI jIvana dRSTi evaM ahiMsA kI niSedhAtmaka vyAkhyA anya dharma paramparAoM se jo prabhAva A gaye the, unase use mukta karane kA ke AdhAra para zvetAmbara terApaMtha ke rUpa meM huaa| koI sazakta aura sArthaka prayAsa huA ho, aisA jJAta nahIM hotaa| yadyapi digambara paramparAoM meM banArasIdAsa ne bhaTTAraka paramparA ke sudhAra ke kucha prayatnoM evaM matabhedoM ke AdhAra para zvetAmbara paramparA viruddha apanI AvAja bulanda kI aura sacitta dravyoM se jina-pratimA ke tapAgaccha, 'aMcalagaccha Adi astitva meM Aye aura unakI zAkhA- pUjana kA niSedha kiyA kintu tAraNasvAmI to banArasIdAsa se bhI eka
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________________ yatIndrasUri smArakaanya Adhunika sandarbha meM jaina dharma kadama Age the| unhoMne digambara paramparA meM mUrtipUjA kA hI niSedha kara diyaa| mAtra yahI nahIM, inhoMne dharma ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kI punaH pratiSThA kii| banArasIdAsa kI paramparA jahA~ digambara terApaMtha ke nAma se vikasita huI to tAraNa svAmI kA vaha Andolana tAraNapaMtha yA samaiyA ke nAma se pahacAnA jAne lgaa| tAraNapaMtha ke caityAlayoM meM mUrti ke sthAna para zAstra kI pratiSThA kI gii| isa prakAra solahavIM evaM satrahavIM zatAbdI meM jaina paramparA meM islAma dharma ke prabhAva ke phalasvarUpa eka nayA parivartana AyA aura amUrtipUjaka sampradAyoM kA janma huaa| phira bhI purAnI paramparAeM yathAvata calatI rhiiN| punaH bIsavIM zatI meM gAMdhI jI ke gurutulya zrImadrAjacandra ke kAraNa adhyAtma premiyoM kA eka nayA sagha bnaa| yadyapi sadasya saMkhyA kI dRSTi se cAhe yaha saMgha prabhAvazAlI na ho kintu unakI adhyAtmaniSThA Aja isakI eka alaga pahacAna banAtI hai| isI prakAra zvetAmbara sthAnakavAsI paramparA meM dIkSita kAnajI svAmI ne mahAn adhyAtmavAdI digambara saMta kundakunda ke 'samayasAra' jaise adhyAtma aura "nizcayanaya' pradhAna grantha ke adhyayana se digambara parAmparA meM isa zatAbdI meM eka naye AMdolana ko janma diyaa| ke prasAra ke lie koI jaina muni vAyuyAna se yAtrA kara letA hai to vaha koI bahuta bar3A aparAdha karatA hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sktaa| kintu jahA~ pAda - vihAra kI suvidhAe~ upalabdha haiM. yahA~ bhI vAhana prayoga to ucita nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| punaH hameM yaha bhI vicAra karanA hogA ki vaha videza yAtrA jainadharma kI garimA ko sthApita karatI hai yA use khaNDita karatI hai| videzoM meM jaina muni jainadharma kA gaurava tabhI sthApita kara sakatA hai| jaba usakI apanI jIvanacaryA kaThora evaM saMyamaparaka ho| hameM isa tathya ko smaraNa rakhanA hai ki jaina zramaNoM kI suvidhAvAdI pravRtti jainadharma ke lie bhI utanI khataranAka siddha hogI, jaisI kabhI bauddha dharma ke lie huI thI ki vaha apanI mAtRbhUmi meM hI apanA astitva kho baiThA thaa| videzayAtrA koI bar3A aparAdha nahIM hai| aparAdha hai jaina zramaNoM kI bar3hatI huI suvidhAvAdI pravRtti evaM binA sAmudAyika nirNaya ke pUrva pracalita AcAravyavasthA kA ullaMghana Aja kA jaina-bhramaNa itanA suvidhAvAdI aura bhogavAdI hotA jA rahA hai ki eka sAmAnya jaina- gRhastha kI apekSA bhI usakA khAna-pAna aura sampUrNa jIvana zailI adhika suvidhAsampanna ho gayI hai| eka bhramaNa ke lie varSa meM hone vAlA kharca sAmAnya gRhastha se kaI gunA adhika hotA hai| Aja ke jaina zramaNa kI jIvana-zailI itanI suvidhAbhogI ho gaI hai ki vaha jana sAmAnya kI apekSA sampanna zreSThivarga ke AsapAsa kendrita ho rahA hai aura usakI jIvana zailI use aura adhika suvidhAbhogI banA rahI hai- yadi vAhana prayoga sAmAnya ho gayA to jaina zramaNa janasAdhAraNa aura grAmINa jaina parivAra se bilkula kaTa jaayegaa| vAhana suvidhA aura videza yAtrA ko yuga kI AvazyakatA mAnakara bhI usa sambandha meM kucha maryAdAe~ nizcita karanI hoNgii| videzayAtrA aura vAhana prayoga kI navIna paramparA Aja punaH jainadharma ke AcAra-vicAra ko lekara parivartana kI bAta kahI jAtI haiN| paramparAgata AcAra-vyavasthA ko nakAra kara zvetAmbara jainamuniyoM evaM digambara bhaTTArakoM kA eka varga vAhana prayoga aura videza yAtrA ko Aja Avazyaka mAnane lagA hai| yaha satya hai ki yugIna parasthitiyoM ke badalane para kisI bhI jIvita dharma ke lie yaha Avazyaka hotA hai ki vaha yugAnurUpa apanI jIvana zailI meM parivartana kre| Aja vijJAna aura takanIkI kA yuga hai| pragati ke kAraNa Aja dezoM ke bIca dUriyA~ simaTa gyiiN| Aja jaina parivAra bhI vizva ke pratyeka kone meM pahu~ca cuke haiN| ataH unake saMskAroM ko jIvita rakhane aura vizva meM jainadharma kI asmitA ko sthApita karane ke lie yaha Avazyaka hai ki jaina zramaNa-varga vizva ke dezoM kI yAtrA kara jainadharma kA prasAra kare, kintu isa hetu AcAraniyamoM meM kucha parivartana to lAnA hI hogaa| dharma-prasAra ke lie jaina zramaNa deza - videza kI yAtrAe~ prAcInakAla se hI karate rhe| mahAvIra ke yuga meM jaina-muniyoM ne yAtrA meM bAdhaka nadiyoM ko nAvoM se pAra karake apanI yAtrAe~ kI thiiN| mAtra nadiyoM ko pAra karake hI nahIM, mahAsAgara ko jahAjoM se pAra karake bhI jaina muniyoM ne laMkA aura suvarNadvIpa taka kI yAtrAe~ kI thIM aise aitihAsika sAkSya upalabdha hai| ataH Aja yadi videzoM meM jainadharma 4 5. aparipakva vaya aura aparipakva vicAroM ke zramaNa- zramaNiyoM ko kisI bhI paristhiti meM videza yAtrA kI anumati na dI jaaye| jisa prakAra prAcInakAla meM bar3I nadiyoM ko naukA se pAra karane kI varSa meM saMkhyA nirdhArita hotI thI, usI prakAra varSa meM eka yA do se adhika yAtrAoM kI anamuti na ho| jisa kSetra meM ve jAyeM, vahA~ rukakara saMskAra - jAgaraNa kA kArya kareM, na ki bhramaNa-sukha ke lie yAtrAe~ karate rheN| " 6. vAhana yAtrA ko apavAda mArga hI mAnA jAye aura usake lie samucita prAyazcitta kI vyavasthA ho / 7. deza meM bhI ApavAdika parasthitiyoM meM athavA kisI sudUra pradeza kI yAtrA jJAna-sAdhanA athavA dharma ke prasAra ke lie Avazyaka hone para hI vAhana dvArA yAtrA kI anumati dI jaaye| binA anamuti ke vAhana[ 73 ] 1. caritravAn aura vidvAn bhramaNa yA zramaNI hI AcArya aura saMgha kI anumati se videza bheje jaayeN| yaha nirNaya pUrNataH AcArya aura saMgha kI sarvocca samiti ke adhIna ho ki kisa zramaNa yA zramaNI ko videza bhejA jaaye| 2. jisa zramaNa yA zramaNI ko videza yAtrA ke lie bhejA jAye use usa deza kI bhASA aura jainazAstra tathA darzana kA samucita jJAna ho aura unake jJAna kA pramANIkaraNa aura unakI jainadharma ke prati niSThA kA samyak mUlyAMkana ho| 3. videza yAtrA dharma-saMskAra jAgRta karane ke lie ho na ki ghUmane-phirane ke lie ataH prathamataH unhIM kSetroM meM yAtrA kI anumati ho jahA~ jaina parivAroM kA nivAsa ho aura usa kSetra meM ve apane paramparAgata niyamoM kA vAhana prayoga Adi ke apavAda ko chor3akara usI prakAra pAlana kara skeN|
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________________ -yatIndrasUri smArakagrantha -Adhunika sandarbha meM jaina dharma - prayoga sarvathA niSiddha hI mAnA jaaye| ke prabhAva se samaya-samaya para aneka parivartana hote rahe haiM aura inhIM ___ isa prakAra viziSTa niyaMtraNoM ke sAtha hI vAhana-prayoga aura parivartanoM ke phalasvarUpa hI jainadharma ke vibhinna sampradAya astitva meM Aye videza-yAtrA kI anumati apavAda-mArga ke rUpa meM mAnI jA sakatI haiN| yadi hama unake isa aitihAsika pariprekSya ko taTastha dRSTi se samajhane hai| use sAmAnya niyama kabhI bhI nahIM banAyA jA sakatA kyoMki kA prayatna karegeM to vibhinna sampradAyoM ke prati galataphahamiyA~ dUra hoMgI bhUtakAla meM bhI vaha eka apavAda-mArga hI thaa| isa prakAra AcAra-mArga aura jaina dharma ke mUladhArA meM rahe hue ekatva kA darzana kara skegeN| meM yugAnurUpa parivartana to kiye jo sakate haiM parantu unakI apanI sAmpradAyika sadbhAva aura eka dUsare ko sahI pariprekSya meM samajhane ke lie upayogitA honI cAhie aura unase jainadharma ke zAzvata mUlyoM para koI isa aitihAsika dRSTikoNa kI Aja mahatI AvazyakatA hai| Aja hama ise A~ca nahIM AnI caahie| apanAkara aneka pArasparika vivAdoM kA sahaja samAdhAna pA skegeN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina-paramparA meM deza aura kAla jaina-itihAsa : adhyayana-vidhi evaM mUlasrota samagra evaM saMzleSaNAtmaka adhyayana kI AvazyakatA prabhAva ko samyak prakAra se samajhanA hogaa| bhArata ke sAMskRtika itihAsa bhAratIya saMskRti ke samyak aitihAsika adhyayana ke lie yaha ko samajhane aura usake prAmANika lekhana ke lie eka samagra kintu Avazyaka hai ki usakI prakRti ko pUrI taraha se samajha liyA jaaye| sabase dezakAla-sApekSa dRSTikoNa ko apanAnA Avazyaka hai| mahattvapUrNa tathya yaha hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa saMskRti hai| aitihAsika adhyayana ke lie jahA~ eka ora vizleSaNAtmaka vastuta: koI bhI vikasita saMskRti saMzliSTa saMskRti hI hotI hai kyoMki dRSTikoNa Avazyaka hai, vahIM dUsarI ora eka samagra dRSTikoNa usake vikAsa meM aneka saMskRtiyoM kA avadAna hotA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti (HolisticqApproach) bhI Avazyaka hai| bhAratIya aitihAsika ko hindU, bauddha, jaina Adi cAradIvArI meM avaruddha karake kabhI bhI samyak adhyayana kA yaha durbhAgya rahA hai ki use vibhinna dharmoM aura paramparAoM rUpa se nahI samajhA jA sakatA hai| jisa prakAra zarIra ko khaNDa-khaNDa ke eka ghere meM Abaddha karake athavA usake vibhinna pakSoM ko khaNDa-khaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kriyA- zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, ThIka karake dekhane kA prayatna huA hai| apanI Alocaka aura vizleSaNAtmaka usI prakAra bhAratIya saMskRti ko khaNDoM meM vibhAjita karake dekhane se dRSTi ke kAraNa hamane eka dUsare kI kamiyoM ko hI adhika dekhA hai| mAtra usakI AtmA hI mara jAtI hai| adhyayana kI do dRSTiyA~ hotI haiM- yahI nahIM, eka paramparA meM dUsarI paramparA ke itihAsa ko aura usake jIvanavizleSaNAtmaka aura sNshlessnnaatmk| vizleSaNAtmaka paddhati tathyoM ko mUlyoM ko bhrAnta rUpa se prastuta kiyA gayA hai| khaNDoM meM vibhAjita karake dekhatI hai, to saMzleSaNAtmaka vidhi use samagra bhAratIya sAMskRtika itihAsa ke lekhana meM pahalI bhUla taba huI rupa se dekhatI hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ko samajhane ke lie yaha jaba dUsarI paramparAoM ko apanI paramparA se nimna dikhAne ke lie unheM Avazyaka hai ki isake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt hindU, bauddha aura jaina galata DhaMga se prastuta kiyA gyaa| pratyeka paramparA kI agalI pIr3hiyA~ dUsarI paramparAoM kA samanvita yA samagra rUpa meM adhyayana kiyA jaaye| jisa prakAra paramparA ke usa galata prastutIkaraNa ko hI Age bar3hAtI rhiiN| dUsare zabdoM eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko samajhane ke lie na kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM meM kaheM to bhAratIya saMskRti aura vizeSa rUpa se bhAratIya darzana meM pratyeka arthAt kala-purSoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita pakSa ne dUsare pakSa kA vikRta citraNa hI prastuta kiyaa| madhyakAlIna dArzanika svarUpa ko tathA eka aMga kI kriyA ke dUsare aMga para hone vAle prabhAva graMthoM meM isa prakAra kA citraNa hameM pracuratA se upalabdha hotA hai| ko bhI samajhanA hotA hai| satya to yaha hai ki bhAratIya itihAsa ke zodha saubhAgya yA durbhAgya se jaba pAzcAtya itihAsakAra isa deza meM ke sandarbha meM anya sahavartI paramparAoM ke adhyayana ke binA bhAratIya Aye aura yahA~ ke itihAsa kA adhyayana kiyA to unhoMne bhI apanI saMskRti kA samagra itihAsa prastuta hI nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| saMskRti se bhAratIya saMskRti ko nimna siddha karane ke lie vikRta pakSa koI bhI dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita nahI hotI haiM, ko ubhAra kara isakI garimA ko dhUmila hI kiyaa| phira bhI pAzcAtya lekhakoM ve apane deza-kAla tathA apanI sahavI anya paramparAoM se prabhAvita meM kucha aise avazya hue haiM jinhoMne isako samagra rUpa meM prastuta karane hokara hI apanA svarUpa grahaNa karatI hai| yadi hameM jaina, bauddha yA hindU kA prayatna kiyA aura eka ke Upara dUsarI paramparA ke prabhAva ko dekhane kisI bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika dhArA ke itihAsa kA adhyayana karanA hai kA bhI prayatna kiyaa| kintu unhoMne apane rAjanaitika svArthoM ke lie to unake dezakAla aura pariveza ko tathA unakI sahavartI paramparAoM ke bhAratIya saMskRti kI eka dhArA ko dUsarI dhArA ke virodha meM khar3A kara