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________________ jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA (varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA ke vizeSa sandarbha meM ) mAnava samAja meM strI-puruSa, sundara - asundara, buddhimAna - mUrkha, Arya-anArya, kulIna - akulIna, sparzya-asparzya, dhanI-nirdhana Adi ke bheda prAcInakAla se hI pAye jAte haiN| inameM kucha bheda to naisargika haiM aura kucha mAnava sRjit| ye mAnava sRjita bheda hI sAmAjika viSamatA ke kAraNa haiN| yaha satya hai ki sabhI manuSya, sabhI bAtoM meM eka dUsare se samAna nahIM hote, unameM rUpapa-saundarya, dhana-sampadA, bauddhika vikAsa kArya kSamatA, vyavasAyika yogyatA Adi ke dRSTi se viSamatA yA taratamatA hotI hai| kintu ina viSamatAoM yA taratamatAoM ke AdhAra para athavA mAnava samAja ke kisI vyakti vizeSa ko varga vizeSa meM janma lene ke AdhAra para nimna, patita, dalita yA asparzya mAna lenA ucita nahIM hai| yaha satya hai ki manuSyoM meM vividha dRSTiyoM se vibhinnatA yA taratamatA pAyI jAtI hai aura vaha sadaiva banI bhI rahegI, kintu ise mAnava samAja meM varga- bheda yA varNa-bheda kA AdhAra nahIM mAnA jA sakatA, kyoMki eka hI pitA ke do putroM meM aisI bhinnatA yA taratamatA dekhane meM AtI hai| hama yaha bhI dekhate haiM ki jo vyakti garIba hotA hai, vahI kAlakrama meM dhanavAna yA sampattizAlI ho jAtA hai| eka mUrkha pitA kA putra bhI buddhimAna athavA prAjJa ho sakatA hai| eka pitA ke do putroM meM eka buddhimAna to dUsarA mUrkha athavA eka sundara to dUsarA kurupa ho sakatA hai| ataH isa prakAra kI taratamatAoM ke AdhAra para manuSyoM ko sadaiva ke lie mAtra janmanA AdhAra para vibhinna vargoM yA varNoM meM bA~Ta kara nahIM rakhA jA sakatA hai| cAhe vaha dhanopArjana hetu cayanita vibhinna vyAvasAyika kSetra ho, cAhe kalA, vidyA athavA sAdhanA ke kSetra ho, hama mAnava samAja ke kisI eka varga vizeSa ko janmanA AdhAra para usakA ThekedAra nahIM mAna sakate haiN| yaha satya hai ki naisargika yogyatAoM evaM kAryoM ke AdhAra para mAnava samAja meM sadaiva hI vargabheda yA varNabheda bane rahegeM, phira bhI unakA AdhAra varga yA jAti vizeSa meM janma na hokara vyakti kI apanI svAbhAvika yogyatA ke AdhAra para apanAye gaye vyavasAya yA kArya hogeN| vyavasAya yA karma ke sabhI kSetra sabhI vyaktiyoM ke lie samAna rUpa se khule hone cAhie aura kisI bhI varga vizeSa meM janme vyakti ko bhI kisI bhI kSetra vizeSa meM praveza pAne ke adhikAra se vaMcita nahIM kiyA jAnA cAhiye yahI sAmAjika samatA kA AdhAra hai / yaha satya hai mAnava samAja meM sadaiva hI kucha zAsaka yA adhikArI aura kucha zAsita yA karmacArI hogeM, kintu yaha adhikAra kabhI mAnya nahIM ho sakatA ki adhikArI kA ayogya putra zAsaka aura karmacArI yA zAsita kA yogya putra zAsita hI banA rahe / sAmAjika samatA kA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki mAnava samAja meM koI bhinnatA yA taratamatA hI nahIM ho| usakA tAtparya hai -- - pro. sAgaramala jaina
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________________ 145 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA mAnava samAja ke sabhI sadasyoM ko vikAsa ke samAna avasara upalabdha ho tathA pratyeka vyakti apanI kSamatA aura yogyatA ke AdhAra para apanA kArya kSetra nirdhArita kara ske| isa sAmAjika samatA ke sandarbha meM jahA~ taka jaina AcAryoM ke cintana kA prazna hai, unhoMne mAnava meM svAbhAvikayogyatA janya athavA pUrva karma-saMskAra janya taratamatA ko svIkArate hue bhI yaha mAnA hai ki cAhe vidyA kA kSetra ho, cAhe vyavasAya yA sAdhanA kA usameM praveza kA dvAra sabhI ke lie binA bheda-bhAva ke khule rahanA caahie| jaina dharma spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko mAnatA hai ki kisI jAti yA varNa-vizeSa meM janma lene se koI vyakti zreSTha yA hIna nahIM hotaa| use jo hIna yA zreSTha banAtA hai, vaha hai usakA apanA puruSArtha, usakI apanI sAdhanA, sadAcAra aura karma / hama jainoM ke isI dRSTikoNa ko agrima pRSThoM meM sapramANa prastuta karane kA prayatna kreNge| janmanA varNa-vyavasthA eka asamIcIna avadhAraNA jaina AcArya zruti ke isa kathana ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM ki brAhmaNoM kI utpatti brahmA ke mukha se, kSatriya kI bAhu se, vaizyoM kI jaMghA se aura zUdra kI pairoM se huI hai| cUMki mukha zreSTha aMga hai, ataH ina sabameM brAhmaNa hI zreSTha hai|' brahmA ke zarIra ke vibhinna aMgoM se janma ke AdhAra para brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra aisI varNa-vyavasthA jaina cintakoM ko svIkAra nahIM hai| unakA kahanA hai ki sabhI manuSya strI-yoni se hI utpanna hote haiN| ataH sabhI samAna hai| punaH ina aMgoM meM se kisI ko zreSTha evaM uttama aura kisIko nikRSTa yA hIna mAnakara varNa-vyavasthA meM zreSThatA evaM hInatA kA vidhAna nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki zarIra ke sabhI aMga samAna mahattva ke haiN| isI prakAra zArIrika varNoM kI bhinnatA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA brAhmaNa Adi jAtiyoM kA vargIkaraNa bhI jainoM ko mAnya nahIM hai| AcArya jaTAsiMha nandi ne apane varAMga-carita meM isa bAta kA vistAra se vivecana kiyA hai ki zArIrika vibhinnatAoM yA varNoM ke AdhAra para kiyA jAne vAlA jAti sambandhI vargIkaraNa mAtra pazu-pakSI Adi ke viSaya meM hI satya ho sakatA hai, manuSyoM ke sandarbha meM nhiiN| vanaspati evaM pazu-pakSI Adi meM jAti kA vicAra sambhava hai, kintu manuSya ke viSaya meM yaha vicAra saMbhava nahIM hai, kyoMki sabhI manuSya samAna hai| manuSyoM kI eka hI jAti hai| na to sabhI brAhmaNa zubhra varNa ke hote haiM, na sabhI kSatriya rakta varNa, na sabhI vaizya pIta varNa ke aura na sabhI zUdra kRSNa varNa ke hote haiN| ata: janma ke AdhAra para jAti va varNa kA nizcaya sambhava nahIM hai| samAja meM U~ca-nIca kA AdhAra kisI varNa vizeSa yA jAti vizeSa meM janma lenA nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| na kevala jaina paramparA,apitu hindU paramparA meM bhI aneka udAharaNa hai jahA~ nimna voM se utpanna vyakti bhI apanI pratibhA aura AcAra ke AdhAra para zreSTha khlaaye| brAhmaNoM kI zreSThatA para prazna cinha lagAte hue vaMrAga-carita meM jaTAsiMha nandi kahate haiM ki "jo brAhamaNa svayaM rAjA kI kRpA ke AkAMkSI haiM aura unake dvarA anuzAsita hokara unake anugraha kI apekSA rakhate haiM, aise dIna brAhmaNa nRpoM ( kSatriyoM) se kaise zreSTha kahe jA sakate haiN| dvija brahamA ke mukha se nirgata hue ataH zreSTha haiM -- yaha vacana kevala apane svArthoM kI pUrti ke lie
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 146 kahA gayA hai| brAhmaNa pratidina rAjAoM kI stuti karate haiM aura unake lie svasti pATha evaM zAnti pATha karate haiM, lekina vaha saba bhI dhana kI AzA se hI kiyA jAtA hai, ataH aise brAhmaNa AptakAma nahIM mAne jA sakate haiN| phalataH inakA apanI zreSThatA kA dAvA mithyA hai| jisa prakAra naTa raMgazAlA meM kArya sthiti ke anurUpa vicitra vezabhUSA ko dhAraNa karatA hai usI prakAra yaha jIva bhI saMsAra rUpI raMgamaMca para karmoM ke anusAra bhinna-bhinna rUpoM ko prApta hotA hai| talvataH AtmA na brAhmaNa hai, na kSatriya, na vaizya aura na zUdra hI / vaha to apane hI pUrva karmoM ke vaza meM hokara saMsAra meM vibhinna rUpoM meM janma grahaNa karatA hai| yadi zarIra ke AdhAra para hI kisI ko brAhmaNa, kSatriya kahA jAya, to yaha bhI ucita nahIM hai| vijJa jana deha ko nahIM, jJAna ( yogyatA ) ko hI brahma kahate haiN| ataH nikRSTa kahA jAne vAlA zUdra bhI jJAna yA prajJA-kSamatA ke AdhAra para vedAdhyayana karane kA pAtra ho sakatA hai| vidyA, AcaraNa evaM sadguNa se rahita vyakti jAti vizeSa meM janma lene mAtra se brAhmaNa nahIM ho jAtA, apitu apane jJAna, sadguNa Adi se yukta hokara hI brAhmaNa hotA hai / vyAsa, vaziSTha, kamaTha, kaMTha, droNa, pArAzara Adi apane janma ke AdhAra para nahIM, apitu apane sadAcaraNa evaM tapasyA se hI brAhmaNatva ko prApta hue the / ataH brAhmaNatva Adi sadAcAra aura karttavyazIlatA para AdhArita hai janma para nahIM / saccA brAhmaNa kauna ? jaina paramparA ne sadAcaraNa ko hI mAnavIya jIvana meM uccatA aura nimnatA kA pratimAna mAnA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra ke paccIsaveM adhyAya evaM dhammapada ke brAhmaNa varga nAmaka adhyAya meM saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai, isakA vistAra se vivecana upalabdha hai| vistAra bhaya se usakI samagra carcA meM na jAkara kevala kucha gAthAoM ko prastuta kara hI virAma legeN| usameM kahA gayA hai ki "jise loka meM kuzala puruSoM ne brAhmaNa kahA hai, jo agni ke samAna sadA pUjyanIya hai aura jo priyajanoM ke Ane para Asakta nahIM hotA aura na unake jAne para zoka karatA hai| jo sadA Arya-vacana meM ramaNa karatA hai, use brAhmaNa kahate haiN|" " kasauTI para kase hue aura agni ke dvArA dagdhamala hue, zuddha kiye gae jAta rUpa sone kI taraha jo vizuddha hai, jo rAga dveSa aura bhaya se mukta hai, tathA jo tapasvI haiM, kRza hai, dAnta hai, jisakA mAMsa aura rakta apacita ( kama ) ho gayA hai, jo suvrata hai, zAMta hai, use hI brAhmaNa kahA jAtA hai| " "jo basa aura sthAvara jIvoM ko samyak prakAra se jAnakara unakI mana, vacana aura kAyA se hiMsA nahIM karatA hai, jo krodha, hAsya, lobha athavA bhaya se jhUTha nahIM bolatA, jo sacitta yA acitta, thor3A yA adhika adatta nahIM letA hai, jo deva, manuSya aura tiryaMca sambandhI maithuna kA mana, vacana aura zarIra se sevana nahIM karatA hai, jisa prakAra jala meM utpanna huA kamala jala se lipta nahIM hotA, usI prakAra jo kAmabhogoM se alipta rahatA hai, use hama brAhmaNa kahate haiM / JJ isIprakAra jo rasAdi meM lolupa nahIM hai, jo nirdoSa bhikSA se jIvana kA nirvAha karatA hai,
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________________ 147 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA jo gRha tyAgI hai, jo aMkicana hai, pUrvajJAtijanoM evaM bandhu-bAndhavoM meM Asakta nahIM rahatA hai, use hI brAhmaNa kahate hai|" dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki "jaise kamala patra para pAnI hotA hai, jaise Are kI noMka para sarasoM kA dAnA hotA hai, vaise hI jo kAmoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, jisane apane duHkhoM ke kSaya ko yahIM para dekha liyA hai, jisane janma-maraNa ke bhAra ko utAra diyA hai, jo sarvathA anAsakta hai, jo medhAvI hai, sthitaprajJa hai, jo sanmArga tathA kumArga ko jAnane meM kuzala haiM aura jo nirvANa kI uttama sthiti ko pahu~ya cukA hai -- use hI maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN|" isa prakAra hama dekhata haiM ki jaina evaM bauddha dono paramparAoM ne hI sadAcAra ke AdhAra para brAhamaNatva kI zreSThatA kA svIkAra karate hue, brAhmaNa kI eka naI paribhASA prastuta kI,jo sadAcAra aura sAmAjika samatA kI pratiSThApaka thii| na kevala jaina paramparA evaM bauddha-paramparA meM, varan mahAbhArata meM bhI brAhmaNatva kI yahI paribhASA hai / jaina paramparA ke uttarAdhyayana sUtra bauddha-paramparA ke dhammapada aura mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM sacce brAhamaNa ke svarUpa kA jo vivaraNa milatA hai, vaha na kevala vaicArika sAmyatA rakhatA hai, varan usameM zAbdika sAmyatA bhI adhika hai, jo ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai| saccA brAhamaNa kauna hai ? isa viSaya meM 'kumArapAla prabodha prabandha' meM manusmRti evaM mahAbhArata se kucha zloka uddhRta karake yaha batAyA gayA hai ki -- "zIla sampanna zUdra bhI brAhmaNatva ko prApta ho jAtA hai aura sadAcAra rahita brAhmaNa bhI zUdra ke samAna ho jAtA hai| ataH sabhI jAtiyoM meM cANDAla aura sabhI jAtiyoM meM brAhmaNa hote haiN| he arjuna ! jo brAhmaNa kRSi, vANijya, gorakSA evaM rAjya kI sevA karate haiM, ve vastutaH brAhmaNa nahIM haiN| jo bhI dvija hiMsaka, asatyavAdI, cauryakarma meM lipta, paradAra sevI haiN| ve sabhI patita (zUdra) haiN| isake viparIta brahamacarya aura tapa se yukta lauha va svarNa meM samAna bhAva rakhane vAle, prANiyoM ke pratidayAvAna sabhI jAti ke vyakti brAhmaNa hI haiN| sacce brAhmaNa ke lakSaNa batAte hue kahA gayA hai --"jo vyakti kSamAzIla Adi guNoM se yukta ho, jisane sabhI daNDoM ( parapIDana) kA parityAga kara diyA hai, jo nirAmiSa-bhojI hai aura kisI bhI prANi kI hiMsA nahIM karatA -- yaha kisI vyakti ke brAhmaNa hone kA prathama lakSaNa hai| isI prakAra jo kabhI asatya nahIM bolatA, mithyAvacanoM se dUra rahatA hai -- yaha brAhmaNa kA dvitIya lakSaNa hai| punaH jisane paradravya kA tyAga kara diyA hai tathA jo adatta ko grahaNa nahIM karatA, yaha usake brAhmaNa hone kA tRtIya lakSaNa hai| jo deva, asura, manuSya tathA pazuoM ke prati maithuna kA sevana nahIM karatA -- vaha usake brAhmaNa hone kA caturtha lakSaNa hai| jisane kuTumba kA vAsa arthAt gRhasthAzrama kA tyAga kara diyA ho, jo parigraha aura Asakti se rahita hai, yaha brAhmaNa hone kA paMcama lakSaNa hai| jo ina pA~ca lakSaNoM se yukta hai vahIM brAhmaNa hai, dvija hai aura mahAna hai, zeSa to zUdravat hai| kevaTa kI putrI ke garbha se utpanna vyAsa nAmaka mahAmuni hue haiN| isI prakara hariNI ke garbha se utpanna zrRMga RSi, zunakI ke garbha se zuka, mANDUkI ke garbha se mAMDavya tathA urvazI ke garbha se utpanna vaziSTha mahAmuni hue| na to ina sabhI ..
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 148 RSiyoM kI mAtA brAhamaNI haiM, na ye saMskAra se brAhmaNa hue the; apitu ye sabhI tapa sAdhanA yA sadAcAra se brAhmaNa hue hai| isalie brAhmaNa hone meM jAti vizeSa meM janma kAraNa nahIM hai, apitu tapa yA sadAcAra hI kAraNa hai|" karmaNA varNa-vyavasthA jainoM ko bhI svIkArya jaina paramparA meM varSa kA AdhAra janma nahIM, apitu karma mAnA gayA hai| jaina vicAraNA janmanA jAtivAda kI virodhI hai, kintu karmaNA varNavyavasthA se usakA koI saiddhAntika virodha nahIM hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki -- "manuSya karma se brAhmaNa, karma se kSatriya evaM karma se hI vaizya evaM zUdra hotA hai| mahApurANa meM kahA gayA hai ki jAtinAma karma ke udaya se to manuSya jAti eka hI hai| phira bhI AjIvikA bheda se vaha cAra prakAra kI kahI gaI hai| vratoM ke saMskAra se brAhmaNa, zastroM ko dhAraNa karane se kSatriya, nyAyapUrvaka artha kA upArjana karane se vaizya aura nimna zreNI kI AjIvikA kA Azraya lene se zUdra kahe jAte haiN| dhana-dhAnya Adi sampatti evaM makAna mila jAne para guru kI AjJA se alaga se AjIvikA arjana karane se varNa kI prApti yA varNa lAbha hotA hai [38/45-46,1373 | isa kA tAtparya yahI hai ki varNa yA jAti sambandhI bheda janma para nahIM, AjIvikA yA vRtti para AdhArita hai| bhAratIya varNa vyavasthA ke pIche eka manovaijJAnika AdhAra rahA hai ki vaha vaiyaktika- yogyatA arthAt svabhAva ke AdhAra para hI vyakti ke sAmAjika dAyitvoM ( karmoM ) kA nirdhAraNa karatI hai| jisase iMkAra nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| apanI svAbhAvika yogyatA ke AdhAra para sAmAjika dAyitvoM kA nirvAha karane kA samarthana DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana aura pAzcAtya vicAraka zrI gairalDa harDa ne bhI kiyA hai|10 mAnavIya svabhAva meM jJAnAtmakatA yA jijJAsA- vRtti, sAhasa yA netRtva-vRtti, saMgrahAtmakatA aura zAsita hone kI pravRtti yA sevA bhAvanA pAyI jAtI hai| sAmAnyataH manuSyoM meM ina vRttiyoM kA samAna rUpa se vikAsa nahIM hotA hai| pratyeka manuSya meM inameM se kisI eka kA pradhAnya hotA hai| dUsarI ora sAmAjika dRSTi se samAja-vyavasthA meM cAra-pramukha kArya hai -- 1. zikSaNa 2. rakSaNa 3. upArjana aura 4. sevaa| ataH yaha Avazyaka mAnA gayA hai ki vyakti apane svabhAva meM jisa vRtti kA pradhAnya ho, usake anusAra sAmAjika vyavasthA meM apanA kArya cuneN| jisameM buddhi nairmalya aura jijJAsAvRtti ho, vaha zikSaNa kA kArya kare, jisameM sAhasa aura netRtva vRtti ho vaha rakSaNa kA kArya kare, jisameM viniyoga tathA saMgraha-vRtti ho vaha upArjana kA kArya kareM aura jisameM dainyavRtti yA sevAvRtti ho vaha sevA kArya kre| isa prakAra jijJAsA, netRtva, viniyoga aura dainya kI svAbhAvika vRttiyoM ke AdhAra para zikSaNa, rakSaNa upArjana aura sevA ke sAmAjika kAryoM kA vibhAjana kiyA gayA aura isI AdhAra para kramazaH brAhmaNa, kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra ye varNa bne| ataH varNa vyavasthA janma para nahIM, apitu svabhAva ( guNa ) evaM tadanusAra karma para AdhArita hai| vAstava meM hindU AvAra-darzana meM bhI varNa-vyavasthA janma para nahIM, varana karma para hI
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________________ 149 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA AdhArita hai| gItA meM zrI kRSNa spaSTa kahate haiM ki cAturvarNya-vyavasthA kA nirmANa guNa aura karma ke AdhAra para hI kiyA gayA hai| DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana, isakI vyAkhyA meM likhate haiM, yahA~ jora guNa aura karma para diyA gayA hai, jAti (janma) para nhiiN| hama kisa varNa ke hai, yaha bAta liMga yA janma para nirbhara nahIM hai apitu svabhAva aura vyavasAya dvArA nirdhArita hotI hai|12 yudhiSThira kahate haiM, "tattvajJAniyoM kI dRSTi meM kevala AcAraNa (sadAcAra) hI jAti kA nirdhAraka tattva hai| brAhmaNa na janma se hotA hai, na saMskAra se, na kula se aura na veda ke adhyayana se, brAhmaNa kevala vrata (AcaraNa) se hotA hai|"13 prAcInakAla meM varNa-vyavasthA kaThora nahIM thI, apitu lacIlI thii| varNa parivartana kA adhikAra vyakti ke apane hAtha meM thA, kyoMki AcaraNa yA karma ke cayana dvArA parivartita ho jAtA thaa| upaniSadoM meM varNita satyakAma jAbAla kI kathA isakA udAharaNa hai| satyakAma jAbAla kI satyavAditA ke AdhAra para hI use brAhmaNa mAna liyA gayA thaa| 4 manusmRti meM bhI varNa parivartana kA vidhAna hai, usameM likhA hai ki sadAcAra ke kAraNa zUdra brAhmaNa ho jAtA hai aura durAcAra ke kAraNa brAhmaNa zUdra ho jAtA hai| yahI bAta kSatriya aura vaizya ke sambandha meM bhI hai| AdhyAtmika dRSTi se koI eka varNa dUsare varNa se zreSTha nahIM hai, kyoMki AdhyAtmika vikAsa varNa para nirbhara nahIM hotA hai| vyakti svabhAvAnukUla kisI bhI varNa ke niyata karmoM kA sampAdana karate hue AdhyAtmika pUrNatA yA siddhi ko prApta kara sakatA hai| koI bhI kartavya karma-hIna nahIM hai . samAja vyavasthA meM apane kartavya ke nirvAha hetu aura AjIvikA ke upArjana hetu vyakti ko kauna sA vyavasAya yA karma cunanA cAhie, yaha bAta usakI yogyatA athavA svabhAva para hI nirbhara karatI hai| yadi vyakti apane guNoM yA yogyatAoM ke pratikUla vyavasAya yA sAmAjika kartavya ko cunatA hai, to usake isa cayana se jahA~ usake jIvana kI saphalatA dhUmila hotI hai vahIM samAja-vyavasthA bhI asta-vyasta hotI hai| AdhyAtmika zreSThatA isa bAta para nirbhara nahIM hai ki vyakti kyA kara rahA hai yA kina sAmAjika kartavyoM kA pAlana kara rahA hai, varan isa bAta para nirbhara hai ki vaha unakA pAlana kisa niSThA aura yogyatA ke sAtha kara rahA hai| yadi eka zUdra apane kartavyoM kA pAlana pUrNa niSThA aura kuzalatA se karatA hai,to vaha anaiSThika aura akuzala brAhmaNa kI apekSA AdhyAtmika dRSTi se zreSTha hai| gItA bhI spaSTatayA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki vyakti sAmAjika dRSTi se svasthAna ke nimnastarIya karmoM kA sampAdana karate hue bhI AdhyAtmika vikAsa kI dRSTi se U~cAiyoM para pahu~ca sakatA hai| viziSTa sAmAjika kartavyoM ke paripAlana se vyakti zreSTha yA hIna nahIM bana jAtA hai, usakI zreSThatA aura hInatA kA sambandha to usake sadAcaraNa evaM AdhyAtmika vikAsa se hai| digambara jaina AcArya samantabhadra ralaka raNDa zrAvakAcAra meM likhate haiM -- samyak- darzana se yukta cANDAla zarIra meM utpanna vyakti bhI tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA brAhmaNa hI kahA gayA hai| isI prakAra AcArya ravipeNa bhI padmacarita meM likhate haiM ki -- koI bhI jAti garhita nahIM
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 150 hai vastutaH guNa hI kalyANa kAraka hote haiN| jAti se koI vyakti cAhe cANDAla kula meM hI utpanna kyoM na ho, vrata meM sthita hone para aise cANDAla ko bhI tIrthaMkaroM ne brAhmaNa hI kahA hai| 17 ataH brAhmaNatva janma para nahIM karma / sadAcAra para AdhArita hai| jaina muni cauthamala jI nirgrantha pravacana bhASya 17 meM likhate haiM ki eka vyakti duHzIla, ajJAnI va prakRti se tamoguNa hone para bhI amuka varNa meM janma ke kAraNa samAja meM U~cA va AdaraNIya samajhA jAya va dUsarA vyakti suzIla, jJAnI va sato guNI hone para bhI kevala janma ke kAraNa nIca va tiraskRta samajhA jAya, yaha vyavasthA samAja ghAtaka hai aura manuSya kI garimA va vivekazIlatA para prazna cinha lagAtI hai| itanA hI nahIM aisA mAnane se na kevala samAja ke bahusaMkhyaka bhAga kA apamAna hotA hai, pratyuta sadAcAra va sadguNa kA bhI apamAna hotA hai| isa vyavasthA ko aMgIkAra karane se durAcArI, sadAcArI se Upara uTha jAtA hai| ajJAna - jJAna para vijayI hotA hai tathA tamoguNa satoguNa ke sAmane AdarAspada bana jAtA hai| yaha aisI sthati hai jo guNagrAhaka vivekIjanoM ko sahya nahIM ho sakatI hai|18 vAstavikatA to yaha hai ki kisI jAti vizeSa meM janma grahaNa karane kA mahattva nahIM hai, mahattva hai vyakti ke naitika sadAcaraNa aura vAsanAoM para saMyama kA / jaina vicAraNA yaha to svIkAra karatI haiM ki loka vyavahAra yA AjIvikA hetu pratyeka vyakti ko ruci va yogyatA ke AdhAra para kisI na kisI kArya kA cayana to karanA hogaa| yaha bhI ThIka hai ki vibhinna prakAra ke vyavasAyoM yA kAryoM ke AdhAra para sAmAjika vargIkaraNa bhI hogaa| isa vyavasAyika yA sAmAjika vyavasthA ke kSetra meM hone vAle vargIkaraNa meM na kisI ko zreSTha, na kisI ko hIna kahA jA sakatA hai| jainAcAryoM ke anusAra manuSya yA prANIvarga kI sevA kA koI bhI kArya hIna nahIM hai| yahA~ taka mala-mUtra kI saphAI karane vAlA kahIM adhika zreSTha hai| jaina paramparA meM nandiSeNamuni ke sevAbhAva kI gaurava gAthA lokavizruta hai| jaina paramparA meM kisI vyavasAya yA karma ko tabhI hIna mAnA gayA hai, jaba vaha vyavasAya yA karma - hiMsaka yA krUratApUrNa kAryoM se yukta ho / jainAcAryoM ne jina jAtiyoM yA vyavasAyoM ko hIna kahA hai ve haiN| zikArI, badhika, ciDImAra, macchImAra Adi / kisI vyakti kI zreSThatA kA AdhAra AjIvikA hetu cunA gayA vyavasAya na hokara usakA AdhyAtmika vikAsa yA sadguNoM kA vikAsa hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA hai ki 'sAkSAta tapa (sAdhanA) kA hI mahattva dikhAyI detA hai, jAti kA kucha bhI nahIM / cANDAla - putra harakezI muni ko dekho jinakI prabhAvazAlI Rddhi haiN| mAnavIya samatA jainadharma kA mukhya AdhAra hai| usameM harakezIbala jaise cANDAla, arjunamAlI jaise mAlAkAra, pUniyA jaise dhUniyA aura zakaDAla putra jaise kumbhakAra kA bhI vahI sthAna hai, jo sthAna usameM indrabhUti jaise vedapAThI brAhmaNa putra, dazArNabhadra evaM zreNika jaise kSatriya nareza, dhannA va zAlibhadra jaise samRddha zreSThI ratnoM kA hai| -- 9 AtmadarzI sAdhaka jaise puNyavAna vyakti ko dharma upadeza karatA hai, vaise hI tuccha ( vipanna daridra) ko bhI dharma upadeza karatA hai| 20 sanmArga kI sAdhanA meM sabhI mAnavoM ko samAna adhikAra prApta hai / dhanI - nirdhana, rAjA prajA aura brAhmaNa-zUdra kA bheda jaina dharma ko mAnya nahIM hai| 10
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________________ ---- 151 jainadharma meM varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA kA aitihAsika vikAsakrama mUlataH jainadharma varNavyavasthA evaM jAtivyavasthA ke viruddha khar3A huA thA, kintu kAlakrama meM bRhat hindU-samAja ke prabhAva se usameM bhI varNa evaM jAti sambandhI avadhAraNAyeM praviSTa ho gaI / jaina paramparA meM jAti aura varNa vyavasthA ke udbhava evaM aitihAsika vikAsa kA vivaraNa sarvaprathama AdhArAganiyukti (lagabhaga IsvI san tIsarI zatI) meM prApta hotA hai usake anusAra prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thiiN| RSabha ke dvArA rAjya-vyavasthA kA prArambha hone para usake do vibhAga ho gaye 1. zAsaka (svAmI) aura 2. zAsita (sevaka ) / usake pazcAt zilpa aura vANijya ke vikAsa ke sAtha usake tIna vibhAga hue 1. kSatriya (zAsaka), 2. vaizya (kRSaka evaM vyavasAyI) aura 3. zUdra (sevaka ) | usake pazcAt zrAvaka dharma kI sthApanA hone para ahiMsaka, sadAcArI aura dharmaniSTha vyaktiyoM ko brAhmaNa (mAhaNa) kahA gyaa| isaprakAra kramazaH cAra varNa astitva meM aaye| ina cAra varNoM ke strI-puruSoM ke samavarNIya tathA antarvarNAya anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyogo se solahavarNa bane, jinameM sAtavarNa aura nau antaravarNa kahalAe / sAta varNa meM samavarNIya strI-puruSa ke saMyoga se cAra mUla varNa tathA brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatriya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna aura vaizya puruSa aura zukra strI ke saMyoga se utpanna aise anuloma saMyoga se utpanna tInavarNa AcArAgacUrNi (IsA kI 7vIM zatI) meM ise spaSTa karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki 'brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatrANI ke saMyoga se jA santAna hotI hai vaha uttama kSatriya, zuddha kSatriya yA saMkara kSatriya kahI jAtI hai, yaha pA~cavA varNa hai / isI prakAra kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI se utpanna santAna uttama vaizya, zuddha vaizya yA saMkara vaizya kahI jAtI hai, yaha chaThA varNa hai tathA vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra strI ke saMyoga se utpanna santAna zuddha zUdra yA saMkarazUdra kahI jAtI hai, yaha sAtavA~ varNa hai| punaH anuloma aura pratiloma sambandhoM ke AdhAra para nimna nau antara varNa bane / brAhmaNa puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ambaSTha' nAmaka AThavA~ varNa utpanna huA / kSatriya puruSa aura zUdrA strI se 'ugra' nAmaka navA~ varNa huA / brAhmaNa puruSa aura zUdrA strI se niSAda' nAmaka dasavA~ varNa utpanna huaa| zUdra puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ayoga' nAmaka gyArahavA~ varNa utpanna huA / kSatriya aura brAhmaNI se 'sUta' nAmaka terahavA~ varNa huaa| zUdra puruSa aura kSatriya strI se 'kSatrA' (khattA) nAmaka caudahavA~ varNa utpanna huaa| vaizya puruSa aura brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'vaideha' nAmaka pandrahavA~ varNa utpanna huA aura zUdra puruSa tathA brAhmaNa strI ke se 'cANDAla' nAmaka solahavA~ varNa huA / isake pazcAt ina solaha varNoM meM paraspara anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyoga se aneka jAtiyA~ astitva meM AyIM / 21" jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA uparokta vivaraNa meM hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina dharma ke AcAryoM ne bhI kAla-krama meM jAti aura varNa kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM hindU paramparA kI vyavasthAoM ko apane DhaMga se saMzodhita kara svIkAra kara liyaa| lagabhaga sAtavIM sadI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hue AcArya jinasena ne lokApavAda ke bhaya se tathA jaina dharma kA astitva aura sAmAjika sammAna banAye rakhane ke lie hindU varNa evaM jAtivyavasthA ko isa prakAra AtmasAta kara liyA ki isa sambandha meM jainoM kA jo vaiziSTya thA, vaha prAyaH samApta ho gyaa| jinasena ne sarvaprathama yaha batAyA ki Adi brahmA
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________________ pro. sAMgaramala jaina 152 aSabhadeva ne SaTkarmoM kA upadeza dene ke pazcAt tIna varNoM ( kSatriya, vaizya aura zUdra) kI sRSTi kii| isI grantha meM Age yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo kSatriya aura vaizya varNa kI sevA karate haiM ve zUdra haiN| inake do bheda haiM -- kAra aura akaaru| punaH kAra ke bhI do bheda hai -- spRzya aura aspRzya hai| dhobI, nApita Adi spRzya zudra haiM aura caNDAla Adi jo nagara ke bAhara rahate haiM ve asparzva zUdra haiM ( AdipurANa 16/184-186) / zUdroM ke kAru aura akAru tathA spRzya evaM aspRzya- ye bheda sarvaprathama kevala purANakAra jinasena kiye hai| unake pUrvavartI anya kisI jaina AcArya ne isa prakAra ke bhedoM ko mAnya nahIM kiyA hai| kintu hindU samAja vyavasthA se prabhAvita ho bAda ke jaina AcAryoM ne ise prAyaH mAnya kiyaa| SaTprAbhUta ke TIkAkAra zrutasAgara ne bhI isa spRzya-aspRzya kI carcA kI hai| yadyapi purANakAra ne zUdroM ko ekazATakavata arthAt kSullakadIkSA kA adhikAra mAnya kiyA thA, kintu bAda ke digambara jaina AcAryoM ne usameM bhI kamI kara dii| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMgasUtra (3/202) ke mUlapATha meM to kevala rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI muni dIkSA kA niSedha thA, kintu paravartI TIkAkAroM caNDAlAdi jAti jugita aura vyAdhAdi karmajaMgita logoM ko dIkSA dene kA niSedha kara diyaa|24 phira bhI yaha saba jaina dharma kI mUla paramparA ke to viruddha hI thaa| jAtIya ahaMkAra mithyA hai jainadharma meM jAtIya mada aura kula mada ko nindita mAnA gayA hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrva-jIvanoM kI kathA meM yaha carcA AtI hai ki mArIci ke bhava meM unhoMne apane kula kA ahaMkAra kiyA thA,phalataH unheM nimna bhikSuka kula arthAt brAhmaNI mAtA ke garbha meM AnA par3A hai| AcArAMga meM ve svayaM kahate haiM ki yaha AtmA aneka bAra uccagotra ko aura aneka bAra nIca gotra ko prApta ho cukA hai| isalie vastutaH na to koI hona/ nIca hai, aura na koI atirikta/ vizeSa/ucca hai| sAdhaka isa tathya ko jAnakara uccagotra kI spRhA na kreN| ukta tathya ko jAna lene para bhalA kauna gotravAdI hogA ? kauna uccagotra kA ahaMkAra karegA ? aura kauna kisa gotra/jAti vizeSa meM Asakta citta hogA ?25 isaliye vivekazIla manuSya uccagotra prApta hone para harSita na ho aura na nIcagotra prApta hone para kuphti/duHkhI ho| yadyapi jainadharma meM uccagotra evaM nimnagotra kI carcA upalabdha hai| kintu gotra kA sambandha pariveza ke acche yA bure hone se hai| gotra kA sambandha jAti athavA spRzyatA-aspRzyatA ke sAtha jor3anA bhrAnti hai| jaina karma siddhAnta ke anusAra devagati meM ucca gotra kA udaya hotA hai aura tiyaca mAtra meM nIca gotra kA udaya hotA hai, kintu devayoni meM bhI kilviSika deva nIca evaM aspRzyavat hote hai| isake viparIta aneka nimna gotra meM utpanna pazu jaise -- gAya, ghor3A, hAthI bahuta kI sammAna kI dRSTi se dekhe jAte hai| ve aspRzya nahIM mAne jaate| ataH uccagotra meM utpanna vyakti bhI hIna aura nIcgotra meM utpanna vyakti bhI ucca ho sakatA hai| ataH gotravAda kI dhAraNA ko pracalita jAtivAda tathA spRzyAspRzya kI dhAraNA ke sAtha nahIM jor3anA caahie| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne prastuta sUtra meM jAti-mada, gotra-mada Adi ko nirasta karate hue yaha spaSTa kaha diyA hai ki " jaba AtmA aneka bAra ucca-nIca gotra kA
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________________ 153 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA sparza kara cukA hai, kara rahA hai taba phira kauna U~cA hai ? kauna nIcAM ? U~ca-nIca kI bhAvanA mAtra eka alaMkAra hai, aura ahaMkAra 'mada hai| mada nIcagotra ke bandhana kA mukhya kAraNa hai| ataH isa gotravAda va mAnavAda kI bhAvanA se mukta hokara jo unameM taTastha rahatA hai, vahI samatvazIla hai, vahI paNDita hai| mathurA se prApta abhilekhoM kA jaba hama adhyayana karate haiM to hameM jJAta hotA hai ki na kevala prAcIna AgamoM se apitu ina abhilekhoM se bhI yahI phalita hotA hai ki jaina dharma ne sadaiva hI sAmAjika samatA para bala diyA hai aura jainadharma meM praveza kA dvAra sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyaktiyoM ke liye samAna rUpa se khulA hai| mathurA ke jaina abhilekha isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa hai ki jaina mandiroM ke nirmANa aura jina pratimAoM kI pratiSThA meM dhanI-nirdhana, brAhmaNa-zUdra sabhI vargoM, jAtiyoM evaM vargoM ke loga samAna rUpa se bhAga lete the| mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM hama yaha pAte haiM ki lohAra, sunAra, gandhI, kevaTa, lauhavaNika, nartaka aura yahAM taka ki gaNikAyeM bhI jina mandiroM kA nirmANa va jina pratimAoM kI pratiSThA karavAtI thiiN|26 jJAtavya hai ki mathurA ke ina abhilekhoM meM lagabhaga 602 dAnadAtA una jAtiyoM se haiM, jinheM sAmAnyatayA nimna mAnA jAtA hai| sthUlibhadra kI preyasI kozA vezyA dvarA jainadharma aMgIkAra karane kI kathA to loka-vizruta hai hii|27 mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM bhI gaNikA nAdA dvArA deva kulikA kI sthApanA bhI isI tathya ko sUcita karatI hai ki eka gaNikA bhI zrAvikA ke vratoM ko aMgIkAra karake utanI hI AdaraNIya bana jAtI thI, jitanI koI rAja-mahiSI / AvazyakacUrNi aura titthogAlI prINaka meM varNita kozA vezyA kA kathAnaka aura mathurA meM nAdA nAmaka gaNikA dvArA sthApita deva kulikA, AyagapaTTa Adi isa tathya ke spaSTa pramANa hai| jaina dharma yaha bhI mAnatA hai ki koI duSkarmA va durAcArI vyakti bhI apane duSkarma kA parityAga karake sadAcAra pUrNa naitika-jIvana va vyavasAya ko apanA kara samAja meM pratiSThita bana sakatA hai| jaina sAdhanA kA rAjamArga to usakA hai jo usa para calatA hai| varNa, jAti yA varga vizeSa kA usa para ekAdhikAra nahI hai| jaina dharma sAdhanA kA upadeza to varSA Rtu ke jala ke samAna ho, jo U~ce parvatoM, nIce kheta-khalihAnoM para, sundara mahala va jhopar3I para samAna rUpa se barasatA hai| jisa prakAra bAdala binA bheda-bhAva ke sarvatra jala kI vRSTi karate haiM usI prakAra muni ko bhI U~ca-nIca, dhanI-nirdhana kA vicAra kiye vagaira sarvatra sanmArga kA upadeza karanA caahie| yaha bAta bhinna hai ki usameM se kauna kitanA grahaNa karatA hai| jaina dharma meM janma ke AdhAra para kisI ko nimna yA ucca nahIM kahA jA sakatA, hA~ vaha itanA avazya mAnatA hai ki anaitika AcaraNa karanA athavA krUra karma dvarA apanI AjIvikA arjana karanA yogya nahIM hai,aise vyakti avazya hIna karmA kahe gaye hai, kintu ve apane krUra evaM anaitika karmoM kA parityAga karake zreSTha bana sakate haiN| jJAtavya hai ki Aja bhI jaina dharma meM aura jaina zramaNoM meM vibhinna jAtiyoM ke vyakti praveza pAte haiN| mAtra yahI nahIM zramaNa jIvana ko aMgIkAra karane ke sAtha hI nimna vyakti bhI sabhI kA usI prakAra AdaraNIya bana jAtA hai, jisa prakAra uccakula yA jAti kA vykti| jainasaMgha meM unakA sthAna samAna hotA hai| yadyapi madhyakAla meM hindU paramparA ke prabhAva se vizeSa spa se
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 154 dakSiNa bhArata meM jAtivAda kA prabhAva jaina samAja para bhI AyA aura madhyakAla meM mAMtaga, Adi jAti-jaMgita (nimnajAti) evaM machuvAre, naTa Adi karma-juMgita vyaktiyoM ko zramaNa saMsthA meM praveza ke ayogya mAnA gyaa| jaina AcAryoM ne isakA koI Agamika pramANa na dekara mAtra lokApavAda kA pramANa diyA, jo spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki jaina paramparA ko jAtivAda bRhad hindU prabhAva ke kAraNa lokApavAda ke bhaya se svIkAranA pdd'aa| isI ke pariNAma svarUpa dakSiNa bhArata meM vikasita jaina dharma kI digambara paramparA meM jo zUdra kI dIkSA evaM mukti ke niSedha kI avadhAraNA AI, vaha saba brAhmaNa paramparA ke prabhAva ke kAraNa hI thA / yadyapi hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA cAhiye ki dakSiNa meM jo nimna jAti ke loga jainadharma kA pAlana karate the,ve isa sabake bAvajUda bhI jainadharma se jur3e rahe aura ve Aja bhI paMcama varNa ke nAma se jAne jAte haiN| yadyapi bRhad hindU samAja ke prabhAva ke kAraNa jainoM ne apane prAcIna mAnavIya samatA ke siddhAnta kA jo ullaMghana kiyA, usakA pariNAma bhI unheM bhugatanA par3A aura jainoM kI janasaMkhyA sImita ho gyii| vigata varSoM meM sadbhAgya se jainoM meM vizeSa rUpa se zvetAmbara paramparA meM yaha samatAvAdI dRSTi punaH vikasita huI hai| kucha jaina AcAryoM ke isa dizA meM prayatna ke phalasvarUpa kucha aisI jAtiyA jo nimna evaM krUrakarmA samajhI jAtI thI, na kevala jaina dharma meM dIkSita huI apitu unhoMne apane hiMsaka vyavasAya ko tyAga kara sadAcArI jIvana ko apanAyA hai| vizeSa rUpa se khaTika aura balAI jAtiyA jaina dharma se jur3I hai| khA~TakoM (hindU-kasAIyoM) ke lagabhaga pA~ca hajAra parivAra samIra munijI kI vizeSa preraNA se apane hiMsaka vyavasAya aura madirA sevana Adi vyasanoM kA parityAga karake jaina dharma se jur3e aura ye parivAra Aja na kevala samRddha va sampanna hai,apitu jaina samAja meM bhI barAbarI kA sthAna pA cuke haiN| isI prakAra balAIyoM ( harijanoM) kA bhI eka bar3A tabakA mAlavA meM AcArya nAnAlAla jI kI preraNA se madirA sevana, mAMsAhAra Adi tyAgakara jainadharma se jur3A aura eka sadAcAra pUrNa jIvana vyatIta karane ko prerita huA hai, ye isa dizA meM acchI upalabdhi hai| kucha anya zvetAmbara evaM digambara jaina AcAryoM evaM muniyoM ne bhI bihAra prAnta meM sarAka jAti evaM paramAra kSatriyoM ko jaina dharma se punaH jor3ane ke saphala prayatna kiye haiN| Aja bhI aneko jainamuni sAmAnyatayA nimna kahI jAne vAlI jAtiyoM se dIkSita haiM aura jaina saMgha meM samAna rUpa se AdaraNIya haiN| isase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki jainadharma sadaiva hI sAmAjika samatA kA samarthaka rahA hai| jainadharma meM varNavyavasthA aura jAtivyavasthA ke sandarbha meM jo cintana huA usake niSkarSa nimna haiM --- 1. sampUrNa mAnava jAti eka hI hai kyoMki usameM jAti bheda karane vAlA aisA koI bhI svAbhAvika lakSaNa nahIM pAyA jAtA jaisA ki eka jAti ke pazu se dUsare jAti ke pazu meM antara hotA hai| 2. prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thii| varNa evaM jAtivyavasthA svAbhAvika yogyatA ke AdhAra
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________________ 155 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA para sAmAjika kartavyoM ke kAraNa aura AjIvikA hetu vyavasAya ko apanAne ke kAraNa utpanna huii| jaise-jaise AjIvikA arjana ke vividha srota vikasita hote gaye vaise-vaise mAnava samAja meM vividha jAtiyAM astitva meM AtI gaIM, kintu ye jAtiyAM maulika nahIM hai| mAtra mAnava sRjita haiN| 3. jAti aura varNa kA nirdhAraNa janma ke AdhAra para na hokara vyakti ke zubhAzubha AcaraNa evaM usake dvArA apanAye gaye vyavasAya dvarA hotA hai ataH varNa aura jAti vyavasthA janmanA nahIM, apitu karmaNA hai| 4. yadi jAti aura varNavyavasthA vyavasAya athavA sAmAjika dAyitva para sthita hai to aisI sthiti meM sAmAjika kartavya aura vyavasAya ke parivartana ke AdhAra para jAti evaM varNa meM parivartana sambhava hai| 5. koI bhI vyakti kisI jAti yA parivAra meM utpanna hone ke kAraNa hIna yA zreSTha nahIM hotA, apitu vaha apane satkarmoM ke AdhAra para zreSTha hotA hai| 6. jAti evaM kula kI zreSThatA kA ahaMkAra mithyA hai| usake kAraNa sAmAjika samatA evaM zAnti bhaMga hotI hai| 7. jainadharma ke dvAra sabhI varNa aura jAtiyoM ke lie samAna rUpa se khule rahe haiN| prAcIna stara ke jaina granthoM se yaha saMketa milatA hai ki usameM cAro hI vargoM aura sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyakti jina-pUjA karane zrAvaka dharma evaM munidharma kA pAlana karane aura sAdhanA ke sarvocya lakSya nirvANa ko prApta karane ke adhikArI mAne gaye the| sAtavIM-AThavIM sadI meM jinasena ne sarvaprathama zUdra ko muni dIkSA aura mokSa prApti ke ayogya maanaa| zvetAmbara AgamoM meM kahIM zUdra kI dIkSA kA niSedha nahIM hai, sthAnAMga meM mAtra rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI dIkSA kA niSedha hai kintu Age calakara unameM bhI jAti-juMgita jaise-cANDAla Adi aura karma juMgita jaise -- kasAI Adi kI dIkSA kA niSedha kara diyA gyaa| kintu yaha bRhattara hindU paramparA kA prabhAva hI thA jo ki jainadharma ke mUla siddhAnta ke viruddha thA, jainoM ne ise kevala apanI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko banAye rakhane hetu mAnyakiyA, kyoMki AgamoM meM harakezI bala, maitArya, mAtaMgamuni Adi aneka cANDAloM ke muni hone aura mokSa prApta karane ke ullekha hai| 8. prAcIna jainAgamoM meM muni ke lie uttama, madhyama aura nimna tInoM hI kuloM se bhikSA grahaNa karane kA nirdeza milatA hai isase yahI phalita hotA hai ki jainadharma meM varNa yA jAti kA koI bhI mahattva nahIM thaa| 9. jainadharma yaha svIkAra karatA hai ki manuSyoM meM kucha svabhAvagata bhinnatAeM sambhava hai, jinake AdhAra para unake sAmAjika dAyitva evaM jIvikArjana ke sAdhana bhinna hote haiN| phira bhI vaha isa bAta kA samarthaka haiM ki sabhI manuSyoM ko apane sAmAjika dAyitvoM evaM AjIvikA arjana ke sAdhanoM ko cayana karane kI pUrNa svatantratA aura sAmAjika, naitika evaM AdhyAtmika kSetra meM vikAsa ke samAna aksara upalabdha hone cAhiye, kyoMki yahI sAmAjika samatA kA mUla AdhAra
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________________ 1. 2 2. 3. sandarbha brAhmaNo'sya mukhamAsIdvAhU rAjanyaH kRtaH / Uru tadasya yadvaizyaH padambhyAM zUdro ajAyata / / 4. Rgveda, 10/90/12, saM. dAmodara sAtavalekara, bAlasADa, 1988 abhidhAnarAjendrakoza, khaNDa 4, pR. 1441 catvAra ekasya pituH sutAzcetteSAM sutAnAM khalu jAtirekA / evaM prajAnAM ca pitaika evaM pitraikabhAvAdya na jAtibhedaH / / phalAnyathodumbara vRkSajAteryathAgramadhyAnta bhavAni yAni / rUpAkSatisparzasamAni tAni tathaikato jAtirapi pracintyA / / na brAhmaNAzcandramarIcizubhrA na kSatriyAH kiMzukapuSpagaurAH / na ceha vaizyA haritAlatulyAH zUdrA na cADgAra samAnavarNAH / / varAMgacarita sarga 25, zloka 3,4,7 jaTAsiMhanandi, saMpA. e. ena. upAdhye, bambaI, 1938 ye nigrahAnugrahayorazaktA dvijA varAkAH parapoSyajIvAH / mAyAvino dInatamA nRpebhyaH kathaM bhavantyuttamajAtayaste / / teSAM dvijAnAM mukha nirgatAni vacAMsyamoghAnyaghanAzakAni / ihApi kAmAnsvamanaH praklRptAna labhanta ityeva mRSAvacastat / / yathAnaTo raGgamupetya citraM nRttAnurUpAnupayAti veSAn / jIvastathA saMsRtiraGgamadhye karmAnurUpAnupayAti bhAvAn / / na brahmajAtistviha kAcidasti na kSatriyo nApi ca vaizyazUdre / tatastu karmAnuvazA hitAtmA saMsAra cake parivaMbhramIti / / ApAtakatvAcca zarIradAhe dehaM na hi brahma vadanti tajjJAH / jJAnaM ca na brahma yato nikRSTa zUdro'pi vedAdhyayanaM karoti / / vidyAkriyA cAra guNaiH prahINoM na jAtimAtreNa bhavetsa vipraH / jJAne zIlena guNena yukta taM brAhmaNaM brahmavido vadanti / / vahI, sarga 25, zloka 33, 34, 40-43 5. no loe bambhaNo kutto, AgIva mahio jahA / sayA kusalasaMdiTa, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / jo na sajjai AgantuM pavvayanto na soyh| ramai ajjavayaNammi, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / jAyasvaM jahAmaTTha, niddhantamalapAvagaM / rAgadosabhayAIyaM taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / tavassiyaM kisaM dantaM avacivamaMsasoNiyaM / suvvayaM pattanivvANaM, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / tasapANe viyANettA, saMgaheNa ya thaavre| jo na hiMsai tiviheNa, taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / kohA vA jaha vA hAsA, lohA vA jai vA bhyaa| musaM na vayaI jo u, taM kyaM bUma mAhaNaM / / cittamantamacittaM vA, appaM vA jai vA bahuM / na giNhAi adattaM je, taM kyaM bUma mAhaNaM / / -
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________________ 6. 7. ataH - 157 didyamANusatericchaM, jo na sevai mehuNaM / maNasA kAyavakkeNaM, taM kyaM bUma mAhaNaM / / jahA pomaM jale jAyaM, novalippaDa vAriNA / evaM alittaM kAmehiM taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / aloluyaM muhAjIvi, aNagAraM akiMcaNaM / asaMsattaM gihatthesu taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / jahittA puvvasaMjogaM, nAisaMge ya bandhave / jo na sajjai bhogesuM taM vayaM bUma mAhaNaM / / - uttarAdhyayanasUtra, saMpAdaka- sAdhvI caMdanA 25/19-29 vAripokkharapatte va Araggeriva sAsapo / yo na lippati kAmesu tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / yo 'dukkhassa pajAnAti idheva khayamattano / pannabhAraM visaJttaM tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / gambhIra pAM medhAvi bhaggAmaggassa kovidaM / uttamatthaM anuppattaM tamahaM brUmi brAhmaNaM / / dhammapada, brAhmaNavarga 401-403, sampAdaka bhikSudharmarakSita, 1983 zUdro'pi zIlasaMpanno guNavAn brAhmaNo bhavet / brAhmaNo'pi kriyAhInaH zUdrApatyasamo bhavet / / jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA sarvajAtiSu cANDAlAH sarvajAtiSu brAhmaNAH / brAhmaNeSvapi cANDAlAH cANDAleSvapi brAhmaNAH / / kRSi - vANijya - gorakSA rAjasevAmakiMcanAH / ye ca viprAH prakurvanti na te kaunteya ! brAhmaNAH 1 13 / / hiMsako'nRtavAdI ca cauryayAbhiratazca yaH / paradAropasevI ca sarve te patitA dvijAH / / brahmacaryatapoyuktAH samAnaloSTakAMcanAH / sarvabhUtadayAvanto brAhmaNAH sarvajAtiSu / / kSAntyAdikaguNairyukto vyastadaNDo nirAmiSaH / na hanti sarvabhUtAni prathamaM brahmalakSaNam / / sadA sarvAnRtaM tyaktvA mithyAvAdAd viracyate / nAnRtaM ca vaded vAkyaM dvitIyaM brahmalakSaNam / / sadA sarva paradravyaM bahirvA yadi vA gRhe / adattaM naiva gRNhAti tRtIyaM brahmalakSaNam / / devAsuramanuSyeSu tiryagyonigateSu ca / na sevate maithunaM yazcaturthaM brahmalakSaNam / / tyaktvA kuTumbavAsaM tu nirmamo niH parigrahaH / yuktazcarati niHsaGgaH paMcamaM brahmalakSaNam / / paMcalakSaNasaMpUrNa Izo yo bhaved dvijaH / mahAntaM brAhmaNaM manye zeSAH zUdrA yudhiSThira ! / / kaiktagarbhasambhUto vyAso nAma mahAmuniH / tapasA brAhmaNo jAtastasmAjjAtirakAraNam / / hariNIgarbhasambhUto RSizrRMGgo mahAmuniH / tapa / / zunakIgarbhasambhUtaH zuko nAma munistathA / tapa / / maNDUkIgarbhasambhUto mANDavyazca mahAmuniH / tapa / / urvazIgarbhasambhUto vaziSThastu mahAmuniH / tapa / / na teSAM brAhmaNI mAtA saMskArazca na vidyate / tapa / / yatkASThamayo hastI yadrazccarmamayo mRgaH / brAhmaNastu kiyAhInastrayaste nAmadhArakAH / /
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 158 - kumArapAlacaritrasaMgraha ke arntagata kumArapAla prabodha prabandha, pR. 606, zloka 119-136, saMpAdaka -- jinavijayamuni, prakAzaka -- siMdhI jaina zAstra zikSApITha, bhAratIya vidyAbhavana, bambaI, vikrama saMvat 2013 / 8. kammuNA bambhaNo hoI kammuNA hoi khttio| vaisse kammuNAhoi suddo havai kmmunnaa|| ___ - uttarAdhyayana sUtra 25 manuSyajAtirekaiva jaatinaamodyodbhvaa| vRttibhedAhitabhedAccAturvidhyamihAznute / / 38-45 / / brAhmaNA vratasaMskArAt kSatriyAH shstrdhaarnnaat|| vaNijo'rthArjanAnnayAyAta zUdrA nygvRttisNshryaat|| 38-46 / / guroranujJayA labdhadhanadhAnyAdisampadaH / pRthakkRtAlayasyAsya vRttirvrnnaaptiripyte|| 38-137 / / sRSTyantaramato dUraM apAsya nayatattvavit / anAdikSatriyaiH sRSTAM dharmasRSTi prabhAvayet / / 40-189 / / tIrthakRdibhirayaM sRSTA dharmasRSTi: snaatnii| tAM saMzritAnnRpAneva sRSTihetUn prkaashyet|| 40-190 / / - mahApurANa, jinasena 38/45-46, 137 10. bhagavadgItA, DaoN. rAdhAkRSNana, pR. 353 11. cAturvarNya mayA sRSTaM guNakarmavibhAgazaH / - gItA, 4/13 12. bhagavadgItA - rAdhAkRSNana, pR. 163 13. rAjan kulena vRttena svAdhyAyena zrutena vaa| brAhmaNyaM kena bhavati prabrUhayetat sunizcitam / / 3/3/107 / / zrRNu yakSa kulaM tAt na svAdhyAyo na ca zrutam / kAraNaM hi dvijatve ca vRttameva na saMzayaH / / . - mahAbhArata, vanaparva 313/107, 108 gItA presa, gorakhapura 14. dekheM -- chAndogyopaniSad (gItA presa, gorakhapura ) 4/4 15. zUdro brAhmaNatAmeti brAhmaNazcaiti shuudrtaam| kSatriyAjjAtamevaM tu vidyAdvaizyAttathaiva ca / / - manusmRti 10/65, saM. satyabhUSaNa yogI, 1966 16. samyagdarzanasampannamapi maatnggdehjm| devA devaM vidurbhsmguudaashraantraujsm|| - ratnakaraNDakazrAvakAcAra, 28
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________________ 17. na jAtirgarhitA kAcit guNAH kalyANakAraNam / vratasthamapi cANDAlaM taM devA brAhmaNaM viduH / / padmacarita parva 11 / 203 159 18. nirgranthapravacanabhASya muni zrI cauthamala jI, pR. 289 19. sakkha khu dIsaha tavo viseso, na dIsaI jAi visesa koi / sovAgate hariesa sAhU, jasse iDi mahANubhAgA // / * uttarAdhyayanasUtra, 12/ 20. jahA puNNasa katthati tahA tucchassa katthati / jahA tucchassa katthati tahA puNNassa katthati / 2137. -ya jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA AcArAMga saM. madhukara muni, 1/2/6/102 ekkA maNussAI rajjuppattIi do kayA usame / tiNNeva sippavaNie sAvagadhammammi cattAri / / saMjoge solasagaM satta ya vaNNA u nava ya aMtariNo ee dovi vigappA ThavaNA baMbhassa NAyavvA / / pagaI caukkagANaMtareya te huMti satta vaNNA u / ANaMtaresu caramo vaNNo khalu hoi NAyavvo / / aMbaDugganisAyA ya ajogavaM mAgahA ya sUyA ya / khattA (ya) videhAviya caMDAlA navamagA huti / / etarie iNamo aMbaTTho ceva hoi uggo ya / biiyataria nisAo parAsaraM taM ca puNa vege / / paDilome suddAI ajogavaM mAgaho ya sUo a / etarie khattA vedehA ceva nAyavvA / / bitiyaMtare niyamA caNDAlo so'vi hoi NAyavvo / anulome paDilo evaM ee bhave bheyA / / uggeNaM khattAe sovAgo veNavo videheNaM / aMbaTThIe suddIya bukkaso jo nisAraNaM / / sUNa nisAIe kukkarao sovi hoi NAyavvo / eso bIo bheo caDavviho hoi NAyavvo / / - AcArAMganiryukti, 19-27 maNussAI gAlA etya usabhasAmissa puvvabhavajammaNa ahiserAcakkavaTTrAiyAbhisegAti, tattha je rAyaassitA te ya khattiyA jAyA aNassitA gihavaiNo jAyA, jayA aggI uppaNNo tato ya bhagava'ssitA sippiyA vANiyagA jAyA, tehiM tehiM sippavANijjehiM vitti visaMtItI vaissA uppannA, bhagavAe pavvaie bharahe abhisitte sAvagadhamme uppaNNe baMbhaNA jAyA, aNassitA baMbhaNA jAyA mAhaNatti, ujjugasabhAvA dhammapiyA jaM ca kiMci haNaMtaM picchati taM nivArati mA haNa bho mA 21 ba. egA (19-8)
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________________ pro. sAgaramala jaina 160 haNa, evaM te jaNeNaM sukammanivattitasannA baMbhaNA( mAhaNA) jAyA, je puNa aNassiyA asippiNo te kyakha( ka) lAsuibahikaA tesu tesu paoyaNesu soyamANA hiMsAcoriyAdisu sajjamANA sogadrohaNasIlA suddA saMvuttA, evaM tAvaM cattArivi vaNNA ThAvitA, sesAo saMjoeNaM, tattha 'saMjoe solasaye' gAhA (20-8) etesiM ceva ca uNhaM vaNNANaM puvvANupubbIe aNaMtarasaMjoeNaM aNNe tiNi vaNNA bhavati, tatya 'payatI ghaukkayANaMtare gAhA (21-8) pagatI NAma baMbhakhattiyavaisasuddA cauro vnnnnaa| idANaM aMtareNa-baMbhaNeNaM khattiyANIe jAo so uttamakhattio vA suddhakhattio vA ahavA saMkarakhattio paMcamo vaNNo, jo puNa khattiraNaM vaissIe jAo eso uttamavaisso vA suddhavaisso vA saMkaravaisso vA chaTTho vaNNo, jo vaisseNa suddIe jAto so uttamasuddo vA (suddhasuddo) vA saMkarasuddo vA sattamo vaNo / idANi vaNNeNaM vaNNehiM vA aMtarito aNulomao pahilomato ya aMtarA satta vaNNaMtarayA bhavaMti, je aMtariyA te etariyA duaMtariyA bhvNti| cattAri gAhAo paDhiyavyAo (22, 23,24,25-8) tatya tAva baMbhaNeNaM vaissIe jAo aMbaTThotti vuccai eso aTThamo vaNNo, khattieNaM suddIe jAto uggotti kuccai eso navamo vaNNo, baMbhaNeNa suddIe nisAtotti vuccA, kittipArAsavotti, tiNNi gayA, dasamo vnnnno| idANaM paDilomA bhaNNaMti-sudeNa vaissIe jAo augavutti bhaNNai, ekkArasamo vaNNo, vaisseNaM khattiyANIe jAo mAgahotti bhaNNai, duvAlasamo, khattieNaM baMbhaNIe jAo sUotti bhaNNati, teraso vaNNo sudeNa khattiyANIe jAo khattiolti bhaNNai, coddasamo, vaisseNa baMbhaNIe jAo vaidehotti bhaNNati, pannarasamo vaNNo, sudeNa baMbhaNIe jAo caMDAleti pavuccA, solasamo vaNNo, etavUtirittAjete bijAte te buccaMti -- uggeNa khattiyANie sovAgetti vuccada, vaideheNaM khattIe jAo veNabutti buccai, nisAeNaM aMbaTIe jAo bokkasotti vuccai, nisAraNa suddIe jAto sovi bokkaso, sudeNa nisAdIe kukkuDao, evaM scchNdmtikgippitN| kSatriyAH zastrajIvitvaM anubhUya tadAbhavan / vaizyAzca kRSivANijyapazupAlyopajIvitAH / / teSAM zuzrUSaNAcchUdrAste diyA kArvakAravaH / kAravo rajakAdyAH syustato'nye sthurakAravaH / / kAravo'pi matA yA spRzyAspRzyakkilpataH / tatrAspRzyAH prajAbAsyAH spRzyAH syu katakAdayaH / / - Adi purANa 16/184-186 23. tato No kappaMti pavAvettae, taM.-paMDae vItte ( cAhiye) kIve ? 24. yadAha-- "bAle buThe napuMse ya, jaDDe kIve ya vaahie| teNe rAyAvagArIya, ummatte ya aNdsnne||1|| dAse dutthe| ya), aNatta jaMgie iy| obadae ya bhayae, sehanippheDiyA iya / / 2 / /
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________________ 161 jainadharma aura sAmAjika samatA sthAnAMgasUtram, abhayadevasUrivRtti, (prakAzaka-- seTha mANekalAla, cunnIlAla, ahamadAbAda, vikrama saMvat 1994) sUtra 3/202, vRtti, pR. 154 25. se asaI uccAgoe asaI nniiyaagoe| No hINe No airite No pIhae / / itisaMkhAya ke gothAvAdI, ke mANAvAdI kaMsi vA ege gijjhe ? tamhApaDie No harisa No kujjhe - AcArAMga, (saM. madhukaramuni )1/2/3/75 26. jaina zilAlekha saMgraha, bhAga 2, saMgrahakA -vijayamUrti, lekha kramAMka 8,31,41,54,62. 67, 69 26a. AvazyakacUrNi, jinadAsagaNi, RSabhadeva ke sarImala saMsthA, ratalAma, bhAga 1, pR. 554 ba. bhaktaparijJA, 128 sa, titthogAlia, 777 27. AcArAMga, saM. madhukaramuni, 1/2/6/102 2(a) sthAnAMga, saM. kanhaiyAlAlajI kamala, 3/202 (ba) sthAnAMga, abhayadevavRtti, pR. 154-155