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________________ jaina dharma : karuNA kI eka ajastra dhArA zrI sumata prasAda jaina jaina dharma meM tIrthakara prakRti kA bandha SoDazakAraNa rUpa atyanta vizuddha bhAvanAoM dvArA utpanna hotA hai| Atmonnayana kI carama sImA taka pahuMcAne meM sahAyaka solaha bhAvanAeM isa prakAra haiM-(1) darzana vizuddhatA (2) vinaya sampannatA (3) zIlavratoM meM niraticAratA (4) chaha AvazyakoM meM aparihInatA (5) kSaNalavapratibodhanatA (6) labdhisaMvegasampannatA (7) yathAzakti tapa (E) sAdhaoM ko prAsaka parityAgatA (8) sAdhuoM ko samAdhisaMdhAraNA (10) sAdhuoM kI vaiyAvatyayogayuktatA (11) bharahantabhakti (12) bahuzru tabhakti (13) pravacana bhakti (14) pravacanavatsalatA (15) pravacanaprabhAvanatA (16) abhIkSNa jnyaanopyogykttaa| parama ciMtaka gastava rotha ke anusAra zvetAmbara sampradAya meM tIrthakara prakRti ke arjana hetu bIsa bhAvanAoM kA prAvadhAna kiyA gyaa| isa prakAra ke zubha pariNAma kevala manuSya bhava meM, aura vaha bhI kevala kisI tIrthakara yA kevalI ke pAdamUla meM, hone sambhava haiN| mahAmahopAdhyAya zrI gopInAtha kavirAja ke anusAra 'jainamata meM bhI kevalajJAna sabhI ko prApta ho sakatA hai, kintu tIrthakaratva saba ke lie nahIM hai / tIrthakara guru tathA daizika hai| isa pada para vyakti-vizeSa hI jA sakate haiM, saba nhiiN| tIrtha karatva trayodaza gaNasthAna meM prakaTa hotA hai, parantu siddhAvasthA kI prApti caturdaza bhUmi meM hotI hai" saMsAra sAgara ko svayaM evaM dUsaroM ko pAra karAne kI utkaTa bhAvanA vAle divya puruSa hI tIrthakara rUpa meM sampUjita hote haiM / zrI kAkAsAhaba kAlelakara kI dRSTi meM 'tIrthakara kA artha hai, svayaM tarakara asaMkhya jIvoM ko bhava-sAgara se tAranevAlA / tIrtha yAnI mArga batAne vAlA / jo sacchAstrarUpI mArga taiyAra karanevAlA hai, vaha tIrthakara hai|" ata: tIrthaMkaroM kI divyadhvani meM bhI karuNA kA vizeSa mAhAtmya hai| prathamAnuyoga ke dharmagranthoM meM zreNika rAjA dvArA dhyAna-sambandhI praznoM kA uttara dete hue mahAmuni zrI gautama gaNadhara dvArA raudradhyAna ke saMbandha meM jo sarasvatI prakaTa huI hai vaha isa prakAra hai : "jo puruSa prANiyoM ko rulAtA hai vaha rudra, krUra athavA saba jIvoM meM nirdaya kahalAtA hai| raudra dhyAna ke bhedoM meM hiMsAnanda ke svarUpa kA vivecana karate hae yogIndra ziromaNi zrI gautama gaNadhara jI kahate haiM, "mArane aura bAMdhane Adi kI icchA rakhanA, aMgaupAMgoM ko chedanA, santApa denA tathA kaThora daNDa denA Adi ko vidvAn loga hiMsAnanda nAmaka ArtadhyAna kahate haiN| jIvoM para dayA na karane vAlA hiMsaka puruSa hiMsAnanda nAma ke raudra dhyAna ko dhAraNa kara pahale svayaM kA ghAta karatA hai aura tatpazcAt bhAvanAvaza vaha anya jIvoM kA ghAta kara bhI sakatA hai athavA nahIM bhii| arthAt anya jIvoM kA mArA jAnA unake Ayu-karma ke AdhIna hai parantu mArane kA saMkalpa karane vAlA hiMsaka puruSa tIvra kaSAya utpanna hone se apanI AtmA kI hiMsA avazya kara letA hai / "5 __ ata: jainadharma meM bhAvoM ko pradhAnatA dI gaI hai / hiMsA ke aparAdha meM zArIrika rUpa se lipta na hone para bhI bhAvahiMsA ke kAraNa manuSya kA patana ho jAtA hai / zArIrika zakti evaM sAmarthya ke abhAva meM bhI paraduHkhakAtaratA kA bhAva Atma-vikAsa meM sahAyaka hotA hai| karuNA ke dArzanika pakSa ko yadi hama isa samaya gauNa karake bhagavAn mahAvIra svAmI aura samakAlIna bhArata kI sAmAjika, dhArmika evaM Arthika sthiti kA aitihAsika vizleSaNa kareM to yaha nizcita rUpa se siddha ho jAyegA ki tatatkAlIna samAja 1. Gustav Roth "The Terminology of the Karana sequence" (Pr.& Tr. A. I.O. Con. 18th Sess. 1955. Annamalainagar, 1958). pp. 250-259 2. prAcArya narendra deva, 'bauddha-dharma-darzana', bhUmikA, pR0 15-16 3. kAkA sAhaba kAlelakara, 'jIvana kA kAvya', pR0 saM0 22 prANinAM rodanAd rudraH kuraH satveSu nipuNa: / prAdipurANa, ekaviMza parva, pR0 saM0 478 padya saM042 prakRSTataradurlaNyAttrayopobalava hitam / antamuhartakAlotthaM pUrvaadbhAva iSyate / / vaghabandhAbhisaMdhAnamaGgacche dopatApane / daNDapAruSyamityAdi hisAnandaH smRto budhaiH / / hiMsAnandaM samAdhAya hiMsraH prANiSu nighuNa: / hinastyAtmAnameva prAk pazcAd hanyAnna vA parAn / / (mAdipurANa, ekaviMza parva, pR0 sa0 476 paca saM0 44.46) 12 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana anya
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________________ J meMhisA kA bolabAlA thaa| svarga prApti ke lie yajJazAlAoM meM mUka prANiyoM kI bali vyakti-vyakti meM dharma ke nAma para bheda kI dRSTi, pAMDityadarzana aura AbhijAtya hitoM kI rakSA ke lie lokabhASAoM kI upekSA, asamartha evaM sAdhanahIna puruSa evaM nArI kI samAjavyApI vivazatA evaM dAsatA ityAdi hiMsA ke vikarAla rUpoM kI chaviyA~ hI to thiiN| ataH isa prakAra ke vAtAvaraNa meM hiMsA kA mAnasika rUpa se virodha karane vAle svara uThane svAbhAvika the| yaha usa kAla ke lie gaurava kA viSaya hai ki tatkAlIna samAja meM cetanA kA mantra phUMkane ke lie aise mahAprANa dharmapuruSoM kA janma huA jo Izvara ke astitva ko na mAnakara karma-phala ke mahattva ko svIkAra karate the| mAnava samAja kI unnati ke lie vAstava meM eka aise AcArazAstra kI AvazyakatA hotI hai jo azubha karma kA azubha, zubha karma kA zubha, aura vyAmizra kA vyAmizra phala athavA pariNAma ko svIkAra karatA ho / ataH usa samAja meM karuNA ke svastha darzana kA vikasita honA samaya kI anivAryatA thI / ! bauddhadharma meM saptavidha anuttara-pUjA dvArA bodhicitta kI mahAn upalabdhi ke uparAnta pUjaka kI icchA hotI hai ki vaha samasta prANiyoM ke sarva duHkhoM kA prazamana karane meM sahAyaka ho| sAdhaka kI bhaktipUrvaka prArthanA ke svara isa prakAra haiM, "he bhagavan jo padhi se pIr3ita haiM, unake lie maiM usa samaya taka auSadhi cikitsaka aura paricAraka hoU, jabataka syApi kI nivRti na ho, meM kSudhA aura pipAsA kI vyathA kA anna-jala kI varSA se nivAraNa karU~, aura durbhikSAntara kalpa meM jaba annapAna ke abhAva se prANiyoM kA eka dUsare kA mAMsa va asthi-bhakSaNa hI AhAra ho, usa samaya meM unake lie pAna bhojana banU daridra logoM kA meM akSaya dhana hoU~ / jisa padArtha kI vaha abhilASA kareM, usI padArtha ko lekara meM unake sammukha upasthita hoU / " karuNA se mAnavamana ko dravita kara dene vAlI isI prakAra kI anubhUtiyoM se ahiMsA ke darzana kA vikAsa huaa| isa vikAsa kI carama pariNati jaina dharma meM huI / zrI rAmadhArI siMha dinakara ke zabdoM meM, "jainoM kI ahiMsA bilakula nissIma hai| svayaM hiMsA karanA, dUsaroM se hiMsA karavAnA yA anya kisI bhI taraha se hiMsA ke kAma meM yoga denA, jaina dharma meM saba kI manAhI hai / aura vizeSatA yaha hai ki jaina sampradAya kevala zArIrika ahiMsA ko hI mahattva nahIM detA, pratyutu usake darzana meM bauddhika ahiMsA kA bhI mahatva hai| jaina mahAtmA aura cintaka, sacce arthoM meM manasA, vAcA, karmaNA ahiMsA kA pAlana karanA cAhate the / ataeva unhoMne apane darzana ko syAdvAdI athavA anekAntavAdI banA diyA | jaina zAstrakAroM ne pRthvI, agni, jala evaM vAyu meM bhI jIva tattva kI parikalpanA kI aura apanI sadaya dRSTi ke kAraNa isa prakAra ke prAvadhAna kie jisase unakA avarodha na ho|"" zrI eca0 jI0 raoNlinasana ne jaina AcArAMga sUtra meM pRthvI, agni, jala evaM vAyu kAyika ke jIvoM meM jIvana ke astitva ke darzana kie| ataH vizvavyApI jIvoM kI rakSA ke lie jaMnAcAyoM ke mana meM komala anubhUtiyoM kA honA Avazyaka thA / isIlie unhoMne samasta jIvoM kI rakSA ke lie maMgala upadeza diyA hai / zrI atIndranAtha bosa ne suprasiddha jarmana vidvAn jaikobI ko AdhAra mAnakara yaha niSkarSa nikAlA hai ki sarvaprathama bhagavAn mahAvIra svAmI ne hI per3a-paudhoM evaM pazu-pakSiyoM ke jIvana kI surakSA ke lie vizeSa AjJA prasArita kI thii| bhagavAn buddha evaM bhagavAn mahAvIra svAmI ke upadezoM se prabhAvita hokara tatkAlIna jagat meM eka vaicArika kAnti kA sUtrapAta huA aura samAja meM hisAparaka anuSThAnoM evaM mAMsAhAra ko burI nigAha se dekhA jAne vayA bhAratIya Ayurveda evaM cikitsAzAstra ke vikAsa ne dharmAnurAgI samAja ko manuSya jAti ke sAtha-sAtha pazu-pakSiyoM ke lie bhI auSaghAlaya evaM aspatAloM ko kholane kI preraNA dii| paM0 javAharalAla neharU ke anusAra " IsA se kabla kI tIsarI yA cauthI sadI meM jAnavaroM ke aspatAla bhI the / vaha zAyada jainiyoM aura bauddhoM ke majahaboM ke asara se bane the, jinameM ki ahiMsA para jora diyA gayA hai|"" bauddha evaM jaina dharma se preraNA grahaNa kara priyadarzI samrAT azoka ne isa prakAra kI gatividhiyoM ko rAjakIya saMrakSaNa pradAna kiyA / dharmapriya samrAT azoka ne apane eka Adeza meM kahA hai : "agara koI unake sAtha burAI karatA hai, to use bhI priyadarzI samrAT jahAM taka hogA sahana kareMge / apane rAjya ke vana ke nivAsiyoM para bhI priyadarzI samrAT kI kRpA-dRSTi hai aura vaha cAhate haiM ki ye loga ThIka vicAra vAle baneM, kyoMki agara aisA ve na kareM to priyadarzI samrAT ko pazcAttApa hogaa| kyoMki parama pavitra mahArAja cAhate haiM ki jIvadhArI mAtra kI rakSA ho, aura unheM Atma-saMyama, mana kI zAnti aura Ananda prApta ho / 1. prAcArya narendra deva, 'bauddha dharma darzana', pR0 188 2. zrI rAmadhArI siMha dinakara, 'saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya', pR0 113 H.G. Rawlinson- ' India- a short cultural History'. London, 1937. P. 43. Atindra Nath Bose-Social and Rural Economy in Northern India, 600 B.C. to 209 A. D.' Calcutta, 1942. P. 84. 5. paM0 javAharalAla neharU, 'hindustAna kI kahAnI, pR0 132 6. paM0 javAharalAla neharU, 'hindustAna kI kahAnI, pR0 154 jaina dharma evaM AcAra 3. 4. 63
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________________ kolaga-vijaya ke uparAnta pazcAttApa ke kSaNoM meM samrATa azoka kisI ko bhI baMdI rUpa meM dekhanA pasanda nahIM kara sakate the| ata: lokopakAra ke kArya meM saMlagna usa mahAna samrATa ne sthAna-sthAna para manuSyoM evaM pazuoM ke aspatAla khulavAkara rAjya kI nIti meM karuNA ke dharma ko sAkAra kara diyaa| isa saMbandha meM giranAra kA zilAlekha vizeSa rUpa se draSTavya hai :-"rAjAno sarvatra devAnAMpriyasa priyadasino rAgo dve cikIchA katA - manusacikIchA ca pasucikIchA ca ausuDhAni ca yAni manusopagAni ca yata yata nAsti sarvatrA hArApitAni ca ropApitAni / " arthAt - devAnAMpriya priyadarzI rAjA ne do prakAra kI cikitsA kI-manuSya-cikitsA aura pazu-cikitsA / manuSyoM aura pazuoM ke upayoga ke lie jahAM-jahAM auSadhiyA~ nahIM thIM, vahA~ saba jagaha se lAyI gaI aura boI gii| bhagavAna mahAvIra evaM bhagavAna buddha dvArA pratipAdita ahiMsA aura karuNA kA darzana apanI saMvedanazIlatA evaM vaicArika pRSThabhUmi ke kAraNa tatkAlIna videzI cintakoM evaM manISiyoM meM bhI lokapriya ho gayA thaa| suprasiddha gaNitajJa pithogorasa jIvahiMsA kA prabala virodhI thaa| pro. ela. sI. jaina ne gaNita itihAsa kA viziSTa anveSaNa karate hue isa saMbaMdha meM kucha rocaka jAnakAriyAM prastuta kI haiM jo isa prakAra haiM (1) aisA pratIta hotA hai, ki IsA se (prAya: 582-500 varSa)pUrva misra meM prabala svecchA se rahate hue pithegorasa ne jinake saMsarga meM svataH ko vibhinna vijJAnoM se (a lot of knowledge without intellect) paricita kiyA thA, unake mizana kA prabhAva usake naitika jIvana meM pazu ke prati (mukti hetu), vizuddha dayA kI chApa chor3a baiThA thA : "But this crazy crank Pythagorus had made quite a fuss when he saw one of the prominent citizens taking a stick to his dog. "Stop beating that dog!" he had shouted like a madman. "In his howls of pain I recognise the voice of a friend who died in Memphis twelve years ago. For a sin such as you are committing he is now the dog of a harsh master. By the next turn of the Wheel of Birth, he may be the master and you the dog. May he be more merciful to you than you are to him. Only thus can he escape the Wheel. In the name of Apollo my father, stop, or I shall be compelled to lay on you the tenfold curse of the tetractys." (2) isa caducaMkamaNa (tetractys), caturgati baMdhana (svastika prarUpaNA) se vimukti hetu pithegorasa aura Age baDhakara, hare paudhoM ke prati bhI, mamatA pradarzita karatA hai : "Then, too, there was all this talk about what he ate, or rather about what he would not eat. What could the man possibly have against beans? They were a staple of everyone's diet; and here was Pythagorus refusing to touch them because they might harbour the souls of his dead friends...... He had even deterred a cow from trampling a patch of beans by whispering some magic word in its ear." isI prakAra, (ekeMdriya jIva, bAloM se nirmita) UnI kapar3oM se sambandhita abhyukti nimna prakAra hai : He also tells that the Pythagoreans did not bury their dead in woollen clothing. This looks more like religious ritual than like mathematics. The Pythagoreans, who were held up to ridicule on the stage, were presented as superstitious, as filthy vegetarians, but not as mathematicians". (3) punaH, mAMsa-bhakSaNa niSedha kI zailI meM AtmA kI niyata saMkhyA ke rUpa meM gaNita kA praveza hai: "The thought of all the souls they might have left shivering in the void by devouring their own goats and swine made the good Samians extremely unhappy. A few weeks more of these upsetting suggestions, and they would all be strict vegetarians -except for beans. Equally upsetting was the ghastly thought that some of their own children might be malicious little monsters with no souls to restrain their bestial instincts. For Pythagorus had assured them that the total number of souls in the universe is constant". prAcAna mizra meM nimnakoTi ke jIvoM ke prati dayA, mAMsabhakSaNa niSedha evaM brahmacarya pUjA kA ullekha Arcavizapa hatalI ne isa prakAra kiyA hai "In Egypt there are hospitals for superannuated cats, and the most loathsome insects are regarded with tenderness;.........," "Chastity, abstinence from animal food, ablutions, long and mysterious ceremonies of preparations of initiation, were the most prominent features of worship........... 1. giranAra kA zilAbhilekha, le0 saM02, paMkti 4-6 / 14 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ zrI rAmadhArI siMha 'didakara' ke anusAra islAmI rahasyaNada (tasavvupha) ke pramukha untrayaka santa abulaalA alamaArI (1507 I.) bhI inhIM prabhAva kSetroM ke kAraNa zAkAhArI thaa| vaha dUdha, madhu aura camar3e kA prayoga nahIM karavA thA / pazu-pakSiyoM ke lie usake hRdaya meM asIma samveraNA evaM anukampA kA bhAva thaa| vaha naitika niyatroM kA sabhala pracArava thaa| vaha svayaM bhI brahmacarya evaM tapasthiyoM ke AcaraNazAstra kA pAlana karatA thaa| zrI kanhaiyAlAla mANikalAla munzI ke kathanAnusAra paramaarhata ke viruda se vibhUSita evaM caudaha hajAra eka sau cAlIsa mandiroM kA nirmANa karAne vAle samrATa kumArapAla ne jainAcArya zrI hemacandra kI maMtraNA para rAjya meM paza-hatyA para roka lagavA dI thii|' DA0 mohanacaMda ke anusAra samrATa, kumArapAla ne eka ardhamRta bakare ke kAruNika dRzya ko dekhakara apane rAjya meM kisI bhI pazu ko coTa pahu~cAne para roka lagavA dI thii| unhoMne 1160 I0 meM eka vizeSa AjJA nikAlakara 14 varSoM ke lie rAjya meM pazu-bali, mugoM athavA anya pazu-pakSiyoM kI lar3AI evaM kabUtaroM kI daur3a para pratibaMdha lagavA diyaa| rAjya meM koI bhI vyakti, cAhe vaha janma kitanA bhI hIna kyoM na ho, vaha apanI jIvikA ke lie kisI bhI prakAra ke prANI kI hatyA nahIM kara sakatA thaa| isa prakAra kI rAjAjJA se prabhAvita hone vAle kasAiyoM kI jIvikA kI kSatipUrti ke lie rAjyakoSa se tIna varSoM ke lie dhana dene kA bhI vizeSa prabandha kiyA gayA jisame unakI hiMsaka Adata chaTa jaae|' bhArata meM sarvadharma sadbhAva ke vAstavika pratinidhi mugala samrATa akabara kI dayA to vAstava meM nissIma evaM anukaraNIya hai / apanI sahaja udAratA se 'dIne-ilAhI' ko prANavAn kara dharmajJa akabara vizva sabhyatA evaM saMskRti ke unnAyaka mahApuruSoM kI zreNI meM virAjamAna ho gayA hai| usako prArambhika avasthA meM jaina vidvAn upAdhyAya padmasundara jI aura tatpazcAt munizrI harivijaya jI kA saMsarga mila gayA thA / uparokta saMsargoM aura gahana cintana ne akabara ko vaicArika rUpa meM anekAntavAdI banA diyA thaa| janazrutiyoM meM to akabara para jaina-samrATa hone kA bhI Aropa lagAyA jAtA hai| zrI rAmadhArI siMha 'dinakara' ne eka rocaka lokakathA kA ullekha karate hue 'saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya' meM yaha jAnakArI dI hai ki narahari nAmaka hindI-kavi ne gauoM kI ora se nimnalikhita chappaya akabara ko sunAyA thA: arihuM danta tRna dharai tAhi mArata na sabala koi / hama santata tuna carahiM bacana uccarahiM dIna hoi| amRta chora nita sravahiM baccha mahi thambhana jAvahiM / hinduhi madhura na dehi kaTaka turUkahiM na piyaavhiN| kaha kavi 'narahari' akabara suno, binavata gau jore karana / aparAdha kauna mohi mAriyata, muyahu cAma sevahiM carana / gauoM kI prArthanA se dravita hokara samrATa akabara ne apane rAjya ke bahusaMkhyaka nAgarikoM kI dhArmika mAnyatA ko samAdara dekara karuNA ke darzana ko mukharita kiyA thaa| zrI rAmadhArI siMha 'dinakara' ke anusAra dharma akabara kI rAjanIti kA sAdhana nahIM thA, pratyut yaha usakI AtmA ko anubhUti thii| abula phajala aura badAyUnI ke vivaraNoM se mAlUma hotA hai ki akabara sUphiyoM kI taraha kabhI-kabhI samAdhi meM A jAtA thA aura kabhI-kabhI sahaja jJAna ke dvArA vaha mUla satya ke Amane-sAmane bhI pahuMca jAtA thaa| eka bAra vaha zikAra meM gayA / usa dina aisA huA ki ghere meM bahuta se jAnavara eka sAtha par3a gae aura ve saba mAra DAle ge| akabara hiMsA ke isa dRzya ko saha nahIM skaa| usake aMga-aMga kAMpane lage aura turanta use eka prakAra kI samAdhi ho aaii| isa samAdhi se uThate hI usane AjJA nikAlI ki zikAra karanA baMda kiyA jaae| phira usane bhikhamaMgoM ko bhIkha dI, apanA mAthA muMDavAyA aura dhArmika bhAvanA ke isa jAgaraNa kI smati meM eka bhavana kA zilAnyAsa kiyaa| jaMgala ke jIvoM ne apanI vANIvihIna vANI meM use dharma kA rahasya 1. K. M. Munshi-'The Glory That Was Gurjaradesa'. Part III. The Imperial Gurjaras. Bom bay, 1944 p. 191-192. 2. Dr. Mohan Chand,-Syainika Sastram (The art of hunting in ancient India) Intro. pp.23. jaina dharma evaM AcAra 65
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________________ batalAyA aura akabara kI jAgarUka AtmA ne use pahacAna liyaa| yaha spaSTa hI, upaniSadoM aura jaina dharma kI zikSA kA prabhAva thA / " jaina santoM kI dharmadezanA se prabhAvita hokara usane mAMsAhAra kA tyAga kara diyA aura itihAsajJa zrI hamayu kukI ke anusAra to samrAda akabara ne jaina dharma ke mahAparva paryUSaNa ke 12 dinoM meM apane rAjya meM pazu hatyA ko bhI banda karavA diyA thaa| isI gauravazAlI paramparA meM usake uttarAdhikArI samrAT jahAMgIra ke pharamAna dRSTigocara hote haiN| rAjadhAnI ke zrI digambara jaina bar3A mandira jI kUcA seTha meM mugala zahaMzAha jahAMgIra ke zAhI pharamAna 26 pharavarI san 1605 I0 kI nakala ke anusAra samrAT ne jaina dharma ke mukaddaza ibAdatI mAha bhAdI ke bArA mukaddaza aiyyAma ke daurAna maveziyoM aura parindoM ko jabaha karanA banda kiyA / pharamAna meM Adeza diyA gayA hai "hamArI salatanata ke mumAlika maharUsA ke jumalA hukkAma, nAjimAna jAgIra dArAna ko vAjeha ho phatUhAte dInavI ke sAtha hamArA dilImanazA khudAye vara tara kI jumalA makhalUka kI khuzabUdo hAsila karanA hai| Aja Ida ke maukA para mA badolata ko kucha jaina ( hinduoM) kI tarapha se istedA peza kI gaI hai ki mAha bhAdoM ke mauke para una ke bArA mukaddaza aiyyAma meM jAnavaroM kA mAranA banda kiyA jAye / hama majahabI umUra meM hara majahaba va millata ke agarAja va makAsada kI takamIla meM hara eka kI hausalA aphajAI karanA cAhate haiM, balke hara jo rUha ko eka jaisA khuza rakhanA cAhate haiN| isaliye yaha darakhAsta maMjUra karate hue hama hukma dete haiM ki bhAdoM ke ina bArA majahabI aiyyAma meM jo (jaina hinduoM) ke mukaddasa aura ibAdatI aiyyAma hai inameM kisI philma ko kurabAnI yA kisI bhI jAnavara ko halAka karane kI mumAniyata hogii| aura isa hukma kI tAmIla na karane vAlA mujarima tasavvara hogaa| yaha pharamAna davAmI tasavvara ho / dastakhata mubArikA, zahanazAha jahA~gIra ( muhara ) " vAstava meM jahA~gIra eka rahamadila insAna thA / usako prakRti ke vividha rUpoM se gaharA pyAra thaa| ataH usake darabAra meM kalAkAroM ne apanI komala tUlikA se bAdazAha ko priya puSpoM, pazu-pakSiyoM ke citra bahulatA se citraNa kie haiN| maMsUra ne to caupAyoM aura pakSiyoM ke citrAMkana meM hI apanI kalA ko samarpita kara diyA thaa| jahA~gIrakAlIna 'murge kA citra' - jo Aja kalakatte ko ArTa gailarI kI zobhA hai-- ke saundarya ko to Aja taka koI bhI citrakAra mUrta rUpa nahIM de pAyA hai / bAdazAha akabara kI udAra nIti zAhajahA~ ke rAjyakAla ke pUrvArdha taka puSpita hotI rahI haiM / purtagAlI yAtrI sevAzciyana mAnadika ke yAtrA vivaraNa se yaha jJAta hotA hai ki zAhajahAM ke muslima aphasaroM ne eka musalasAna kA dAhinA hAtha isalie kATa DAlA thA ki usane do mora pakSiyoM kA zikAra kiyA thA aura bAdazAha kI AjJA thI ki jina jIvoM kA vadha karane se hinduoM ko Thesa pahuMcatI hai, unakA vadha nahIM kiyA jaae|' prAyaH yaha dhAraNA ho gaI hai ki karuNA kI vANI ko rUpAyita karane vAle isa prakAra ke aspatAla musalamAna zAsakoM ke samaya meM samApta ho gae the| kintu samaya-samaya para bhArata meM bhramaNa ke nimitta padhArane vAle paryaTakoM ke vivaraNoM ne isa dhAraNA ko khaMDita kara diyA hai| suprasiddha purtagAlI pANI pyUrebArabosA (jo 1415 I0 meM gujarAta meM AyA thA) ne jaina mahilA ke svarUpa para bArIkI se prakAza DAlate hue isa satya kI sampuSTi kI hai ki jainadharmAnuyAyI mRtyu taka kI sthiti meM abhakSya (mA~sa ityAdi) kA sevana nahIM karate the / usane jainiyoM kI ImAnadArI kA ullekha karate hue kahA hai ki ve kisI bhI jIva kI hatyA ko dekhanA taka pasanda nahIM karate / usane rAjya dvArA mRtyudaNDa prApta hue aparAdhiyoM ko bhI jaina samAja dvArA bacAne ke prayAsoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| usane jaina samAja kI pazu-pakSiyoM (yahAM taka ki hAniprada jAnavaroM kI sevA kA ullekha evaM unake dvArA nirmita aspatAloM aura unakI vyavasthA kA ullekha bhI kiyA hai / " suprasiddha paryaTaka pITara muMDe ne bhI apane yUropa evaM eziyA ke bhramaNa (1608 - 1667 ) meM pazu-pakSI cikitsAlayoM ko dekhA thA / kaimbe meM usane rugNa pakSiyoM ke lie janoM dvArA banAe gae aspatAla kA vivaraNa sunA thaa| usake yAtrA vRttAMtoM meM aneka paryaTakoM zrI rAmadhArI siMha dinakara, 'saMskRti ke cAra adhyAya' pR0 307 W. Crooke 'An Introduction of the Popular Religion and Folklore of Northern India Allahabad, 1894. 338. 3. zrI rAmadhArI siMha 'dinakara', 'saMskRti ke cAra pradhyAya' pu0 301 4. (a) M.S. Commissariat - ' A history of Gujarat', Vol. 1. Calcutta, 1938. p. 255. (b) Mansel Lognworth Dames-'The Book of Duarte Barbosa'. Translated from the Portuguese by M. L. Dames. Vol. I, London, 1918. (The Hakluyt Society, Second Series, No. 44). P. 110. n. 2. AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha 1. 2. 66
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________________ ke nAmoM kA ullekha hai jinhoMne gujarAta meM janoM dvArA samarpita aspatAloM (jinheM 'piMjarApola' kahA jAtA hai) kA bhramaNa kiyA thaa|' ela0 rUjalaMTa ne bhI apanI perisa se prakAzita pustaka meM jainoM kI pazu-sampadA ke prati udAra dRSTi kA ullekha karate hue bambaI evaM sUrata meM jaina samAja dvArA prerita evaM saMcAlita pazu-pakSI cikitsAlayoM kA ullekha kiyA hai| __ zrI Ara. kasTa', robarTa nidhama kasTa, eDalI thiyoDora besTaramaina aura aranesTa keve', zrI Ara0 vI0 rasela aura zrI hIrA. lAla', viliyama kuka', eDavarDa koMje', o0 TI0 beTenI', zrI e0 ela0 khAna", je0 vilasana'' ityAdi sabhI vidvAnoM ne jaina samAja kI dArzanika, aitihAsika, sAhityika evaM anya mahattvapUrNa upaladhiyoM para prakAza DAlate hue jaina dharma kI sarvapramukha viziSTatA pazupakSiyoM ke prati apratima anurAga evaM karuNa bhAva kI bhUri-bhUri sarAhanA kI hai| jainiyoM ke ahiMsAtmaka dRSTikoNa, mAnavajAti ke prati unakI naiSThika sevA evaM pazu-pakSiyoM para amAnavIya vyavahAra ke prati usakI satata jAgarukatA kI bhI sabhI ne sarAhanA kI hai| itihAsa ke lambe saphara meM jaina samAja ne prAyaH paitaka saMskAroM ke kAraNa bhojana ke viSaya meM kabhI bhI koI samajhautA nahIM kiyA hai| isIlie suprasiddha samAjazAstrI zrI esa.TI0 mosIsa ne apane uttarI, dakSiNI ArkaTa evaM dakSiNI kanArA ke sarvekSaNa ke uparAnta yaha niSkarSa nikAlA thA ki vahAM kA jaina samAja machalI, mAMsa aura mAMsa se bane hue kisI bhI padArtha kA sevana nahIM karatA hai| uparyukta mUlyAMkana kSetra-vizeSa meM hI nahIM, apitu sampUrNa bhArata meM inhIM satyoM kI sthApanA kara sakatA hai / suprasiddha itihAsa-manISI zrI vI0 e0 smitha ne jaina dharmAnuyAyiyoM ke ahiMsAparaka AcaraNa ko vizeSa mahattva diyA hai|" ata: karuNA kI AdhAra-bhUmi para khar3A huA yaha samAja ahiMsA ke tAttvika vivecana ke kAraNa zAkAhArI hai| Aja vizva meM pazapakSiyoM kI hatyA ke virodha evaM zAkAhAra ke samarthana meM vAtAvaraNa bana rahA hai| bauddhadharma eva janadharma ke Aloka se prakAzita hokara mAnanIya zrI ela. eca0 ainaDarasana (1864 I0) ne mUka pazu-pakSiyoM kI hatyA ko rukavAne ke lie zikAgo meM kisa prakAra se pazaoM kA katla kiyA jAtA hai isa viSaya para bhASaNa kiyA thaa| unhoMne vahAM ke samAja ke viveka ko jhakajhorate hue pazu-pakSiyoM kI hatyA na kie jAne kI vizeSa prArthanA kI thii| unake svara meM aneka zaktizAlI svaroM ne yoga dekara karuNA kI paramparA ko Age bar3hAyA hai| 1. Richard Cannac Temple--'The Travels of Peter Munday in Europe and Asia, 1608-1667'. Edited by R. C. Temple. Vol. II : Travels in Asia, 1628-1634. London, 1914. (I he Hakluyt Society, second Series, No. 35). 2. L. Rousselet-'L'Indedes Rajahs'-Paris. 1875. P. 17-18. 3. R. Cust--'Les religions et les langues de l'Inde'. Paris. 1880. pp. 47-48. 4. Robert Needham Cust-'Linguistic and Oriental Essays written from the year 1847 to 1887'. Second Series, London, 1887. p. 67-68. 5. Edly Theodore Besterman, Ernest Crawby-Studies of Savages and Sexes'. London. 1929. p. 170. R. V. Russell and Hira Lal-'The tribes and castes of the central provinces of India', London 1916 Vol. I, p. 219-31. 7. William Crooke-Religion and Folklore of Northern India'. Oxford, 1926. P. 349. 8. Edward Conze-'Buddhism: its Essence and Developments'. Oxford (2nd edi.) 1953. p. 61-62. 9. O. T. Bettany-The World's Inhabitants or Mankinds, Animals and Plants'. New York, 1988. p. 307. 10. A. L. Khan-'A short History of India'. (Hindu period), 1926. P. 22. 11. J. Wilson--'Final Report on the Revision of Settlement of the Sirsa District in the Punjab (Lahore), 1979-83. P. 101. 12. S. T. Moses -'Fish and Religion in South India'. (QJMS, xiii, 1923, Pp. 549-554). P.550-551. 13. (a) V. A. Smith-The Buddhist Emperor of India'-Oxford, 1909(2nd Edi.) P.58. (b) V. A. Smith-Asoka'. Third Edition. Oxford, 1920. P. 58. 14 L. H. Anderson-'Spirit of the Buddhists and the Jainas Regarding Animal Life Dawning in America'-How ___Animals are slaughtered in Chicago.(Jbts, II. 1894, Appendix 4). jaina dharma evaM AcAra
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________________ bIsavIM zatAbdI ke yugapuruSa mahAtmA gAMdhI ne apane videza pravAsa se pUrva eka jaina santa kI preraNA se tIna niyama vrata rUpa meM aMgIkAra kie the| loka kalyANa ke vaha maMgala niyama the-madya, mAMsa aura parastrI ke saMsarga se bacakara rhnaa| inhIM niyamoM ke pAlana hetu unhoMne aneka prakAra ke prayoga kie aura pAzcAtya zAkAhAriyoM ke tarkoM se prabhAvita hokara unhoMne dUdha kA bhI tyAga kara diyA / dadha kA tyAga karate samaya unakI dRSTi meM yaha tathya bhI nihita thA ki bhArata meM jisa hiMsaka DhaMga se pazu-pAlana evaM dUdha utpAdana kiyA jAtA hai vaha eka samvedanazIla suhRdaya manuSya ke lie sarvathA asahya thA / kher3A-satyAgraha meM durvalatA se atyadhika prabhAvita ho jAne para bhI cikitsakoM, paricitajanoM ke asaMkhya anurodhoM aura rASTra sevA ke saMkalpa ko sAkAra rUpa dene kI bhAvanA se hI unhoMne bakarI kA dadha lenA svIkAra kara liyA thaa| isa saMdarbha meM yaha bhI smaraNIya hai ki dUdha chor3ane kA niyama lete samaya unakI dRSTi meM bakarI kA dUdha tyAjya zreNI meM nahIM thaa| gauvaMza kI nirmama hatyA ke viruddha unhoMne zaktizAlI svara uThAye / gAya meM mUrtimaMta karuNAmayI kavitA ke darzana karate hue unhoMne use sArI mUka sRSTi ke pratinidhi ke rUpa meM hI mAnyatA de dI thii| unakI samvedanA meM sajIva prANiyoM ke atirikta dharatI kI kokha se utpanna hone vAlI vanaspatiyA~ bhI rahI haiM / sevAgrAma Azrama meM saMtaroM ke bagIce meM paramparAnusAra phala Ane ke avasara para miThAsa ityAdi ke lie pAnI banda kara dene kI kRSi paddhati thii| gAMdhI jI ko isase marmAntaka pIr3A huI aura unhoMne AzramavAsiyoM se kahA yadi mujhe koI pAnI bagara rakhe aura pyAsa se merI mRtyu ho to tumheM kaisA lagegA / 'yathA piNDe tathA brahmANDe' yaha sadA yAda rkho| bhAratavarSa kA jaina samAja una sabhI ke prati hRdaya se kRtajJa hai / rAjadhAnI meM mugaloM kI sattA ke pramukha kendra lAlakile kI parde vAlI dIvAra ke ThIka sAmane 'parindoM kA aspatAla' janadharma kI sahasrAbdiyoM kI paramparA ko sthApita kie hue hai| isa dharmArtha cikitsAlaya kI parikalpanA 1924 I0 meM kucha dharmAnurAgI zrAvakoM ne kI thii| vartamAna meM digambaratva ko sArthaka rUpa evaM zakti pradAna karane meM agraNI paramapUjya AcAryaziromaNi cAritracakravartI sva0 zrI zrI zAntisAgara jI mahArAja kI dharmadezanA se prabhAvita hokara isa cikitsAlaya kA zubhArambha zramaNa saMskRti ke prabhAvazAlI kendra zrI lAla mandira jI (cAMdanI cauka) meM ho gayA / aspatAla kI upayogitA ko anubhava karate hue prastuta abhinandana grantha ke ArAdhyapuruSa dharmadhvajA karuNA evaM maitrI kI jIvanta mUrti paramapUjya AcArya ratna dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja ke pAvana sAnnidhya meM bhArata sarakAra ke kendrIya gRhamantrI lauhapuruSa zrI govindavallabha panta ne 24 navambara, 1957 ko aspatAla ke nae bhavana kA udghATana kiyA thaa| rAjadhAnI ke jaina samAja ke yuvA kAryakartA zrI vinayakumAra jaina kI lagana se aspatAla meM tIsarI aura cauthI maMjila ko paramapUjya AryikAratna zrI jJAnamatI mAtA jI ke sAnnidhya meM nayA rUpa pradAna kiyA gayA hai| pichale varSa isa aspatAla kA kucha vikAsa huA hai jisake kAraNa deza-videzoM meM isakI lokapriyatA bar3hI hai aura dharma ke mizana ke prati vizvavyApI sadabhAvanAeM prApta ho rahI haiN| vAstava meM pazu-pakSI cikitsAlaya kisI bhI dharma ke vyAvahArika mandira haiM / isa prakAra ke mandira dharma ke svarUpa ko vAstavika vANI dete haiN| janavidyAvizeSajJa DA0 mohanacaMda ne 26 disambara 1982 ko aspatAla kI sujhAva pustikA meM apanI sammati dete hue likhA hai:-"saMsAra meM apanI bhUkha ko zAnta karane ke lie jo pakSiyoM ko apanA AhAra banAte haiM, aise loga, kAza ! isa aspatAla ko dekha leM to zAyada unheM upadeza dene kI AvazyakatA nahIM pdd'egii|" jainadharma ke Adya tIrthakara zrI RSabhadeva se lekara Ajataka karuNA kI jo ajasra dhArA mAnava-mana ko apUrva zAnti evaM sakha kA sandeza de rahI hai usa sAttvika bhAva ko vizvavyApI banAne ke lie jaina samAja ko saMkalpa ke sAtha racanAtmaka rUpa denA caahie| vizva kI saMhAraka zaktiyoM meM sadAzayatA kA bhAva bharane ke lie karuNA ke mAnavIya evaM hRdayasparzI citroM kA prastutIkaraNa honA Avazyaka hai| Aja kA vizva bhagavAn mahAvIra svAmI, bhagavAn buddha evaM rASTrapitA mahAtmA gAMdhI kI vANI ko sAkAra rUpa meM dekhanA cAhatA hai| ata: sahasrAbdiyoM se karuNA evaM ahiMsA ke pratinidhi jaina samAja ko kucha isa prakAra ke vaicArika kAryakrama banAne cAhie jisase Aja kI prajJAvAna pIr3hI ko sahI dizA mila ske| kyA jaina samAja Aja kI paristhitiyoM meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke ojasvI vyaktitva se preraNA grahaNa kara, himA ke viruddha anekAntavAda kA amogha zastra lekara vaicArika Andolana karane kI sthiti meM hai ? vaise Aja isa Andolana kI vizeSa AvazyakatA hai| dekheM, karuNA ke darzana ko sAkAra rUpa dene ke lie isa bAra kauna AtA hai ? 18 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha .