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________________ jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA 0 DA0 sAgaramala jaina ema. e., pI-eca. DI. pAzcAtya AcAra darzana meM yaha prazna sadaiva vivAdAspada rahA ki naitikatA sApekSa hai yA nirapekSa / naitikatA ko nirapekSa mAnane vAle vicArakoM meM pramukha rUpa se jarmana dArzanika kAMTa kA nAma AtA hai / kAMTa kA kathana hai ki "kevala usa siddhAnta ke anusAra AcaraNa karo jise tuma usI samaya eka sArvabhauma niyama banAne kA bhI saMkalpa kara sako / " kAMTa yaha mAnate hai ki "naitika niyama nirapekSa Adeza haiM arthAt naitika niyama aise niyama haiM jo deza-kAla athavA vyakti ke AdhAra para parivartita nahIM hote| yadi satya bolanA naitikatA hai to phira kisI bhI sthiti meM asatya bolanA naitika nahIM ho sktaa| hameM pratyeka paristhiti meM satya hI bolanA caahie|" kAMTa kI mAnyatA ko dRSTigata rakhate hue hama kaha sakate haiM, jo AcaraNa naitika hai vaha sadaiva naitika rahegA aura jo anaitika hai vaha sadaiva anaitika rhegaa| dezakAlagata athavA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita nahIM hote haiM arthAta AcAra ke jo karma naitika haiM ve sadaiva pratyeka paristhiti meM naitika karma raheMge aura AcAra ke jo karma anaitika haiM ve sadaiva pratyeka paristhiti meM anaitika karma raheMge / isa prakAra jo vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki naitikatA nirapavAda evaM dezakAla aura vyaktigata tathyoM se nirapekSa hai use nirapekSa naitikatA kI vicAraNA kahA jAtA hai| isake viparIta naitika darzana kI jo vicAraNAe naitika karmoM evaM AcaraNoM ko apavAda yukta evaM deza, kAla tathA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke AdhAra para parivartanazIla mAnatI haiM, naitikatA kI sApekSavAdI vicAraNAeM kahI jAtI hai| naitikatA kI sApekSavAdI vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki eka hI karma eka avasthA meM naitika ho sakatA hai aura vahI karma dUsarI avasthA meM anaitika ho sakatA hai| hAbsa, mila tathA sijavika prabhuti sukhavAdI vicAraka isI dRSTikoNa ko apanAte haiM / naitika karmoM ke apavAda ke prazna ko lekara inakA kAMTa se virodha hai| ye vicAraka naitika jagata meM apavAda ko svIkAra karate haiN| hAbsa likhate haiM ki "akAla ke samaya jaba anAja kraya karane para bhI na mile, na dAna meM hI prApta ho taba kSudhAta pti ke liye koI caurya karma kA AcaraNa kare to usakA vaha anaitika karma kSamya hI mAnA jaavegaa|"2 mila ise adhika spaSTa karate hue likhate haiM, ki "aise samaya meM corI karake jIvana kI rakSA karanA kevala kSamya karma hI nahIM hai apitu manuSya kA kartavya 1 "Act only on that maxim (Principle) which thou canst at the same time will to become a Universal Law" Fundamental Principles of the Metaphysics of Morals, Sec. II Leviathan, Part II, Chapt. 27, p. 13 (Morley's Universal Library edition) -Hobbes. 2
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________________ jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA hai|" isI prakAra sijavika bhI naitika jIvana ke kSetra meM apavAda ko sthAna dete haiM, ve likhate hai"yadyapi yaha kahA gayA hai ki saba logoM ko saca bolanA cAhie tathApi hama yaha nahIM kaha sakate hai ki jina rAjanItijJoM ko apanI kArravAI gupta rakhanI par3atI hai ve dUsare vyaktiyoM ke sAtha hamezA saca hI bolA kreN|" phalavAdI naitika vicAraka jAna DUyaI likhate haiM "vAstava meM aise sthAna aura samaya -arthAt aise sApekSa sambandha ho sakate haiM jinameM sAmAnya kSudhAoM kI pUrti bhI jinheM sAdhAraNataH bhautaka aura aindrika kahA jAtA hai Adarza hoN|"2 ina sabhI ke viparIta kAMTa naitika karmoM meM kisI bhI apavAda ko sthAna nahIM dete haiN| unake bAre meM yaha ghaTanA prasiddha hai ki eka bAra kAMTa ke lie kisI jahAja se phaloM kA pArsala A rahA thaa| rAste meM jahAja vipatti meM phaMsa gayA aura yAtrI bhUkhoM marane lge| aisI sthiti meM kAMTa kA phaloM kA pArsala bhI khola liyA gyaa| jaba kAMTa ke pAsa khulA huA pArsala paha~cA, to kAMTa ne pArsala kA kholA jAnA sarvathA anaitika tthhraayaa| kAMTa batAte haiM ki naitika kabhI anaitika nahIM banatA aura anaitika kabhI naitika nahIM bntaa| deza-kAla aura paristhitiyAM anaitika ko naitika nahIM banA sktiiN| dUsare spensara Adi kucha anya vikAsavAdI vicAraka evaM samAjazAstrIya vicAraka bhI naitika karmoM kI naitikatA ko sApekSa mAnate haiN| spensara yadyapi naitikatA ko sApekSa tathya svIkAra karate haiM phira bhI ve usase santuSTa nahIM hote haiM aura nirapekSa nIti kI kalpanA kara DAlate haiN| pazcima kI taraha bhArata meM bhI naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa pakSoM para kAphI gahana vicAraNAeM huI haiN| naitika karmoM kI apavAdAtmakatA aura nirApavAditA kI carcA ke svara vedoM, smRti granthoM aura paurANika sAhitya meM kAphI joroM se sunAI dete haiN| jahAM taka jaina vicAraNA meM naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa kI mAnyatA kA prazna hai use ekAMtika rUpa se na to sApekSa kahA jA sakatA hai, na nirapekSa / yadi use sApekSa kahane kA Agraha hI rakhA jAve to vaha isIlie sApekSa hai kyoMki vaha nirapekSa bhI hai|4 nirapekSa ke abhAva meM sApekSa bhI saccA sApekSa nahIM hai| vaha nirapekSa isaliye hai kyoMki vaha sApekSatA se Upara bhI hai| Aiye jarA isa prazna para gaharAI se vicAra kareM ki jaina naitikatA kisa artha meM sApekSa hai aura kisa artha meM nirapekSa hai| jaina naitikatA kA sApekSa pakSa jaina tattvajJAna jisa anekAMtavAda ke siddhAnta ko svIkAra karake calatA hai usake anusAra sArA jJAna sApekSa hI hogA cAhe vaha kitanA hI vistRta kyoM nahIM ho / yadi hama apUrNa haiM to sat ke ananta pakSoM ko nahIM jAna sakate, ata: jo bhI kucha bhI jAneMge vaha apUrNa hogA, sapakSa hogaa| yadi jJAna ho sApekSa rUpa meM hogA to hamAre naitika nirNaya, jinheM hama prApta jJAna ke AdhAra para karate haiM, sApekSa hI hoMgeM isa prakAra anekAMtavAda kI dhAraNA se naitika nirNayoM kI sApekSatA phalita ? Thus to save a life it may not only be allowable but a duty to steal... Mill-Utilitarianism, Chap.5, p.95 (15th Ed.) 2 naitika jIvana ke siddhAnta (hindI anuvAda), pR0 56 / 3 vizeSa vivecana ke liye dekhie-tilaka kA gItA rahasya, karma jijJAsA, adhyAya 1 / anekAntopyanekAntaH pramANa-naya sAdhanAta / anekAntaH pramANAt te tadekAnto'pitAt nayAt // -svayaMbhU stotra 103
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________________ 334 munidvaya abhinandana grantha hotI / gItA bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki 'ki kartavya' kA nizcaya kara pAnA athavA karma kI zubhAzubhatA kA nirapekSa rUpa se nizcaya kara pAnA atyanta kaThina hai| AcaraNa ke jina tathyoM ko hama zubha yA azubha athavA puNya yA pApa ke nAma se sambodhita karate haiM, unake sandarbha meM sAdhAraNa vyakti dvArA die gae yaha nirNaya sApekSika hI ho sakate haiM / hamAre nirNayoM ke dene meM kama se kama kartA ke prayojana evaM karma ke pariNAma ke pakSa to upasthita hote hI haiN| dUsare vyakti ke AcAra ke sambandha meM diye gaye hamAre adhikAMza nirNaya pariNAma sApekSa hote haiM jaba ki svayaM ke AcaraNa ke bAre meM lie jAne vAle nirNayoM meM hama prayojana sApekSa hote haiM / koI bhI vyakti pUrNatayA na to yaha jAna sakatA hai ki kartA kA prayojana kyA thA, na svayaM ke karmoM kA dUsaroM para kyA pariNAma huA, isakA pUrA jJAna rakha sakatA hai| ataH jana sAdhAraNa ke naitika nirNaya hamezA sApekSa ho sakate haiM / dUsarI aura hameM jisa jagata meM naitika AcaraNa karanA hai vaha sArA jagata hI ApekSikatAoM se yukta hai kyoMki usakI pratyeka vastu ananta dharmAtmaka hai / ataH isa sApekSikatA ke jagata meM naitika AcaraNa bhI nirapekSa nahIM ho sakatA / sabhI karma deza-kAla athavA vyakti se sambandhita hote haiM aura isalie ve nirapekSa nahIM ho sakate / bAhya jAgatika paristhitiyoM aura karma ke pIche rahA huA vaiyaktika abhiprayojana (Intention ) bhI AcaraNa ko naitika vicAraNA kI dRSTi se sApekSa banA dete haiM / jainadarzana dArzanika dRSTi se vastu ko ananta dharmAtmakatA ko svIkAra karatA hai / AcArya hemacandra ke zabdoM meM AdIpavyoma sabhI vastue~ syAdvAda kI mudrA se aMkita haiM arthAt sabhI jAgatika tathya aneka guNa-dharmoM se yukta hai / naitika karma bhI eka jAgatika tathya hai vaha bhI aneka pakSoM se yukta hai ataH usa para kisI nirapekSa athavA aikAntika dRSTikoNa se vicAra nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| usake deza-kAlagata aneka pakSoM kI binA samIkSA kiye unheM naitika athavA anaitika nahIM kahA jA sakatA / koI bhI karma dezakAla bhAva Adi tathyoM se bhinna ekAnta rUpa meM na to naitika kahA jA sakatA hai aura na anaitika / pAzcAtya dArzanika bra eDale isI vicAra ke samarthaka haiM / ve likhate haiM 'pratyeka kamaM ke aneka pakSa hote haiM, aneka rUpoM se sambandhita hotA hai, usa para vicAra karane ke aneka dRSTikoNa hote haiM aura vaha aneka guNoM se yukta hotA hai, sadaiva aneka aise siddhAnta ho sakate hai jinake antargata usa para vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai aura isalie use ( ekAMta rUpa meM) naitika athavA anaitika mAnane meM kucha kama kaThinAI nahIM hotI / eka karma eka dazA meM naitika ho sakatA hai aura dUsarI dazA meM anaitika ho sakatA hai, vahI karma eka vyakti ke lie naitika ho sakatA hai dUsare vyakti ke lie anaitika ho sakatA hai| jaina vicAraNA karmoM kI naitika dRSTi se isa sApekSatA ko svIkAra karatI hai / prAcInatama jaina Agama AcArAMgasUtra meM kahA hai ki "jo Asrava yA bandha ke kAraNa haiM ve sabhI mokSa ke hetu ho jAte haiM aura jo mokSa ke hetu haiM ve sabhI bandha koI bhI anaitika karma vizeSa sthiti meM naitika bana jAtA hai sthiti meM anaitika bana sakatA hai / vastutaH samAcAraNa yA kriyA hai aura na anaitika varan paristhitiyA~ evaM vyakti kA prayojana use naitika athavA anaitika banA ke hetu ho jAte haiM / "2 isa prakAra aura koI bhI naMtika karma vizeSa apane Apa meM na to naitika hotI 1 2 gahanA karmaNo gati (ka) je AsavA te parissavA je parissavA te AsavA / (kha) ya evAsravA karmabandha sthAnAni ta eva parisravA karmanirjarA sthAnAni / - gItA 4 / 17 - AcArAMga 1-4-2-130 3 yasmin deze kAle yo dharmoM bhavati sa nimittAntareSu adharmo bhavatyeva // -AcArya zIlAMka TIkA -uddhRta amara bhAratI (maI 1964) pR0 15
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________________ jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA 335 detA hai| dAna denA naitika karma hai lekina kupAtra ko athavA yaza prApti ke nimitta diyA haA dAna anaitika ho jAtA hai| ataH AcaraNa kI zubhatA athavA azubhatA kA nizcaya nirapekSa rUpa se nahIM kiyA jA sakatA hai| upAdhyAya amara muni jI likhate haiM "tribhUvanodara vivaravartI samasta aMsaMkhyeya bhAva apane Apa meM na to mokSa ke kAraNa haiM aura na saMsAra ke kAraNa haiN| sAdhaka kI apanI antaH sthiti hI unheM acche yA bure kA rUpa de detI hai|"1 lekina na kevala sAdhaka kI manaHsthiti jise jaina zabdAvalI meM bhAva kahate haiM AcaraNa ke tathyoM kA mUlyAMkana karatI hai varan usake sAtha-sAtha jaina vicArakoM ne dravya, kSetra aura kAla ko bhI karmoM kI naitikatA aura anaitikatA kA nirdhAraka tatva svIkAra kiyA hai| AcArya AtmArAmajI mahArAja apanI AcArAMga sUtra kI vyAkhyA meM likhate haiM bandha aura nirjarA (naitikatA aura naitikatA) meM bhAvoM kI pramukhatA hai parantu bhAvoM ke sAtha sthAna aura kriyA kA bhI mUlya hai / 2 AcArya haribhadra ke aSTaka prakaraNa kI TIkA meM AcArya jinezvara ne caraka saMhitA kA eka zloka udadhRta kiyA hai jisakA artha hai ki dezakAla aura rogAdi ke kAraNa mAnavajIvana meM kabhI-kabhI aisI avasthA bhI A jAtI hai jaba akArya kArya bana jAtA hai aura kArya akArya bana jAtA hai| jo vidhAna hai, vaha niSedha kI koTi meM calA jAtA hai aura jo niSedha hai vaha vidhAna kI koTi meM calA jAtA hai| isa prakAra jaina naitikatA meM cAra ApekSikatAeM naitika mUlyoM ke nirdhAraNa meM bhAga letI haiN| AcaraNa ke tathya inhIM cAra bAtoM ke AdhAra para naitika aura anaitika banate rahate haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM AcaraNa ke tathya apane Apa meM naitika athavA anaitika nahIM hote varan vastusthiti, sthAna, samaya aura kartA ke manobhAva yaha cAroM milakara use naitika athavA anaitika banA dete haiN| saMkSepa meM ekAnta rUpa se na to koI AcaraNa, karma yA kriyA naitika hai aura na anaitika varan dezakAlagata bAhya paristhitiyAM aura dravya tathA bhAvagata Antarika paristhitiyAM unheM vaisA banA detI haiN| isa prakAra jaina naitikatA vyakti ke kartavyoM ke sambandha meM anekAMtavAdI yA sApekSika dRSTikoNa apanAtI hai| vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai ki jo dAnAdi eka gRhastha ke naitika kartavya haiM ve hI eka muni yA saMnyAsI ke lie akartavya hote haiN| kartavyAkartavya mImAMsA meM jaina vicAraNA kisI bhI ekAMtika dRSTikoNa ko svIkAra nahIM krtii| samadarzI AcArya haribhadra likhate haiM ki bhagavAna tIrthaMkara devoM ne na kisI bAta ke lie ekAnta vidhAna kiyA hai aura na kisI bAta ke lie ekAnta niSedha hI kiyA hai| bhagavAna tIrthaMkara deva kA eka hI Adeza hai, eka hI AjJA hai ki jo kucha bhI kArya tuma kara rahe ho use satyabhUta hokara karo, use pUrI vaphAdArI ke sAtha karate raho / AcArya umAsvAti kA kathana hai naitika-anaitika, vidhi (kartavya) niSedha 1 Every act has of course, many sides, many relations, many points of view from which it may be regarded, and so many qualities there is not the smallest difficulty in exhibiting it as the realization of either right or wrong. No act in the world is without some side capable of being subsumed under a good rule. -Ethical Studies (1962) P. 196. 2 AcArAMga sUtra hindI TIkA, prathama bhAga, pRSTha 378 saMskaraNa 1663 3 utpadyate hi sAvasthA dezakAlAmayAn prati / yasyAmakArya kArya syAt karma kArya ca varjayeta // -aSTaka prakaraNa 27.5 TIkA (uddhRta amara bhAratI, pharavarI 1965) 4 na vi kiMci aNuNNAtaM paDisiddhavAvi jiNavaridehi / titthagarANaM ANA kajje sacceNa hoyavvaM // -upadezapada 776
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________________ 336 munidvaya abhinandana grantha (akartavya) athavA AcaraNIya yA anAcaraNIya ekAnta rUpa se niyata nahIM hai| dezakAla, vyakti, avasthA, upaghAta aura vizuddha manaHsthiti ke AdhAra para asamAcaraNIya samAcaraNIya aura samAcaraNIya asamAcaraNIya bana jAtA hai| bartamAna yuga ke prasiddha jaina vicAraka saMta upAdhyAya amara muni jI ne jaina naitikatA ke sApekSika dRSTikoNa ko bar3e sundara rUpa meM prastuta kiyA hai, ve likhate hai "kucha vicAraka jIvana meM utsarga (natikatA kI nirapekSa yA nirapavAda sthiti) ko pakar3a kara calanA cAhate haiM aura jIvana meM apavAda kA sarvathA apalApa karate haiM, unakI dRSTi meM apavAda dharma nahIM apitu eka mahattara pApa (anaitikatA) hai-dUsarI ora kucha sAdhaka ve haiM jo utsarga ko bhUlakara kevala apavAda kA sahArA lekara hI calanA cAhate hai-ye donoM vicAra ekAMgI hone se upAdeya kI koTi meM nahIM A skte| jainadharma kI sAdhanA ekAnta kI nahIM, apitu anekAnta kI sundara aura svastha sAdhanA hai|"2 anyatra ve punaH likhate haiM-"usake (jana darzana ke) darzana kakSa meM mokSa ke hetuoM kI koI ba~dhI ba~dhAI niyata rUparekhA nahIM hai, iyattA nahIM hai|"3 pAzcAtya vicAraka breDale bhI kartavyAkartavya mImAMsA karate hue spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karate haiM ki naitikatA sApekSa hotI hai| ve likhate haiM ki "merA sthAna aura usake kartavya kA siddhAnta svIkAra karatA hai ki yadi naitika tathya sApekSa nahIM hai to koI bhI naitikatA nahIM hogii| aisI naitikatA jo sApekSa nahIM hai, vyartha hai|" jaina naitikatA kA nirapekSa pakSa hamane janadarzana meM naitikatA ke sApekSa pakSa para vicAra kiyA lekina isakA artha yaha nahIM ki janadarzana meM naitikatA kA kevala sApekSa pakSa hI svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| jaina vicAraka kahate hai ki naitikatA kA eka dUsarA pahalU bhI hai jise hama nirapekSa kaha sakate haiN| jaina tIrthaMkaroM kA udghoSa thA ki "dharma zuddha hai, nitya hai aura zAzvata hai"| yadi naitikatA meM koI nirapekSa evaM zAzvata tattva nahIM hai to phira dharma kI nityatA aura zAzvatatA kA koI artha nahIM raha jAtA hai| jaina naitikatA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhUta, vartamAna, bhaviSya ke sabhI dharma pravartakoM (tIrthaMkaroM) kI dharma prajJapti eka hI hotI hai lekina isake sAtha-sAtha vaha yaha bhI svIkAra karatI hai sabhI tIrthaMkaroM kI dharma prajJapti eka hone para bhI tIrthaMkaroM ke dvArA pratipAdita AcAra niyamoM meM vibhinnatA ho sakatI hai jaisI mahAvIra aura pArzvanAtha ke dvArA pratipAdita AcAra niyamoM meM thii| jaina vicAraNA yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki naitika AcaraNa ke Antara aura bAhya aise do pakSa hote haiM jinheM jaina pAribhASika zabdoM meM dravya aura bhAva kahA jAtA hai| jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa kA yaha bAhya pakSa deza evaM kAlagata parivartanoM ke AdhAra para parivartanazIla hotA hai, sApekSa hotA hai| jabaki AcaraNa kA Antara pakSa sadaiva-sadaiva eka rUpa hotA hai, aparivartanazIla hotA hai dUsare zabdoM meM nirapekSa hotA hai| vaicArika yA bhAvahiMsA sadaiva-sadaiva anaitika hotI hai, kabhI bhI dharma mArga athavA naitika jIvana kA niyama nahIM kahalA sakatI, lekina dravya hiMsA yA bAhyarUpa meM parilakSita hone vAlI hisA sadaiva hI anaitika athavA anAcaraNIya hI ho aisA nahIM kahA jA sakatA / Antara 1 dezaM kAlaM puruSamavasthAmupadhAta zuddha pariNAmAn / prasamIkSya bhavati kalpyaM naikAntAtkalpyate kalpyam / / 146 -prazamarati umAsvAti-(amara bhAratI, pharavarI 1965) 2 amara bhAratI, pharavarI 1965 pR0 5 3 amara bhAratI, mArca 1665, pR0 38 4 esa dhamme suddhe nicie sAsae / -AcArAMga 5 vizeSa draSTavya-uttarAdhyayana sUtra, adhyAya 23
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________________ jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA 337 parigraha arthAt tRSNA yA Asakti sadaiva hI anaitika hai lekina dravya parigraha sadaiva hI anaitika nahIM kahA jA sakatA / saMkSepa meM jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra AcaraNa ke bAhya rUpoM meM naitikatA sApekSa ho sakatI hai aura hotI hai lekina AcaraNa ke Antara rUpoM yA bhAvoM yA saMkalpoM ke rUpa meM vaha sadaiva nirapekSa hI hai / sambhava hai ki bAhya rUpa meM azubha dikhane vAlA koI karma apane antara meM nihita kisI sadAzayatA ke kAraNa zubha ho jAye lekina antara kA azubha saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sakatA / jaina dRSTi meM naitikatA apane hetu yA saMkalpa kI dRSTi se nirapekSa hotI hai / lekina pariNAma athavA bAhya AcaraNa kI dRSTi se sApekSa hotI hai| dUsare zabdoM meM naitika saMkalpa nirapekSa hotA hai lekina naitika karma sApekSa hotA hai / isI kathana ko jaina pAribhASika zabdoM meM isa prakAra kahA jA sakatA hai ki vyavahAra naya ( vyavahAra dRSTi) se naitikatA sApekSa hai yA vyAvahArika naitikatA sApekSa hai lekina nizcaya naya ( parimArthika dRSTi ) se naitikatA nirapekSa hai yA nizcaya naitikatA nirapekSa hai / jaina dRSTi meM vyAvahArika naitikatA vaha hai jo karma ke pariNAma yA phala para dRSTi rakhatI hai jabaki nizcaya naitikatA vaha hai jo kartA ke prayojana yA saMkalpa para dRSTi rakhatI hai| yuddha kA saMkalpa kisI bhI sthiti meM naitika nahIM ho sakatA lekina yuddha kA karma sadaiva hI anaitika yaha Avazyaka nahIM / AtmahatyA kA saMkalpa sadaiva hI anaitika hotA hai lekina AtmahatyA kA karma sadaiva hI anaitika ho yaha Avazyaka nahIM hai varan kabhI-kabhI to vaha naitika hI ho jAtA hai / naitikatA ke kSetra meM jaba eka bAra vyakti ke saMkalpa svAtantya ko svIkAra kara lete haiM to phira hameM yaha kahane kA adhikAra hI nahIM raha jAtA hai ki hamArA saMkalpa sApekSa hai / yadi saMkalpa sApekSa nahIM hai to usake sandarbha meM naitikatA ko bhI sApekSa nahIM mAnA jA sakatA hai / yahI kAraNa hai ki jaina vicAraNA saMkalpa yA vicAroM kI dRSTi se naitikatA ko sApekSa nahIM mAnatI hai / usake anusAra zubha adhyavasAya yA saMkalpa sadaiva zubha hai, naitika hai aura kabhI bhI anaitika nahIM hotA hai / lekina nirapekSa naitikatA kI dhAraNA ko vyAvahArika AcaraNa ke kSetra para pUrI taraha lAgU nahIM kiyA jA sakatA, kyoMki vyavahAra sadaiva sApekSa hotA hai / DA0 Izvara candra zarmA likhate haiM ki "yadi koI niyama AcAra kA nirapekSa niyama bana sakatA hai to vaha bAhyAtmaka nahIM hokara antarAtmaka hI honA cAhie / AcAra kA nirapekSa niyama vahI niyama ho sakatA hai jo ki manuSya ke antas meM upasthita ho / yadi vaha niyama bAhyAtmaka ho to vaha sApekSa hI siddha hogA kyoMki usake pAlana karane ke lie manuSya ko bAharI paristhitiyoM para nirbhara rahanA par3egA / " jaina naitika vicAraNA meM naitikatA ko kSetra taka | jaina darzana 'mAnasa karma' ke kSetra meM hai | lekina jahA~ kAyika yA vAcika karmoM ke svIkAra karatI hai / vastutaH vicAraNA kA kSetra, vahI sarvocca zAsaka hai ataH vahA~ to naitikatA ko nirapekSa rUpa meM svIkAra kiyA jA sakatA hai lekina AcaraNa ke kSetra meM cetana tattva eka mAtra zAsaka nahIM, vahA~ to anya paristhitiyA~ bhI zAsana karatI haiM, ataH usa kSetra meM naitikatA ke pratyaya ko nirapekSa nahIM banAyA jA sakatA / nirapekSa to mAnA gayA lekina kevala saMkalpa ke naitikatA ko vizuddha rUpa meM nirapekSa svIkAra karatA bAhya AcaraNa kA kSetra AtA hai, vaha use sApekSa mAnasa kA kSetra AtmA kA apanA kSetra hai vahA~ 1 mahAvIra kI prathama strI ziSyA mahAsatI candanabAlA kI mAtA dhAriNI ke dvArA apane satItva kI rakSA ke lie kI gaI AtmahatyA ko jaina vicAraNA meM anumodita hI kiyA gayA hai / isI prakAra mahArAjA ceTaka ke dvArA nyAya kI rakSA ke lie lar3e gaye yuddha ke AdhAra para unake ahiMsA ke vrata ko khaNDita nahIM mAnA gayA hai /
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________________ 338 munidvaya abhinandana grantha jaina vicAraNA ke itihAsa meM bhI eka prasaMga aisA AyA hai jaba AcArya bhikSu jaise kucha jaina vicArakoM ne naitikatA ke bAhyAtmaka niyamoM ko bhI nirapekSa rUpa meM hI svIkAra karane kI koziza kii| vastutaH jo naitika vicAraNAeM mAtra sApekSika dRSTi ko hI svIkAra karatI haiM ve naitika jIvana ke AcaraNa meM usa yathArthatA (actuality) kI bhUmikA ko mahattva detI haiM jisameM sAdhaka vyakti khar3A huA hai| lekina ve usa yathArthatA se Upara sthita Adarza kA samucita mUlyAMkana karane meM saphala nahIM ho pAtI haiM vAstavikatA yaha hai ki ve 'jo hai' usa para to dhyAna detI hai lekina 'jo honA cAhie' isa para unakI dRSTi nahIM pahuMcatI unakI dRSTi yathArtha yA vAstavikatA para hotI hai Adarza para nahIM / naitikatA kI / ekAntika sApekSavAdI mAnyatA meM naitika Adarza kI sthApanA jaTila ho jAtI hai| usameM naitikatA sadaiva sAdhana vastu hI banI rahatI hai| sApekSavAdI naitikatA AcaraNa kI eka aisI kaccI sAmagrI prastuta karatI hai jisakA apanA koI 'AkAra' nhiiN| (Relative morality gives us only matter of conduct not the form of conduct.) vaha to usa kumhAra ke cAka para rakhe hue mRttikA piNDa ke samAna hai jisakA kyA bananA hai yaha nizcita nhiiN| isI prakAra jo naitika vicAraNAe~ mAtra nirapekSa dRSTi ko svIkAra karatI haiM, ve yathArtha kI bhUmikA ko bhUlakara mAtra Adarza kI ora dekhatI haiM, ve naitika Adarza ko to prastuta kara detI haiM, lekina usake sAdhanA patha kA samucita nirdhAraNa karane meM asaphala ho jAtI haiM, usameM naitikatA mAtra sAdhya banakara raha jAtI hai| naitikatA kI nirapekSavAdI dhAraNA naitika jIvana prayojana yA lakSya aura dUsare zabdoM meM karma ke pIche rahe hue kartA ke abhiprAya ko hI saba kucha mana letI hai| ve mAtra Adarza kI ora hI dekhatI haiM lekina sAdhaka kI dezakAlagata avasthAoM para vicAra nahIM karatI haiN| naitika jIvana ke Adarza isa prakAra prastuta kie jAne cAhie ki usameM nimna se nimnatara caritra vAle se lagAkara uccatama naitika vikAsa vAle prANiyoM ke samAhita hone kI saMbhAvanA banI rhe| jaina naitikatA apane naitika Adarza ko itane hI lacIle rUpa meM prastuta karatI hai, jisameM pApI se pApI AtmA bhI kramika vikAsa karatA haA natika sAdhanA ke sarvocca zikhara para pahuMca jAtA hai| sApekSavAdI aura nirapekSavAdI donoM hI vicAraNAeM apane ekAMtika rUpa meM apUrNa haiM / eka usa bhUmi para to dekhatI hai, jahAM sAdhaka khar3A hai, lekina usase Age nhiiN| dUsarI usa Adarza kI ora hI dekhatI hai, jo sudUra UMcAiyoM meM sthita hai| lekina ina donoM dazAoM meM naitika jIvana ke lie jisa gati kI AvazyakatA hai vaha samyaga rUpeNa sampanna nahIM ho paatii| naitikatA to eka lakSyonmukha gati hai| lekina usa gati meM sAdhaka kI dRSTi kevala usa bhUmi para hI sthita hai, jisa para vaha gati kara rahA hai aura apane gantavya mArga kI ora sAmane nahIM dekhatA hai, to kabhI bhI lakSya ke madhya sthita bAdhAoM se TakarAkara padacyuta ho sakatA hai / isI prakAra jo sAdhaka mAtra Adarza kI ora dekhatA hai aura usa bhUmi kI ora nahIM dekhatA jisa para cala rahA hai to vaha bhI aneka ThokareM khAtA hai aura kaNTakoM se pada viddha kara letA hai| naitika jIvana meM bhI hamArI gati kA vahI svarUpa hotA hai jo hamAre dainika jIvana meM hotA hai| jisa prakAra dainika jIvana meM calane ke upakrama meM hamArA kAma na to mAtra sAmane dekhane se calatA hai na mAtra nIce dekhane se| jo pathika mAtra nIcI dRSTi rakhatA hai aura sAmane nahIM dekhatA vaha Thokara to nahIM khAtA lekina TakarA jAtA hai| jo sAmane to dekhatA hai lekina nIce nahIM dekhatA vaha TakarAtA to nahIM lekina Thokara khA jAtA hai| calane kI samyaka prakriyA meM pathika ko sAmane aura nIce donoM ora dRSTi rakhanI hoto hai| isI prakAra naitika jIvana meM sAdhaka ko yathArtha aura Adarza donoM para dRSTi rakhanI hotI hai| sAdhaka kI eka A~kha yathArtha para aura dUsarI Adarza
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________________ jainadarzana meM naitikatA kI sApekSatA aura nirapekSatA 333 para ho tabhI vaha naitika jIvana meM samyaka pragati kara sakatA hai| sambhavataH yaha zaMkA ho sakatI hai ki hameM sAmAnya jIvana meM to do A~kheM milI haiM lekina naitika jIvana kI do AMkheM kauna sI haiN| kisI apekSA se jJAna aura kriyA ko naitika jIvana kI do A~kheM kahA jA sakatA hai| naitikatA kahatI hai ki jJAna nAmaka A~kha ko Adarza para jamAo aura kriyA nAmaka A~kha ko yathArtha para arthAta karma ke AcaraNa meM yathArthatA kI ora dekho aura gantavya kI ora pragati karane meM Adarza kI ora / jaina darzana ne naitikatA ke sApekSa aura nirapekSa donoM rUpoM ko svIkAra kiyA hai / lekina usameM bhI nirapekSatA do bhinna-bhinna arthoM meM rahI huI hai / prathama prakAra kI nirapekSatA jo ki vastutaH sApekSa hI hai AcaraNa ke sAmAnya niyamoM se sambandhita hai arthAt AcaraNa ke jina niyamoM kA vidhi aura niSedha sAmAnya dazA meM kiyA gayA hai, usa sAmAnya dazA kI apekSA se AcaraNa ke ve niyama usI rUpa meM AcaraNIya haiM / vyakti sAmAnya sthiti meM una niyamoM ke paripAlana meM kisI apavAda yA chaTa kI apekSA nahIM kara sakatA hai| vahAM para sAmAnya dazA kA vicAra vyakti tathA dezakAlagata bAhya paristhitiyAM donoM ke sandarbha meM kiyA gayA hai arthAt yadi vyakti svastha hai aura dezakAlagata paristhitiyAM bhI vahI haiM, jinako dhyAna meM rakhakara vidhi yA niSedha kiyA gayA thA, to vyakti ko una niyamoM tathA kartavyoM kA pAlana bhI usI rUpa meM karanA hogA, jisa rUpa meM unakA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| jaina pAribhASika zabdAvalI meM ise utsarga mArga kahA jAtA hai| naitikatA ke kSetra meM utsarga mArga vaha mArga hai jisameM sAdhaka ko naitika AcaraNa usI rUpa meM karanA hotA hai jisa rUpa meM zAstroM meM usakA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai| utsarga naitika vidhi-niSedhoM kA sAmAnya kathana hai| jaise manavacana-kAya se hiMsA na karanA, na karavAnA, na karane vAle kA samarthana krnaa| lekina jaba inhIM sAmAnya vidhi-niSedhoM ke niyamoM kA kinhIM vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM usI rUpa meM kiyA jAnA saMbhava nahIM hotA to unheM zithila kara diyA jAtA hai / naitika AcaraNa kI yaha avasthA apavAda mArga kahI jAtI hai / utsarga mArga apavAda mArga kI apekSA se sApekSa hai lekina jisa paristhitigata sAmAnyatA ke tattva ko svIkAra kara isakA nirUpaNa kiyA jAtA hai, usa sAmAnyatA ke tattva kI dRSTi se nirapekSa hI hotA hai| utsarga kI nirapekSatA deza-kAla evaM vyaktigata paristhitiyoM ke andara hI hotI hai, usase bAhara nahIM hai| utsarga naitika AcaraNa kI vizeSa paddhati hai| lekina donoM hI kisI eka lakSya ke lie haiM aura isalie donoM hI naitika haiN| jisa prakAra eka nagara ko jAne vAle donoM mArga yadi usI nagara ko hI pahu~cAte hoM to donoM hI mArga hoMge, amArga nhiiN| usI prakAra apavAdAtmaka naitikatA kA sApekSa svarUpa aura utsargAtmaka naitikatA kA nirapekSa svarUpa donoM hI naitikatA ke svarUpa haiM aura koI bhI anaitika nahIM hai| lekina nirapekSatA kA eka rUpa aura hai jisameM vaha sadaiva hI dezakAla evaM vyaktigata sImAoM ke apara uThI hotI hai| naitikatA kA vaha nirapekSa rUpa anya kucha nahIM "naitika Adarza" svayaM hI hai| naitikatA kA lakSya aisA nirapekSa tathya , jo sAre nAtaka AcaraNA ke mUlyAkana kA AdhAra hai| naitika AcaraNa kI zubhAzubhatA kA kA aMkana kA isI para AdhArita hai| koI bhI AcaraNa, cAhe vaha utsarga mArga se yA apavAda mArga se. hameM isa lakSya kI ora le jAtA hai, zubha hai| isake viparIta jo bhI AcaraNa hameM isa naitika Adarza se vimukha karatA hai, azubha hai, anaitika hai / samyag naitikatA isI ke sandarbha meM hai aura isalie isakI apekSA se sApekSa hai, yahI mAtra apane Apa meM nirapekSa kahA jA sakatA hai| naitika jIvana ke utsarga aura apavAda nAmaka donoM mArga isI kI apekSA se sApekSa hote haiM aura isI ke mArga hone se nirapekSa bhI kyoMki mArga ke rUpa meM kisI sthiti taka isase aminna bhI hote haiM aura yahI abhinnatA unako nirapekSatA kA saccA tattva pradAna karatI hai / lakSya rUpI jisa sAmAnya tattva ke AdhAra para naitika jIvana ke utsarga aura apavAda ke donoM mArgoM kA vidhAna kiyA gayA hai, vaha mokSa kI prApti hai|
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________________ 340 munidvaya abhinandana grantha yadi naitika AcaraNa eka sApekSa tathya hai aura dezakAla tathA vyaktigata paristhitiyoM se prabhAvita hotA hai to prazna upasthita hotA hai ki kisa sthiti meM kisa prakAra kA AcaraNa kiyA jAe, isakA nizcaya kaise kiyA jAe ? jaina vicAraNA kahatI hai naitika AcaraNa ke kSetra meM utsarga mArga sAmAnya mArga hai, jisa para sAmAnya avasthA meM hara eka sAdhaka ko calanA hotA hai| jaba taka deza kAla aura vaiyaktika dRSTi se koI vizeSa paristhiti utpanna nahIM ho jAtI hai taba taka pratyeka vyakti ko isa sAmAnya mArga para hI calanA hotA hai, lekina vizeSa aparihArya paristhitiyoM meM vaha apavAda mArga para cala sakatA hai| lekina yahA~ bhI yaha prazna upasthita hotA hai ki isakA nirNaya kauna kare ki kisa paristhiti meM apavAda mArga kA sevana kiyA jA sakatA hai| yadi isake nirNaya karane kA adhikAra vyakti svayaM ko de diyA jAtA hai to phira naitika jIvana meM samarUpatA aura vastuniSThatA (Objectivity) kA abhAva hogA, hara eka vyakti apanI icchAoM ke vazIbhUta ho apavAda mArga kA sahArA legA / jaina vicAraNA isa kSetra meM vyakti ko adhika svatantra nahIM chor3atI hai| vaha naitika pratyayoM ko itanA adhika vyaktiniSTha (Subjective) nahIM banA denA cAhatI hai ki pratyeka vyakti dvArA unako manamAnA rUpa diyA jA sake / jaina vicAraNA naitika maryAdAoM ko yadyapi itanA kaThora bhI nahIM banAtI ki vyakti unake andara svatantratApUrvaka vicaraNa nahIM kara sake lekina ve itanI adhika lacIlI bhI nahIM haiM ki vyakti apanI icchAnusAra unheM mor3a de| upAdhyAya amara mu zabdoM meM "jaina vicAraNA meM naitika maryAdAeM usa khaNDahara duga ke samAna nahIM haiM jisameM vicaraNa kI pUrNa svatantratA hotI hai lekina zatru ke praviSTa hone kA sadA bhaya banA hotA hai, varan sudRr3ha cAra dIvAriyoM se yukta usa durga ke samAna hai jisake andara vyakti ko vicaraNa kI svatantratA hai aura vizeSa paristhitiyoM meM vaha usase bAhara bhI A jA sakatA hai lekina zarta yahI hai ki aisI pratyeka sthiti meM use usa durga ke dvArapAla kI anujJA leno hogii|" jaina vicAraNA ke anusAra naitikatA ke isa durga meM dvArapAla ke sthAna para 'gItArtha hotA hai jo deza, kAla evaM vaiyaktika paristhitiyoM ko samucita rUpa meM samajhakara sAmAnya vyakti ko apavAda ke kSetra meM praviSTa hone kI anujJA detA hai| apavAda kI vyavasthA ke sambandha meM nirNaya dene kA samasta uttaradAyitva gItArtha para hI rahatA hai| gItArtha yaha vyakti hotA hai jo naitika vidhi-niSadha ke AcArAMgAdi AcAra saMhitA aura nizItha Adi chedasUtro kA marmajJa ho, sAtha hI sva-prajJA se deza-kAla evaM vaiyaktika paristhitiyoM ko samajha meM samartha ho / jainAgamoM meM gItArtha ke sambandha meM kahA gayA hai "gItArtha vaha hai jise kartavya aura akartavya ke lakSaNoM kA yathArtha rUpeNa jJAna hai| jo Aya-vyaya, kAraNa-akAraNa, agAr3ha (rogI, vRddha) anAgAr3ha, vastu-avastu, yukta-ayukta, samartha-asamartha, yatanA-ayatanA kA samyagjJAna rakhatA hai, sAtha hI samasta kartavya karma ke pariNAmo ko bhI jAnatA hai vahI vidhivAna gItArtha hai"2 yadyapi jaina naitika vicAraNA ke anusAra paristhiti vizeSa meM kartavyAkartavya kA nirdhAraNa gItArtha karatA hai lekina usake mArga nirdezaka ke rUpa meM Agama grantha hI hote haiN| yahAM para jaina naitikatA kI jI vizeSatA hameM dekhane ko milatA hai vaha yaha hai ki vaha na to ekAnta rUpa se zAstroM ko hI sAre vidhi-niSedha kA AdhAra banAtI hai aura na vyakti ko hI / usameM zAstra mArgadarzaka hai lekina nirNAyaka nahIM / vyakti kisI paristhiti vizeSa meM kyA katavya hai aura kyA akartavya hai isakA nirNaya to le sakatA hai lekina usake nirNaya me zAstra hI usakA mArgadarzaka hotA hai| 1 (a) adhigata nizIthAdi zruta sUtrArtha (ba) gIto-vijJAta kRtyA kRtya lakSaNo'rtho yena sa giitaarthH| -amidhAna rAjendra koSa, khaNDa 3 2 Aya kAraNa gADhaM vatthu juttaM saMsakti jayaNaM ca / savvaM ca paDivakkha phala ca vidhivaM viyANAha / -bRhatkalpa niyuktibhASya 651