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________________ jainadarzana meM jIvadravya DaoN0 zreyAMsa kumAra jaina prAcIna kAla se bhArata varSa meM pradhAna rUpa se AcAra aura vicAra sambandhita do paramparAeM vidyamAna haiN| AcAra pakSa kA kArya dhArmikoM ne sampAdita kiyA aura vicAra pakSa kA bIr3A bhAratIya-cintaka-manISiyoM ne utthaayaa| AcAra kA pariNAma dharma kA udbhava aura vicAra kA pariNAma darzana kA udbhava hai| darzana zabda kA sAmAnya artha hai-dekhanA, sAkSAtkAra karanA tathA pratyakSa jJAna se kisI vastu kA nirNaya krnaa| bhAratIyoM ke sAmane 'duHkha se mukti pAnA' yahI pradhAna prayojana thaa| isI prayojana kI siddhi hetu vibhinna dArzanika vicAradhArAoM ne janma liyaa| duHkha se chuTakArA karAne vAlI pramukha vicAradhArAeM isa prakAra haiM--cArvAka, jaina, bauddha, sAMkhya, yoga, nyAya, vaizeSika, pUrvamImAMsA aura uttaramImAMsA (vedAnta) / inheM vidvAnoM ne Astika aura nAstika do zAkhAoM meM vibhAjita kiyA hai| uttaravartI SaDvaidika darzanoM (sAMkhya, yoga, nyAya, vaizeSika, pUrvamImAMsA, uttaramImAMsA) ko Astika aura prathama tIna (cArvAka, bauddha, jaina) ko nAstika saMjJA dI hai| vastutaH ukta vargIkaraNa nirAdhAra hai / Astika aura nAstika zabda asti nAsti diSTaM matiH-pA04/4/30 isa pANinIya sUtra ke anusAra bane haiM / maulika artha unakA yahI thA ki paraloka-sattA ko mAnane vAlA Astika aura na mAnane vAlA nAstika kahalAtA hai| spaSTataH isa artha meM jaina aura bauddha jaise darzanoM ko nAstika kahA hI nahIM jA sakatA hai, kyoMki ina donoM meM paraloka-sattA ko dRr3hatA se svIkAra kiyA gayA hai| kucha dArzanikoM ne SaDdarzana bauddha, naiyAyika, sAMkhya, jaina, vaizeSika tathA jaiminIya svIkAra kiye haiN|' jaina darzana bhAratIya darzanoM kA samanvita svarUpa hai| isameM dravya kA mahattvapUrNa sthAna hai| dravya utpAdavyayadhrauvyAtmaka hotA hai| guNaparyAya vAlA dravya bhI kahA gayA hai| aneka guNa aura paryAya yukta dravya ke mUla SaD bheda haiM-jIva, pudgala, dharma, adharma, AkAza, kaal'| prathama jIva-dravya kA jaina darzana meM svatantra dravya ke rUpa meM vizada vivecana prApta hotA hai, usI kA saMkSipta nirdezana kiyA jA rahA hai jIva kA sAmAnya svarUpa upayoga hai| upayoga kA artha hai--jJAna aura drshn| jJAnopayoga do prakAra kA hai-svabhAvajJAna aura vibhAvajJAna / jo kevala-nirUpAdhirUpa, indriyAtIta tathA asahAya arthAt pratyeka vastu meM vyApaka hai, vaha svabhAvajJAna hai aura usI kA nAma kevalajJAna hai| vibhAvajJAna sajjJAna aura asajjJAna ke bheda se do taraha kA hai| sajjAna cAra prakAra kA hai-mati, zruta, avadhi aura manaHparyaya / 1. 'darzanAni SaDevAvamUlabhedavyapekSayA bauddha naiyAyika sAMkhya, jaina vaizeSika tathA / jaiminIyaM ca nAmAni, darzanAnAmabhUtyaho / ', SaDdarzanasamuccaya, 3 2. 'utpAdavyaya dhovyayuktaM sat', tatvArthasUtra, 5/30 3. 'guNaparyayavavyam', vahI, 5/38 4. 'jIvApoggala kAyA dhammAdhammA ya kAla AyA / taccatthA idi bhaNidA NANaguNapajjaehi saMjuttA / / ', niyamasAra, gA06 5. 'jIbo uvaogamao uvaogo NANadasaNo hoii| ____NANuvaogo duviho sahAvaNANaM vibhAvaNANatti / / ', vahI, gA0 13 6. vahI, 11-12 jaina darzana mImAMsA
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________________ kumati, kuzruta aura vibhaMgAvadhi ke bheda se asajjJAna tIna prakAra kA hai| isI prakAra darzanopayoga bhI do prakAra kA hai --svabhAvadarzanopayoga aura vibhAvadarzanopayoga jo indriyarahita aura asahAya hai, vaha kevaladarzana svabhAvadarzanopayoga hai| darzana ana aura adhi darzana ye tInoM vibhAva darzanopayoga hai| jJAnadarzanarUpa upayogamaya jIva hI AtmA hai| cetayitA hai| akalaMkadeva ne kahA hai ki dazasu prAyopAttaprANapayayiNa triSu kAleSu jIvanAnubhavanAt jIvati jIvIt jIviSyati vA jIva, rAjapAtika 2/4/7/25 / jaina darzana meM jIva (AtmA) ke svarUpa kA pratipAdana sabhI darzanoM ko dRSTi meM rakhakara kiyA gayA hai| isake svarUpa se sambandhita pratyeka vizeSaNa kisI na kisI darzana se sambandha rakhatA hai - jaisA ki nemicandra siddhAntadeva kI gAthA se spaSTa hai jIvo uvaogamao amutto kattA sadehaparimANo / bhottA saMsAratyo siddho so siddho so vissasoD DhagaI // dravyasaMgraha, 2 jIva, upayogamaya hai, samUrti hai, kala hai, svadehapariNAmI hai bhogatA hai, saMsArI hai, siddha hai, aura svabhAva se Urdhvagamana karane bAlA hai| cArvAka AtmA kA svatantra astitva na mAnakara zarIra ko hI AtmA mAnatA hai / zvAso jIva sadA jItA hai vaha amara hai kabhI nahIM maratA hai| usakA vAstavika prANa cetanA hai, jo usI kI taraha anAdi aura ananta hai / usake vyAvahArika prANa bhI hote haiM, jo paryAya ke anusAra parivartita hote rahate haiN| pAMca jJAnendriyAM, manobala, vacanabala, kAyabala, cchvAsa aura Ayu ye dasa prANa saMjJI pazu, pakSI, manuSya, deva, nArakiyoM meM hote haiN| asaMjJI paMcendriya ke nava prANa, cAra indriya vAle ke ATha, tIna indriya vAle ke sAta, do indriya vAle ke chaH aura ekendriya ke cAra prANa hote haiN| yoniyoM ke anusAra prANoM meM parivartana hotA rahatA hai| zarIra kA parivartana hotA rahatA hai kintu caitanya naSTa nahIM hotaa| ataeva zarIra kI apekSA jIva (AtmA) bhautika hai aura cetanA kI apekSA abhautika hai / naiyAyika aura vaizeSika AtmA ko jJAna kA AdhAra mAnate haiM / jaina darzana meM AtmA ko AdhAra aura jJAna ko Adheya nahIM mAnA gayA kintu jIva ( AtmA ) jJAnasvabhAva vAlA mAnA gayA hai jaise ki agni USNasvabhAvAtmaka hai| apane se sarvathA bhinna jJAna se AtmA kabhI jJAnI nahIM ho sakatA hai|" nAmatAnuyAyI mImAMtaka aura pArvAka AtmA ko mUrta padArtha mAnate haiM kintu jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai ki pudgala meM jo guNa vidyamAna hai, AtmA unase rahita hai jaisA ki kahA gayA hai arasarUvamagaMdha asaM alagaggahaNaM jANa , jIva ko rasa rahita, rUparahita samdharahita, sparzarahita zabdarahita, pudagala rUpa liMga (hetu) dvArA nahIM grahaNa karane yogya, jisake kisI khAsa AkAra kA nirdeza nahIM kiyA jA sakatA aisA aura cetanA guNa vAlA jAno / isa prakAra yaha amUrta hai to bhI anAdikAla se karmoM se baMdhA huA hone ke kAraNa vyavahAra dRSTi se use kathaJcit mUrta bhI kahA jA sakatA hai / zuddha svarUpa kI apekSA amUrta aura karmabaMdha kI apekSA mUrta yadi use sarvathA mUrta mAnA jAyegA, to usakA astitva khatare meM par3a jAyegA / pudgala aura usameM bheda nahIM rhegaa| ataeva kathaJcit kI dRSTi se nirdhArita kiyA gayA hai| bhAratIya darzanoM meM AtmA ke AkAra ke sambandha meM matAntara pracalita haiM / nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya, mImAMsaka Adi AtmA kA anekatva svIkAra karate hue AtmA ko sarvavyApaka mAnate haiN| unakA kahanA hai ki jisa prakAra AkAza sarvavyApaka hai usI prakAra AtmA (jIva ) bhI sarvavyApaka hai / upaniSad meM AtmA ke sarvagata aura sarvavyApaka hone kA ullekha hai / aMguSThamAtra* tathA aNumAtra' hone kA bhI nirdeza hai| 1. niyamasAra, 13 14 2. 'jIvo NANasahAvo jaha aggI uhnavo sahAveNa / atyaMtarabhUdeNa hi NANeNa Na so have NANI // ', kArtikeyAnuprekSA, 178 3. samayasAra, 46 4. 'sarvavyApinamAtmAnam', zvetA0, 1/16 5. aMguSThamapuruSaH bar3hI 2/12 6. kaTho0, 9/2/20 cedaNAguNamasa jIvamaNidiTThasaMThANaM // ' =2 AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ jaina darzana meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA ke pradezoM kA dIpaka ke prakAza kI bhAMti saMkoca aura vistAra hone se vaha (jIva ) apane choTe-bar3e zarIra ke parimANa kA ho jAtA hai| arthAt hAthI ke zarIra meM usI jIva ke pradezoM kA vistAra aura cIMTI ke zarIra meM saMkoca ho jAtA hai| uktaJca jaha paumarAyarayaNaM khittaM khIre pabhAsayadi khoraM / taha dehI dehavo sadehamittaM pabhAsayadi // paJcAstikAya, 33 jaise dUdha meM DAlI huI padmarAgamaNi use apane raMga se prakAzita kara detI hai, vaise hI deha meM rahane vAlA AtmA bhI apanI dehamAtra ko apane rUpa se prakAzita kara detA hai| arthAt vaha svadeha meM hI vyApaka hai deha ke bAhara nahIM, isIlie jIva svadeha-pariNAma vAlA hai| yaha sthiti samudghAta dazA ke atirikta samaya kI hai| samudghAta meM to usake pradeza zarIra ke bAhara bhI phaila jAte haiN| yahAM taka ki sAre loka meM vyApta ho jAte haiM / isIlie jaina darzana meM AtmA (jIva ) ko kathaJcit vyApaka tathA kathaJcit avyApaka mAnA gayA hai| sAMkhya darzana meM AtmA ke karta ttva ko svIkAra na kara bhoktRttva ko svIkAra kiyA hai|' kartRttva to kevala prakRti meM hai, puruSa (jIva) niSkriya hai| jaina darzana ke anusAra jIva (AtmA) vyavahAra naya se pudgala karmoM kA azuddha nizcaya naya se cetana karmoM kA aura zuddha nizcaya naya se apane jJAnadarzana Adi zuddha bhAvoM kA karttA hai| uktaJca -- jamhA / tAhAhANaM kammANaM phalabhoyao jIvo tapphalabhoyA bhoyA sesA Na kattArA // vasu0 zra0, 35 jIva apane zubha aura azubha karmoM kA karttA hai kyoMki vahI unake phala kA bhoktA hai| isake atirikta koI bhI dravya na karmoM kA bhoktA hai aura na karttA hai / kartR ttva aura bhoktRttva kA koI virodha nahIM / yadi bhoktA mAnanA hai to karttA avazya mAnanA hogaa| isa prakAra eka dRSTi se karttA aura dUsarI dRSTi se akarttA haiM / bauddha darzana kSaNikavAdI hai, ataeva vaha AtmA ke karttA aura bhoktA rUpa kA aikya svIkAra nahIM karatA hai| yadi AtmA ko karmaphala kA bhoktA nahIM mAnA jAyegA, to jo karma karegA use phala prApta na hokara anya ko phala prApta hogaa| isase avyavasthA ho jAyegI / isalie AtmA apane karmoM ke phala kA bhoktA avazya hai| itanA avazya hai ki AtmA sukha-duHkha rUpa pudgala - karmoM kA vyavahAra dRSTi se bhoktA hai aura nizcaya dRSTi se vaha apane vetana bhAvoM kA hI bhoktA hai| ataeva yaha kacit bhoktA aura kathaJcit abhoktA hai| sadAzivadarzana meM kahA gayA hai ki AtmA kabhI bhI saMsArI nahIM hotA, vaha hamezA zuddha banA rahatA hai| karmoM kA usa para koI asara nahIM par3atA, karma usake haiM hI nhiiN| jaina darzana kA isa sambandha meM bhinna dRSTikoNa hai ki pratyeka jIva pahale saMsArI hotA hai, tadanantara muktAvasthA ko prApta hotA hai / saMsArI azuddha jIva hai| anAdi kAla se jIva azuddha hai, vaha dhyAna ke bala se karmoM kA saMvara-nirjarA aura pUrNa kSaya karake mukta hotA hai| pusvArtha se yuddha hotA hai| yadi jIva pahale saMsArI nahIM hotA to use mukti ke upAya khojane kI bhI AvazyakatA nahIM hai| jaina darzana kA yaha bhI kahanA hai ki jIva ko saMsArastha kahanA vyAvahArika dRSTikoNa hai| zuddha naya se to sabhI jIva zuddha haiN| isa prakAra jaina darzana jIva ko eka naya se vikArI mAnakara dUsare naya se avikArI mAna letA hai / bhATTa dArzanika mukti ko svIkAra nahIM karate haiM, unake anusAra AtmA kA antima Adarza svarga hai| AtmA sadA saMsArI hI rahatA hai, usakI mukti hotI hI nahIM mukti nAma kA koI padArtha nahIM hai| cArvAka to jIva kI sattA hI nahIM mAnatA hai| taba mukti ko bhI kaise svIkAra karegA, vaha to svarga ko bhI nahIM maantaa| AtmA jJAnAvaraNAdi aSTa karmoM ko naSTa karake siddha ho jAtA hai, isIlie siddha kA svarUpa batAte hue siddhAntadeva nemicandra ne kahA hai NikammA aguNA loyaggaThidA NiccA zicUNA caramaneosiddhA uppAdava ehi saMjuttA // dravyasaMgraha, 14 jo jJAnAvaraNAdi ATha karmoM se rahita haiM, samyaktva Adi ATha guNoM ke dhAraka haiM aura antima zarIra se kucha kama AkAra vAle haiM, ve siddha haiM aura urdhvagamana svabhAva ke kAraNa loka ke agrabhAga meM sthita haiM, nitya haiM tathA utpAda vyaya se yukta haiM / jIva ke saMsArI aura mukta donoM vizeSaNa tarkasaMgata hai| hAM jaina darzana meM kucha jIva abhavya hote haiM, jinheM mukti nahIM miltii| maNDalika kA kahanA hai ki jIva nirantara gatizIla hai vaha kahIM bhI nahIM ThaharatA calatA hI rahatA hai| jaina darzana use urdhvagamana vAlA mAnakara bhI vahIM taka gamana karane vAlA mAnatA hai, jahAM taka dharma dravya hai / vAstavika svabhAva urdhvagamana hai / azuddha dazA meM karma jidhara le jAte haiM, vahAM jAtA hai kintu karmarahita jIva urdhvagamana karatA hai aura loka ke agrabhAga meM Thahara jAtA hai| isake Age dravya kI gati nahIM hai| isalie jIva urdhvagAmI hokara bhI nirantara urdhvagAmI nahIM hai, yaha jaina darzana kI mAnyatA hai / 1. sAMkhyakArikA, 17-16 jaina darzana mImAMsA 83
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________________ jIva dravya ke hetu prayukta sabhI vizeSaNa sArthaka haiM tattat darzanoM kI mAnyatAoM ke pratipakSa ke rUpa meM ullikhita haiN| yaha jIvadravya do prakAra kA hai (1) saMsArI (2) mukt| jo apane saMskAroM ke kAraNa nAnA yoniyoM meM zarIroM ko dhAraNa kara janma-maraNarUpa se saMsaraNa karate haiM, ve saMsArI haiN| jo mana, vacana aura kAyarUpa daNDa arthAt yogoM se rahita hai; jo kisI bhI prakAra ke saMghaSa se athavA zubha aura azubha ke dvandva se rahita hai, jo bAhya padArthoM kI sampUrNa mamatA se rahita hai, jo zarIra rahita hai; jise kisI prakAra kA Alambana nahIM, jo rAgarahita, dveSarahita, mUr3hatArahita aura bhayarahita hai vahI AtmA siddhAtmA hai| indriya kI apekSA se jIva ke bheda-ekendriya jIva ke kevala sparzanendriya hotI hai|' pRthvIkAya, jalakAya, agnikAya, vAyukAya aura vanaspatikAya ye pAMca prakAra ke sthAvara ekendriya haiN| do, tIna, cAra aura paMcendriya vAle sabhI jIva vasa hote haiN| do indriya ke sparzana aura rasanA indriya hotI haiM jaise laTa Adi / tIna indriya ke sparzana, rasanA aura ghrANendriyAM hotI haiM jaise pipIlikA Adi / cAra indriya ke sparzana, rasanA, ghrANa aura cakSu indriya hotI hai jaise bhramara aadi| paMcendriya ke bhI do bheda haiM, saMjJI aura asaMjJI / manasahita mAnava, pazu, deva, nArakI saMjJI haiN| manarahita tiryaJca jAti ke jalacara, sarpa Adi asaMjJI haiM / ukta vivecana se spaSTa hai ki vaidika bhAratIya darzanoM meM vaNita jIva dravya kA svarUpa jaina darzana kA hI AdhAra hai kyoMki jaina darzana meM vyApaka rUpa se jIva dravya kA vyAkhyAna kiyA gayA hai anya darzanoM meM eka-eka aMza kA avalambana liyA gayA hai| prastuta lekha meM jIvadravya kI mahattA ko batalAte hue jaina darzana meM isake svatantra astitva aura bahu-vyApakatA para saMkSipta prakAza mAtra DAlA gayA hai| nyAya, vaizeSika, sAMkhya, yoga tathA vedAnta Adi vaidika darzanoM meM Izvara ko sRSTi kA kartA aura karmaphala kA dAtA mAnA gayA hai, parantu jaina darzana sRSTikartA aura karmaphala ke dAtA ke rUpa meM Izvara kI kalpanA hI nahIM krtaa| jaina darzana jIvoM kI vibhinna pariNatiyoM meM Izvara ko kAraNa na mAnakara, karma ko hI kAraNa mAnatA hai / adhyAtmazAstra ke marmasparzI santa devacandra jI ne kahA hai re jIva sAhasa Adaro, mata thAvo tuma don| ___ sukha-duHkha sampad ApadA pUraba karma adhIna / / jaina darzana ke anusAra jIva jisa prakAra karma karane meM svatantra hai, usI prakAra unake phala kA bhoga karane meM bhI svatantra hai| isa sandarbha meM eka vidvAn jainAcArya kA kathana hai svayaM karma karotyAtmA, svayaM tatphalamaznute / svayaM bhramati saMsAre, svayaM tasmAdvimucyate // abhiprAya yaha hai ki AtmA svayaM hI karma kA karane vAlA hai aura svayaM hI usakA phala bhogane vAlA bhI hai / svayaM hI saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karatA hai aura svayaM hI sAMsArika bandhana se mukti bhI prApta kara letA hai| jIva ko usake karma hI sukha-duHkha dete haiM, koI aura nhiiN| jaise ki dhvajA havA ke kAraNa apane Apa ulajhatIsulajhatI hai| ko sukha ko dukha deta hai, karma deta jhakajhora / urajhai surajhai Apa ho, dhvajA pavana ke jora // (AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja kRta upadezasArasaMgraha, bhAga 4, dillI, vI0 ni0 saM0 2484 tathA bhAga 2, jayapura, vi0 saM0 2036 se uddhRta) 1. 'saMsAriNomuktAzca', tatvArthasUtra, 10 2. 'NiiMDo Nidvandvo Nimmamo Nikkalo nniraalNbo| NIrAgo Niddoso Ni mmUDho Nibhayo appaa|', niyamasAra, 43 3. 'eiMdiyassa phusaNaM ekkaM ciya hoi sesa jIvANaM / eyAhiyA ya tatto jibbhAghANakkhi sottAI // ', paJcAstikAya, 1/67 4. 'saMjJinaH samanaskAH / ', tatvArthasUtra, 2/24 84 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana anya