Jain Bauddh aur Hindu Dharm ka Parasparik Prabhav

Author(s): Sagarmal Jain
Publisher: Z_Sagar_Jain_Vidya_Bharti_Part_3_001686.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/229141/1

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva bhAratIya saMskRti eka samanvita saMskRti hai| isakI saMracanA meM vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA mahattvapUrNa avadAna hai| vaidikadhArA mUlata: pravRttipradhAna aura zramaNadhArA nivRttipradhAna rahI hai| vaidikadhArA kA pratinidhitva vartamAna meM hindUdharma karatA hai jabaki zramaNadhArA kA pratinidhitva jaina aura bauddha dharma karate haiN| kintu yaha samajhanA bhrAntipUrNa hogA ki vartamAna hindUdharma apane zuddha rUpa meM mAtra vaidika paramparA kA anuyAyI hai| Aja usane zramaNadhArA ke aneka tattvoM ko apane meM samAviSTa kara liyA hai| ataH vartamAna hindUdharma vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA kA eka samanvita rUpa hai aura usameM ina donoM paramparAoM ke tattva sannihita haiN| isI prakAra yaha kahanA bhI ucita nahIM hogA ki jainadharma aura bauddhadharma mUlataH zramaNaparamparA ke dharma hote hue bhI vaidikadhArA yA hindUdharma se pUrNataH aprabhAvita rahe haiN| ina donoM dharmoM ne bhI vaidikadhArA ke vikasita dharma se kAlakrama meM bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| yaha satya hai ki hindUdharma pravRttipradhAna rahA hai / usameM bhI yajJa yAga aura karmakANDa kI pradhAnatA hai, phira bhI usameM saMnyAsa, mokSa aura vairAgya kA abhAva nahIM hai| adhyAtma, saMnyAsa aura vairAgya ke tattvoM ko usane zramaNa paramparA se na kevala grahaNa kiyA hai apitu unheM AtmasAta bhI kara liyA hai| yadyapi vedakAla ke prArambha meM ye tattva usameM pUrNataH anupasthita the kintu aupaniSadika kAla meM usameM zramaNa paramparA ke ina aneka tattvoM ko mAnyatA prApta ho cukI thI / IzAvAsyopaniSad sarvaprathama vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvaya kA prayAsa hai| Aja hindUdharma meM saMnyAsa, vairAgya, tapa tyAga, dhyAna aura mokSa kI avadhAraNAe~ vikasita huI haiN| ve sabhI isa tathya kA pramANa haiM ki vartamAna hindUdharma ne bhArata kI zramaNadhArA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| upaniSad vaidika aura zramaNadhArA ke samanvayasthala haiM unameM vaidika hindU eka nayA svarUpa letA pratIta hotA hai| -- isI prakAra zramaNadhArA ne bhI cAhe anacAhe vaidikadhArA se bahuta kucha grahaNa kiyA hai| zramaNadhArA meM karmakANDa aura pUjA-paddhati to vaidikadhArA se AyI hI hai, apitu aneka hindU devI-devatA bhI zramaNa paramparA meM mAnya kara liye gae

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva haiN| bhAratIya saMskRti kI ye vibhinna dhArAe~ kisa rUpa meM eka-dUsare se samanvita huI haiM, isakI carcA karane ke pUrva hameM yaha dekhanA hogA ki ina donoM dhArAoM kA svatantra vikAsa kina manovaijJAnika aura pAristhitika kAraNoM se huA hai, tathA kyoM aura kaise inakA paraspara samanvaya huA ? pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA udbhava mAnava-astitva dvi-AyAmI evaM virodhAbhAsa pUrNa hai| yaha svabhAvata: paraspara virodhI do bhitra kendroM para sthita hai| vaha na kevala zarIra hai aura na kevala cetanA, apitu donoM kI eka vilakSaNa ekatA hai| yahI kAraNa hai ki use do bhinna staroM para jIvana jInA hotA hai| zArIrika stara para vaha vAsanAoM se cAlita hai aura vahA~ una para yAntrika niyamoM kA Adhipatya hai kintu caitasika stara para vaha viveka se zAsita hai, yahA~ usameM saMkalpa-svAtantrya hai| zArIrika stara para vaha baddha hai, paratantra hai kintu caitasika stara para vaha svatantra hai, mukta hai| manovijJAna kI bhASA meM jahA~ eka ora vaha vAsanAtmaka ahaM ( Id ) se anuzAsita hai to dUsarI ora AdarzAtmA ( Super Ego ) se prabhAvita bhI hai| vAsanAtmaka ahaM usakI zArIrika mA~goM kI abhivyakti kA prayAsa hai to AdarzAtmA usakA AdhyAtmika svabhAva hai, usakA nija svarUpa hai| jo nirdvandva evaM nirAkula caitasika samatva kI apekSA karatA hai| usake liye ina donoM meM se kisI kI bhI pUrNa upekSA asambhava hai| usake jIvana kI saphalatA inake bIca ke santulana banAne meM nihita hai| usake vartamAna astitva ke ye do chora haiN| usakI jIvana-dhArA ina donoM kA sparza karate hue inake bIca bahatI hai| .. pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM kA manovaijJAnika kAraNa mAnava-jIvana meM zArIrika vikAsa vAsanA ko aura caitasika vikAsa viveka ko janma detA hai| pradIpta-vAsanA apanI santuSTi ke liye 'bhoga' kI apekSA rakhatI hai to vizuddha-viveka apane astitva ke liye 'saMyama' yA virAga kI apekSA karatA hai| kyoMki sarAga-viveka sahI nirNaya dene meM akSama hotA hai| vAsanA bhogoM para jItI hai aura viveka virAga pr| yahIM do alaga-alaga jIvanadRSTiyoM kA nirmANa hotA hai| eka kA AdhAra vAsanA aura bhoga hote haiM to dUsarI kA AdhAra viveka aura viraag| zramaNa-paramparA meM inameM se pahalI ko mithyA-dRSTi aura dUsarI ko samyak-dRSTi ke nAma se abhihita kiyA gayA hai| upaniSad meM inheM kramaza: preya aura zreya kahA gayA hai| kaThopaniSad meM RSi kahatA hai ki preya aura zreya donoM hI manuSya ke sAmane upasthita hote haiN| usameM se manda-buddhi zArIrika yoga-kSema arthAt preya ko aura vivekI puruSa zreya ko cunatA hai| vAsanA kI tuSTi ke liye bhoga aura

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32 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva bhogoM ke sAdhanoM kI upalabdhi ke liye karma apekSita hai| isI bhogapradhAna jIvanadRSTi se karma - niSThA kA vikAsa huA hai| dUsarI ora viveka ke liye virAga (saMyama) aura virAga ke liye AdhyAtmika mUlya-bodha ( zarIra ke Upara AtmA kI pradhAnatA kA bodha ) apekSita hai| isI AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi se tapa-mArga kA vikAsa huaa| inameM pahalI dhArA se pravartaka dharma kA aura dUsarI se nivartaka dharma kA udbhava huaa| pravartaka dharma kA lakSya bhoga hI rahA, ataH usane apanI sAdhanA kA lakSya-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ko hI bnaayaa| jahA~ aihika jIvana meM usane dhanadhAnya, putra, sampatti Adi kI kAmanA kI, vahIM pAralaukika jIvana meM svarga (bhautika sukha-suvidhAoM kI uccatama avasthA) kI prApti ko hI mAnava jIvana kA carama lakSya ghoSita kiyaa| punaH Anubhavika jIvana meM jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki alaukika evaM prAkRtika zaktiyA~ usake sukha-suvidhAoM kI upalabdhi ke prayAsoM ko saphala yA viphala banA sakatI haiM evaM usakI sukha-suvidhAe~ usake apane puruSArtha para nahIM, apitu ina zaktiyoM kI kRpA para nirbhara haiM, to vaha inheM prasanna karane ke liye eka ora inakI stuti aura prArthanA karane lagA to dUsarI ora unheM bali aura yajJoM ke mAdhyama se santuSTa karane lgaa| isa prakAra pravartaka dharma meM do zAkhAoM kA vikAsa huA 1. zraddhApradhAna bhakti mArga aura 2. yajJa- yoga pradhAna karma-mArga | dUsarI ora niSpApa aura svatantra jIvana jIne kI umaMga meM nivartaka dharma ne nirvANa yA mokSa arthAt vAsanAoM evaM laukika eSaNAoM se pUrNa mukti ko mAnava jIvana kA lakSya mAnA aura isa hetu jJAna aura virAga ko pradhAnatA dI, kintu jJAna aura virAga kA yaha jIvana sAmAjika evaM pArivArika vyastatAoM ke madhya sambhava nahIM thA / ataH nivartaka dharma mAnava ko jIvana ke karma-kSetra se kahIM dUra nirjana vanakhaNDoM aura giri-kandarAoM meM le gyaa| usameM jahA~ eka ora daihika mUlyoM evaM vAsanAoM ke niSedha para bala diyA gayA, jisase vairAgyamUlaka tapa-mArga kA vikAsa huA vahIM dUsarI ora usa aikAntika jIvana meM cintana aura vimarza ke dvAra khule, jijJAsA kA vikAsa huA, jisase cintanapradhAna jJAna-mArga kA udbhava huaa| isa prakAra nivartaka dharma bhI do zAkhAoM meM vibhakta ho gayA . 1. jJAna-mArga aura 2. tapa - mArga / -. mAnava prakRti ke daihika aura caitasika pakSoM ke AdhAra para pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM ke vikAsa kI isa prakriyA ko nimna sAriNI ke mAdhyama se adhika spaSTa kiyA jA sakatA hai --

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva manuSya deha cetanA vAsanA viveka bhoga virAga ( tyAga ) abhyudaya ( preya ) niHzreyas svarga mokSa ( nirvANa) karma saMnyAsa pravRtti nivRtti pravartaka dharma nivartaka dharma laukika zaktiyoM kI upAsanA Atmopalabdhi samarpaNamUlaka bhakti-mArga yajJamUlaka karma-mArga cintana pradhAna jJAna-mArga dehadaNDana mUlaka tapa-mArga nivartaka evaM pravartaka dharmoM ke dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya pravartaka aura nivartaka dharmoM kA yaha vikAsa bhinna-bhinna manovaijJAnika AdhAroM para huA thA, ata: yaha svAbhAvika thA ki unake dArzanika evaM sAMskRtika pradeya bhitra-bhinna hoN| pravartaka evaM nivartaka dharmoM ke ina pradeyoM aura unake AdhAra para unameM rahI huI pArasparika bhinnatA ko agalI sAraNI se spaSTatathA samajhA jA sakatA hai -

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva pravartaka dharma nivartaka dharma dArzanika pradeya 1. jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA 1. AdhyAtmika mUlyoM kI prdhaantaa| 2. vidhAyaka jIvana dRSTi 2. niSedhaka jiivn-dRsstti| 3. samaSTivAdI 3. vyssttivaadii| 4. vyavahAra meM karma para bala phira 4. vyavahAra meM naiSkarmyatA kA samarthana bhI bhAgyavAda evaM niyativAda phira bhI dRSTi purussaarthprk| kA samarthana 5. IzvaravAdI 5. aniishvrvaadii| 6. IzvarIya kRpA para vizvAsa 6. vaiyaktika prayAsoM para vizvAsa, karmasiddhAnta kA smrthn| 7. sAdhanA ke bAhya sAdhanoM para bala 7. Antarika vizuddhatA para bl| 8. jIvana kA lakSya svarga/Izvara ke 8. jIvana kA mokSa/evaM nirvANa kI sAnidhya kI prApti praapti| sAMskRtika pradeya 9. varNa vyavasthA aura jAtivAda 9. jAtivAda kA virodha, varNakA janmanA AdhAra para samarthana vyavasthA kA kevala karmaNA AdhAra para smrthn| 10. gRhastha-jIvana kI pradhAnatA 10. saMnyAsa jIvana kI prdhaantaa| 11. sAmAjika jIvana shailii| 11. ekAkI jIvana shailii| 12. rAjatantra kA samarthana 12. janatantra kA smrthn| 13. zaktizAlI kI pUjA 13. sadAcArI kI puujaa| 14. vidhi-vidhAnoM evaM karmakANDoM 14. dhyAna aura tapa kI prdhaantaa| kI pradhAnatA 15. brAhmaNa-saMsthA (purohita-varga) 15. zramaNa-saMsthA kA vikaas| kA vikAsa 16. upAsanA-mUlaka 16. smaadhi-muulk| pravartaka dharma meM prArambha meM jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA rahI, vedoM meM jaivika AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti se sambandhita prArthanAoM ke svara adhika mukhara hue haiN| udAharaNArtha - hama sau varSa jIveM, hamArI santAna baliSTha hoveM, hamArI gAyeM adhika dUdha deveM, vanaspati pracura mAtrA meM ho aadi| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva camakA pAraspAraka prabhAva 35 ne jaivika mUlyoM ke prati eka niSedhAtmaka rukha apanAyA, unhoMne sAMsArika jIvana kI duHkhamayatA kA rAga alaapaa| unakI dRSTi meM zarIra AtmA kA bandhana hai aura saMsAra duHkhoM kA saagr| unhoMne saMsAra aura zarIra donoM se hI mukti ko jIvanalakSya maanaa| unakI dRSTi meM daihika AvazyakatAoM kA niSedha, anAsakti, virAga aura Atma-santoSa hI sarvocca jIvana-mUlya haiN| eka ora jaivika mUlyoM kI pradhAnatA kA pariNAma yaha huA ki pravartaka dharma meM jIvana ke prati eka vidhAyaka dRSTi kA nirmANa huA tathA jIvana ko sarvatobhAvena vAMchanIya aura rakSaNIya mAnA gayA, to dUsarI ora jaivika mUlyoM ke niSedha se jIvana ke prati eka aisI niSedhAtmaka dRSTi kA vikAsa huA, jisameM zArIrika mA~goM kA ThukarAnA hI jIvana-lakSya mAna liyA gayA aura deha-daNDana hI tapa-tyAga aura AdhyAtmikatA ke pratIka bana ge| pravartaka dharma jaivika mUlyoM para bala dete haiM ataH svAbhAvika rUpa se ve samAjagAmI bane, kyoMki daihika AvazyakatA kI jijJAsA jisakA eka aMga kAma bhI hai, kI pUrNa santuSTi to samAja-jIvana meM hI sambhava thI, kintu virAga aura tyAga para adhika bala dene ke kAraNa nivartaka dharma samAja-vimukha aura vaiyaktika bana ge| yadyapi daihika mUlyoM kI upalabdhi hetu karma Avazyaka the, kintu jaba manuSya ne yaha dekhA ki daihika AvazyakatAoM kI santuSTi ke liye usake vaiyaktika prayAsoM ke bAvajUda bhI unakI pUrti yA aparti kinhI anya zaktiyoM para nirbhara hai, to vaha devavAdI aura IzvaravAdI bana gyaa| vizva-vyavasthA aura prAkRtika zaktiyoM ke niyantraka tattva ke rUpa meM usane vibhitra devoM aura phira Izvara kI kalpanA kI aura unakI kRpA kI AkAMkSA karane lgaa| isake viparIta nivartaka dharma vyavahAra meM naiSkarmyatA ke samarthaka hote hue bhI karma-siddhAnta ke prati AsthA ke kAraNa yaha mAnane lage ki vyakti kA bandhana aura mukti svayaM usake kAraNa hai, ata: nivartaka dharma puruSArthavAda aura vaiyaktika prayAsoM para AsthA rakhane lge| anIzvaravAda, puruSArthavAda aura karmasiddhAnta usake pramukha tattva bana ge| sAdhanA ke kSetra meM jahA~ pravartaka dharma meM alaukika daivIya zaktiyoM kI prasatratA ke nimitta karmakANDa aura bAhya-vidhAnoM ( yajJa-yAga ) kA vikAsa huA, vahIM nivartaka dharmoM ne citta-zuddhi aura sadAcAra para adhika bala diyA tathA kinhIM daivIya zaktiyoM ke nimitta karma-kANDa ke sampAdana ko anAvazyaka maanaa| sAMskRtika pradeyoM kI dRSTi se pravartaka dharma varNa-vyavasthA, brAhmaNa saMsthA ( purohita varga ) ke pramukha samarthaka rhe| brAhmaNa varga manuSya aura Izvara ke bIca eka madhyastha kA kArya karane lagA tathA usane apanI AjIvakA ko surakSita banAe .

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36 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva rakhane ke liye eka ora samAja jIvana meM apane varcasva ko sthApita rakhanA cAhA, to dUsarI ora dharma ko karmakANDa aura jaTila vidhi-vidhAnoM kI aupacArikatA meM ulajhA diyaa| pariNAsvarUpa U~ca-nIca kA bheda-bhAva, jAtivAda aura karmakANDa kA vikAsa huaa| kintu usake viparIta nivartaka dharma ne saMyama, dhyAna aura tapa kI eka sarala sAdhanA paddhati kA vikAsa kiyA aura varNa vyavasthA, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa saMsthA ke varcasva kA virodha kiyaa| unameM brAhmaNa saMsthA ke sthAna para zramaNa saMghoM kA vikAsa huA, jisameM sabhI jAti aura varga ke logoM ko samAna sthAna milaa| rAjya saMsthA kI dRSTi se jahA~ pravartaka dharma rAjataMtra aura anyAya ke pratikAra ke hetu saMgharSa kI nIti ke samarthaka rahe, vahA~ nivartaka dharma janatantra aura Atmotsarga ke samarthaka rahe / saMskRtiyoM ke samanvaya kI yAtrA yadyapi uparokta AdhAra para hama pravartaka dharma arthAt vaidika paramparA aura nivartaka dharma arthAt zramaNa paramparA kI mUlabhUta vizeSatAoM aura unake sAMskRtika evaM dArzanika pradeyoM ko samajha sakate haiM kintu yaha mAnanA bhrAntipUrNa hI hogA ki Aja vaidikadhArA aura zramaNadhArA ne apane isa mUla svarUpa ko banAe rakhA hai| eka hI deza aura pariveza meM rahakara donoM hI dhArAoM ke liye yaha asambhava thA ki ve eka-dUsare ke prabhAva se achUtI rheN| ataH jahA~ vaidikadhArA meM zramaNadhArA ( nivartaka dharma-paramparA ) ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai, vahA~ zramaNadhArA meM pravartaka dharma-paramparA ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai| ataH Aja ke yuga meM koI dharma-paramparA na to aikAntika nivRttimArga kI poSaka hai aura na aikAntika pravRttimArga kI / vastutaH nivRtti aura pravRtti ke sambandha meM aikAntika dRSTikoNa na to vyAvahArika haiM aura na manovaijJAnika / manuSya jaba taka manuSya hai, mAnavIya AtmA jaba taka zarIra ke sAtha yojita hokara sAmAjika jIvana jItI hai, taba taka aikAntika pravRtti aura aikAntika nivRtti kI bAta karanA eka mRga marIcikA meM jInA hogaa| vastutaH AvazyakatA isa bAta kI rahI hai ki hama vAstavikatA ko samajheM aura pravRtti tathA nivRtti ke tattvoM meM samucita samanvaya se eka aisI jIvanazailI khojeM, jo vyakti aura samAja donoM ke liye kalyANakArI ho aura mAnava ko tRSNAjanita mAnasika evaM sAmAjika santrAsa ke mukti dilA ske| isa prakAra ina do bhinna saMskRtiyoM meM pArasparika samanvaya Avazyaka thA / bhArata meM prAcIna kAla se hI aise prayatna hote rahe haiN| pravartaka dhArA ke pratinidhi hindUdharma meM samanvaya ke sabase acche udAharaNa IzAvAsyopaniSad aura

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva bhagavadgItA haiM / bhagavadgItA meM pravRtti aura nivRtti mArga ke samanvaya kA stutya prayAsa huA hai| isI prakAra zramaNa-dhArA meM bhI paravartI kAla meM pravartaka dharma ke tattvoM kA praveza huA hai| zramaNa paramparA kI eka anya dhArA ke rUpa meM vikasita bauddha dharma meM to pravartaka dhArA ke tattvoM kA itanA adhika praveza huA ki mahAyAna se tantrayAna kI yAtrA taka vaha apane mUla svarUpa se kAphI dUra ho gyaa| bhAratIya dharmoM ke aitihAsika vikAsa krama meM hama kAlakrama meM hue isa AdAna-pradAna kI upekSA nahIM kara sakate haiN| isI AdAna-pradAna ke kAraNa ye paramparAe~ eka-dUsare ke kAphI nikaTa A gaI haiN| 37 isase yaha bhI siddha hotA hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti eka saMzliSTa saMskRti hai / use hama vibhinna cahAradIvAriyoM meM avaruddha kara kabhI bhI samyak prakAra se nahIM samajha sakate haiM, usako khaNDa-khaNDa meM vibhAjita karake dekhane meM usakI AtmA hI mara jAtI hai| jaise zarIra ko khaNDa-khaNDa kara dekhane se zarIra kI kriyA- zakti ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai, vaise hI bhAratIya saMskRti ko khaNDa-khaNDa karake usakI mUla AtmA ko nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| bhAratIya saMskRti ko hama tabhI sampUrNa rUpa se samajha sakate haiM, jaba usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma-darzana kA samanvita evaM samyak adhyayana na kara liyA jaay| binA usake saMyojita ghaMTakoM ke jJAna ke usakA sampUrNatA meM jJAna sambhava hI nahIM hai| eka iMjana kI prakriyA ko bhI samyak prakAra se samajhane ke liye na kevala usake vibhinna ghaTakoM arthAt kala-purjoM kA jJAna Avazyaka hotA hai, apitu unake paraspara saMyojita rUpa ko bhI dekhanA hotA hai| ataH hameM spaSTa rUpa se isa tathya ko samajha lenA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke adhyayana evaM zodha ke kSetra meM anya sahavartI paramparAoM aura unake pArasparika sambandhoM ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI zodha paripUrNa nahIM ho sakatI hai| dharma aura saMskRti zUnya meM vikasita nahIM hote, ve apane deza, kAla aura sahavartI paramparAoM se prabhAvita hokara hI apanA svarUpa grahaNa karate haiN| yadi hameM jaina, bauddha, vaidika yA anya kisI bhI bhAratIya sAMskRtika dhArA kA adhyayana karanA hai, use samyak prakAra se samajhanA hai, to usake deza, kAla evaM parivezagata pakSoM ko bhI prAmANikatApUrvaka taTastha buddhi se samajhanA hogaa| cAhe jaina vidyA ke zodha evaM adhyayana kA prazna ho yA anya kisI bhAratIya vidyA kA, hameM usakI dUsarI paramparAoM ko avazya hI jAnanA hogA aura yaha dekhanA hogA ki vaha una dUsarI sahavartI paramparAoM se kisa prakAra prabhAvita huI hai aura usane unheM kisa prakAra prabhAvita kiyA hai| pArasparika prabhAva ke adhyayana ke binA koI bhI adhyayana pUrNa nahIM hotA hai|

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L jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva yaha satya hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti ke itihAsa ke AdikAla se hI hama usameM zramaNa aura vaidika saMskRti kA astitva sAtha-sAtha pAte haiM, kintu hameM yaha bhI smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM ina donoM svatantra dhArAoM kA saMgama ho gayA hai aura aba inheM eka-dUsare se pUrNatayA alaga nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| bhAratIya itihAsa ke prArambhika kAla se hI ye donoM dhArAe~ paraspara eka dUsare se prabhAvita hotI rahI haiN| apanI-apanI vizeSatAoM ke AdhAra para vicAra ke kSetra meM hama cAhe unheM alaga-alaga dekha leM, kintu vyAvahArika stara para unheM eka dUsare se pRthak nahIM kara skte| bhAratIya vAGmaya meM Rgveda prAcInatama mAnA jAtA hai| usameM jahA~ eka ora vaidika samAja evaM vaidika kriyA-kANDoM kA ullekha hai, vahIM dUsarI ora usameM na kevala vrAtyoM, zramaNoM evaM arhatoM kI upasthiti ke ullekha upalabdha haiM, apitu RSabha, ariSTanemi Adi jo jaina paramparA meM tIrthaGkara ke rUpa meM mAnya haiM, ke prati samAdara bhAva bhI vyakta kiyA gayA hai| isase yaha pratIta hotA hai ki aitihAsika yuga ke prArambha se hI bhArata meM ye donoM saMskRtiyA~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita hotI rahI haiN| hindUdharma kI zaiva dhArA aura sAMkhyayoga Adi kI paramparAe~ mUlata: nivartaka yA zramaNa rahI haiM, jo kAlakrama meM bRhad hindUdharma meM AtmasAt kara lI gaI haiN| mohanajodar3o aura har3appA ke utkhanana se jisa prAcIna bhAratIya saMskRti kI jAnakArI hameM upalabdha hotI hai, usase siddha hotA hai ki vaidika saMskRti ke pUrva bhI bhArata meM eka ucca saMskRti astitva rakhatI thI, jisameM dhyAna Adi para bala diyA jAtA thaa| usa utkhanana meM dhyAnastha yogiyoM kI sIleM Adi milanA tathA yajJazAlA Adi kA na milanA yahI siddha karatA hai ki vaha saMskRti tapa, yoga evaM dhyAna-pradhAna vrAtya yA zramaNa-saMskRti kA pratinidhitva karatI thii| yaha nizcita hai ki AryoM ke Agamana ke sAtha prArambha hae vaidika yuga se ye donoM hI dhArAe~ sAtha-sAtha pravAhita ho rahI haiM aura unhoMne eka-dUsare ko paryApta rUpa se prabhAvita bhI kiyA hai| Rgveda meM vrAtyoM ke prati jo tiraskAra bhAva thA, vaha atharvaveda meM samAdara bhAva meM badala jAtA hai, jo donoM dhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pratIka hai| tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa, dhyAna, samAdhi, mukti aura ahiMsA kI avadhAraNAe~, jo prArambhika vaidika RcAoM aura karmakANDIya brAhmaNa granthoM meM anupalabdha thIM, ve AraNyaka Adi paravartI vaidika sAhitya meM aura vizeSa rUpa se upaniSadoM meM astitva meM A gayI haiN| isase lagatA hai ki ye avadhAraNAe~ saMnyAsamArgIya zramaNadhArA ke prabhAva se hI vaidika dhArA meM praviSTa huI haiN| upaniSadoM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM eka ora vaidika karmakANDa kI samAlocanA aura unheM AdhyAtmikatA se samanvita kara nae

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva rUpa meM paribhASita karane kA prayatna tathA dUsarI ora tapa, saMnyAsa aura mukti Adi kI spaSTa rUpa se svIkRti, yahI siddha karatI hai ki ye grantha vaidika evaM zramaNadhArA ke bIca hue samanvaya yA saMgama ke hI paricAyaka haiN| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki upaniSad aura mahAbhArata, jisakA eka aMga gItA hai, zuddha rUpa se vaidika karmakANDAtmaka dharma ke pratinidhi nahIM haiN| ve nivRttipradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRttimArgI vaidikadhArA ke samanvaya kA pariNAma haiN| upaniSadoM meM, mahAbhArata aura gItA meM jahA~ eka ora zramaNadhArA ke AdhyAtmika aura nivRtti-pradhAna tattvoM ko sthAna diyA gayA hai, vahIM dUsarI ora yajJa Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI zramaNaparamparA ke samAna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se navIna paribhASAe~ bhI prastuta kI gaI haiM, usameM yajJa kA artha pazubali na hokara svahitoM kI bali yA samAjasevA ho gyaa| hameM yaha smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki hamArA Aja kA hindUdharma vaidika aura zramaNadhArAoM ke samanvaya kA pariNAma hai| vaidika karmakANDa ke virodha meM, jo AvAja aupaniSadika yuga ke RSi-muniyoM ne uThAI thI, jaina aura anya zramaNa paramparAoM ne mAtra use mukhara hI kiyA hai| hameM yaha nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki vaidika karmakANDa ke prati yadi kisI ne pahalI AvAja uThAI to ve aupaniSadika RSi hI the| unhoMne hI sabase pahale kahA thA ki ye yajJarUpI naukAe~ adRr3ha haiM, ye AtmA ke vikAsa meM sakSama nahIM haiN| yaha Adi vaidika karmakANDoM kI navIna AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vyAkhyA karane kA kArya aupaniSadika RSiyoM aura gItA ke pravaktA kA hai| mahAvIra evaM buddhakAlIna jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ to aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke dvArA prazasta kiye gae patha para gatizIla huI haiN| ve vaidika karmakANDa, janmanA jAtivAda aura mithyA vizvAsoM ke virodha meM uThe hae aupaniSadika RSiyoM ke svara kA hI mukharita rUpa haiN| jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI arhat RSiyoM ke rUpa meM svIkRti isakA spaSTa pramANa hai| yaha satya hai ki zramaNoM ne yajJoM meM pazubali, janmanA varNa-vyavasthA aura vedoM ke prAmANya se inkAra kiyA aura isa prakAra ve bhAratIya saMskRti ke samuddhAraka ke rUpa meM hI sAmane Aye, kintu hameM yaha bhI nahIM bhUlanA cAhiye ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM AI ina vikRtiyoM ke parimArjana karane kI prakriyA meM ve svayaM hI kahIM na kahIM una vikRtiyoM se prabhAvita ho gae haiN| vaidika karmakANDa aba pUjA-vidhAnoM evaM tantra-sAdhanA ke naye rUpa meM bauddha, jaina aura anya zramaNaparamparAoM meM praviSTa ho gayA hai aura unakI sAdhanA-paddhati kA eka aMga bana gayA hai| AdhyAtmika vizuddhi ke liye kiyA jAne vAlA dhyAna aba bhautika siddhiyoM ke nimitta kiyA jAne lagA hai| jahA~ eka ora bhAratIya zramaNa paramparA ne vaidika

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40 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva paramparA ko AdhyAtmika jIvana-dRSTi ke sAtha-sAtha tapa, tyAga, saMnyAsa aura mokSa kI avadhAraNAe~ pradAna kI, vahIM dUsarI ora isakI tIsarI cauthI-zatI se vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se pUjA-vidhAna aura tAntrika sAdhanAe~ jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM praviSTa ho gii| aneka hindU deva-deviyA~ prakArAntara se jainadharma evaM bauddhadharma meM svIkAra kara lI giiN| jainadharma meM yakSa-yakSiNiyoM evaM zAsana-devatA kI avadhAraNAe~ hindU devatAoM kA jainIkaraNa mAtra haiN| aneka hindU deviyA~ jaise - kAlI, mahAkAlI, jvAlAmAlinI, ambikA, cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, siddhAyikA tIrthaGkaroM kI zAsana-rakSaka deviyoM ke rUpa meM jainadharma kA aMga bana giiN| isI prakAra zruta-devatA ke rUpa meM sarasvatI aura sampatti pradAtA ke rUpa meM lakSmI kI upAsanA bhI jainadharma meM hone lagI aura hindU-paramparA kA gaNeza pArzva-yakSa ke rUpa meM lokamaMgala kA devatA bana gyaa| vaidika paramparA ke prabhAva se jaina mandiroM meM bhI aba yajJa hone lage aura pUjA-vidhAna meM hindU devatAoM kI taraha tIrthaGkaroM kA bhI AvAhana evaM visarjana kiyA jAne lgaa| hinduoM kI pUjA-vidhi ko bhI mantroM meM kucha zAbdika parivartanoM ke sAtha jainoM ne svIkAra kara liyaa| isa sabakI vistRta carcA Age kI gaI hai| isa prakAra jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM meM tapa, dhyAna aura samAdhi kI sAdhanA gauNa hokara pUjA-vidhi-vidhAna pramukha ho gyaa| isa pArasparika prabhAva kA eka pariNAma yaha bhI huA ki jahA~ hindU paramparAoM meM RSabha aura buddha ko Izvara ke avatAra ke rUpa meM svIkAra kara liyA gayA, vahIM jaina paramparA meM rAma aura kRSNa ko zalAkA puruSa ke rUpa meM mAnyatA milii| isa prakAra donoM dhArAe~ eka dUsare se samanvita huiiN| Aja hameM unakI isa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko taTastha dRSTi se spaSTa karane kA prayAsa karanA cAhiye, tAki dharmoM ke bIca jo dUriyA~ paidA kara dI gayI haiM, unheM samApta kiyA jA sake aura unakI nikaTatA ko bhI samyaka rUpa se samajhA jA ske| darbhAgya se isa deza meM videzI tattvoM ke dvArA na kevala hindU aura musalamAnoM ke bIca apitu jaina, bauddha, hindU aura sikkhoM - jo ki bRhad bhAratIya paramparA ke hI aMga haiM, ke bIca bhI khAiyA~ khodane kA kArya kiyA jAtA rahA hai aura sAmAnya rUpa se yaha prasArita kiyA jAtA rahA hai ki jaina aura bauddha dharma na kevala svatantra dharma haiM, apitu ve vaidika hindU-paramparA ke virodhI bhI haiN| sAmAnyatayA jaina aura bauddha dharma ko vaidika dharma ke prati eka vidroha ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA jAtA hai| yaha satya hai ki vaidika aura zramaNa-paramparAoM meM kucha mUla-bhUta praznoM ko lekara spaSTa matabheda hai| yaha bhI satya hai ki jaina-bauddha paramparA

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva ne vaidika paramparA kI una vikRtiyoM kA jo karmakANDa, purohitavAda, jAtivAda aura brAhmaNa varga ke dvArA nimna vargoM ke dhArmika zoSaNa ke rUpa meM ubhara rahI thI, khulakara virodha kiyA, kintu hameM use vidroha ke rUpa meM nahIM apitu bhAratIya saMskRti ke pariSkAra ke rUpa meM hI samajhanA hogaa| jaina aura bauddha dharmoM ne bhAratIya saMskRti meM A rahI vikRtiyoM kA parizodhana kara use svastha banAne hetu eka cikitsaka kA kArya kiyA hai| kintu smaraNa rakhanA hogA ki cikitsaka kabhI bhI zatru nahIM hotA, mitra hI hotA hai| durbhAgya se pAzcAtya cintakoM ke prabhAva se bhAratIya cintaka aura kisI sImA taka kucha jaina aura bauddha cintaka bhI yaha mAnane lage haiM ki jainadharma aura vaidika ( hindu ) dharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiM kintu yaha eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hai| cAhe apane mUla rUpa meM vaidika evaM zramaNa saMskRti pravartaka aura nivartaka dharma-paramparAoM ke rUpa meM bhinna-bhinna rahI hoM kintu Aja na to hindU-paramparA hI usa artha meM pUrNata: vaidika hai aura na hI jaina-bauddha paramparA pUrNataH shrmnn| Aja cAhe hindU dharma ho athavA jaina aura bauddha dharma hoM, ye sabhI apane vartamAna svarUpa meM vaidika aura zramaNa saMskRti ke samanvita rUpa haiN| yaha bAta alaga hai ki unameM pravRtti aura nivRtti meM se koI eka pakSa abhI bhI pramukha hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hama kaha sakate haiM ki jahA~ jaina dharma Aja bhI nivRttipradhAna hai vahA~ hindU dharma pravRtti prdhaan| phira bhI yaha mAnanA ucita hogA ki ye donoM dharma pravRtti aura nivRtti ke samanvaya se hI nirmita hue haiN| hama pUrva meM yaha spaSTa kara cuke haiM ki isa samanvaya kA prathama prayatna hameM IzAvAsyopaniSad meM spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotA hai| ata: Aja jahA~ upaniSadoM ko prAcIna zramaNa-paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai, vahIM jaina aura bauddha paramparA ko bhI aupaniSadika paramparA ke pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| jisa prakAra vAsanA aura viveka, preya aura zreya, paraspara bhinnabhinna hokara bhI mAnava vyaktitva ke hI aMga haiM usI prakAra nivRtti-pradhAna zramaNadhArA aura pravRtti-pradhAna vaidikadhArA donoM bhAratIya saMskRti ke hI aMga haiN| vastuta: koI bhI saMskRti aikAntika nivRtti yA aikAntika pravRtti ke AdhAra para pratiSThita nahIM ho sakatI hai| jaina aura bauddha paramparAe~ bhAratIya saMskRti kA vaise hI abhinna aMga haiM, jaise hinduu-prmpraa| yadi aupaniSadika dhArA ko vaidika dhArA se bhinna hote hue bhI vaidika yA hindU-paramparA kA abhinna aMga mAnA jAtA hai to phira jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ko usakA abhinna aMga kyoM nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| yadi sAMkhya aura mImAMsaka anIzvaravAdI hote hue bhI abhI taka hindU-dharma-darzana ke aMga mAne jAte haiM, to phira jaina va bauddha dharma ko anIzvaravAdI kahakara usase kaise bhinna kiyA jA .

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva sakatA hai ? vastuta: hindU-paramparA koI eka dharma aura darzana na hokara vyApaka paramparA kA nAma hai yA kaheM ki vaha abhinna vaicArika evaM sAdhanAtmaka paramparAoM kA samUha hai| usameM IzvaravAda - anIzvaravAda, dvaitavAda - advaitavAda, pravRtti - nivRtti, jJAna-karma sabhI kucha to samAhita haiN| usameM prakRti-pUjA jaise dharma ke prArambhika lakSaNoM se lekara advaita kI ucca gaharAiyA~ taka sabhI kucha to usameM sanniviSTa haiN| ataH hindU usI artha meM koI eka dharma nahIM hai jaise yahUdI, IsAI yA muslmaan| hindU eka saMzliSTa paramparA hai, eka sAMskRtika dhArA hai jisameM aneka dhArAe~ samAhita haiN| 42 ataH jaina aura bauddha dharma ko hindU paramparA se nitAnta bhinna nahIM mAnA jA sktaa| jaina aura bauddha bhI usI adhyAtma-patha ke anuyAyI haiM, jisake aupaniSadika RSi / unakI vizeSatA yaha hai ki unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ke dalita varga ke utthAna tathA janmanA jAtivAda, karmakANDa va purohitavAda se mukti kA mArga prazasta kiyaa| unhoMne usa dharma kA pratipAdana kiyA jo janasAmAnya kA dharma thA aura jise karmakANDoM kI apekSA naitika sadguNoM para adhiSThita kiyA gayA thaa| unhoMne bhAratIya samAja ko purohita varga ke dhArmika zoSaNa se mukta kiyaa| ve videzI nahIM haiM, isI mATI kI santAna haiM, ve zata-pratizata bhAratIya haiN| jaina, bauddha aura aupaniSadika dhArA kisI eka hI mUla srota ke vikAsa haiM aura Aja unheM usI pariprekSya meM samajhane kI AvazyakatA hai| bhAratIya dharmoM, vizeSarUpa se aupaniSadika, bauddha aura jaina dharmoM kI jisa pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ke adhyayana kI Aja vizeSa AvazyakatA hai, use samajhane meM prAcIna stara ke jaina Agama yathA - AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura uttarAdhyayana Adi hamAre dizA-nirdezaka siddha ho sakate haiN| mujhe vizvAsa hai ki ina granthoM ke adhyayana se bhAratIya vidyA ke adhyetAoM ko eka naI dizA milegI aura yaha mithyA vizvAsa dUra ho jAegA ki jainadharma, bauddhadharma aura hindUdharma paraspara virodhI dharma haiN| AcArAMga meM hameM aise aneka sUtra upalabdha hote haiM jo apane bhAva, zabda - yojanA aura bhASA-zailI kI dRSTi se aupaniSadika sUtroM ke nikaTa haiN| AcArAMga meM AtmA ke svarUpa ke sandarbha meM jo vivaraNa prastuta kiyA gayA hai vaha mANDUkyopaniSad se yathAvat milatA hai| AcArAMga meM zramaNa aura brAhmaNa kA ullekha paraspara pratisparddhiyoM ke rUpa meM nahIM, apitu sahagAmiyoM ke rUpa meM hI milatA hai| cAhe AcArAMga, uttarAdhyayana Adi jainAgama hiMsaka yajJIya karmakANDa kA niSedha karate haiM, kintu ve brAhmaNoM ko bhI usI naitika evaM AdhyAtmika patha kA anugAmI mAnate haiM jisa patha para zramaNa cala rahe the| unakI

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 43 dRSTi meM brAhmaNa vaha hai jo sadAcAra kA jIvanta pratIka hai| usameM aneka sthaloM para zramaNoM aura brAhmaNoM ( samaNA-mAhaNA ) kA sAtha-sAtha ullekha huA hai| isI prakAra sUtrakRtAMga meM yadyapi tatkAlIna dArzanika mAnyatAoM kI samIkSA hai kintu usake sAtha hI usameM aupaniSadika yuga ke aneka RSiyoM yathA - videhanami, bAhuka, asitadevala, dvaipAyana, pArAzara Adi kA samAdarapUrvaka ullekha huA hai| sUtrakRtAMga spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra karatA hai ki ina RSiyoM ke AcAra-niyama usakI AcAra-paramparA se bhinna the, phira bhI vaha unheM apanI arhat paramparA kA hI pUjya puruSa mAnatA hai| vaha unakA mahApuruSa aura tapodhana ke rUpa meM ullekha karatA hai aura yaha mAnatA hai ki unhoMne siddhi arthAt jIvana ke carama sAdhya mokSa ko prApta kara liyA thaa| sUtrakRtAMga kI dRSTi meM ye RSigaNa bhitra AcAra-mArga kA pAlana karate hue bhI usakI apanI hI paramparA ke RSi the| sUtrakRtAMga meM ina RSiyoM ko mahApuruSa, tapodhana evaM siddhi prApta kahanA tathA uttarAdhyayana meM anya liMga siddhoM kA astitva mAnanA yahI sUcita karatA hai ki prAcIna kAla meM jaina paramparA atyanta udAra thI aura vaha mAnatI thI ki mukti kA adhikAra kevala usake AcAra-niyamoM kA pAlana karane vAle ko hI nahIM hai, apita bhinna AcAra-mArga kA pAlana karane vAlA bhI mukti kA adhikArI ho sakatA isI sandarbha meM yahA~ RSibhASita ( isibhAsiyAI ) kA ullekha karanA bhI Avazyaka hai, jo jaina Agama sAhitya kA prAcInatama grantha (I0 pU0 cauthI zatI) hai| jaina paramparA meM isa grantha kA nirmANa usa samaya huA hogA jaba jaina dharma eka sampradAya ke rUpa meM vikasita nahIM huA thaa| isa grantha meM nArada, asitadevala, aMgirasa, pArAzara, aruNa, nArAyaNa, yAjJavalkya, uddAlaka, vidura, sAriputta, mahAkazyapa, maMkhaligozAla, saMjaya ( veliThThiputta ) Adi paiMtAlisa RSiyoM kA ullekha hai aura ina sabhI ko arhat-RSi, buddha-RSi yA brAhmaNa-RSi kahA gayA hai| RSibhASita meM inake AdhyAtmika aura naitika upadezoM kA saMkalana hai| jainaparamparA meM isa grantha kI racanA isa tathya kA spaSTa saMketa hai ki aupaniSadika RSiyoM kI paramparA aura jaina-paramparA kA udgama srota eka hI hai| yaha grantha na kevala jaina dharma kI dhArmika udAratA kA sUcaka hai, apitu yaha bhI batAtA hai ki sabhI bhAratIya AdhyAtmika paramparAoM kA mUla srota eka hI hai| aupaniSadika, bauddha, jaina, AjIvaka, sAMkhya, yoga Adi sabhI usI mUla srota se nikalI huI dhArAe~ haiN| jisa prakAra jaina dharma ke RSibhASita meM vibhinna paramparAoM ke upadeza saMkalita haiM, usI prakAra bauddha paramparA kI theragAthA meM bhI vibhinna paramparAoM ke

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44 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva jina-sthaviroM ke upadeza saMkalita haiN| usameM bhI aneka aupaniSadika evaM anya zramaNa-paramparA ke AcAryoM ke ullekha haiM, jinameM eka vardhamAna ( mahAvIra ) bhI haiN| yaha saba isa tathya kA sUcaka hai ki bhAratIya cintana-dhArA prAcInakAla se hI udAra aura sahiSNu rahI hai aura usakI pratyeka dhArA meM yahI udAratA aura sahiSNutA pravAhita hotI rahI hai| Aja jaba hama sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM meM jakar3akara paraspara saMgharSoM meM ulajha gaye haiM, ina dhArAoM kA tulanAtmaka adhyayana hameM eka nayI dRSTi pradAna kara sakatA hai| yadi bhAratIya sAMskRtika cintana kI ina dhArAoM ko eka dUsare se alaga kara dekhane kA prayatna kiyA jAyagA to hama unheM samyak rUpa se samajhane meM saphala nahIM ho skeNge| uttarAdhyayana, sUtrakRtAMga, RSibhASita aura AcArAMga ko samajhane ke liye aupaniSadika sAhitya kA adhyayana Avazyaka hai| isI prakAra upaniSadoM aura bauddha sAhitya ko bhI jaina paramparA ke adhyayana ke abhAva meM samyak prakAra se nahIM samajhA jA sakatA hai| Aja sAmpradAyika abhinivezoM se Upara uThakara taTastha evaM tulanAtmaka rUpa se satya kA anveSaNa hI eka aisA vikalpa hai jo sAmpradAyika abhiniveza se grasta mAnava ko mukti dilA sakatA hai aura bhAratIya dharmoM kI pArasparika prabhAvazIlatA ko spaSTa kara sakatA hai| jaina dharma kA hindU dharma ko avadAna aupaniSadika kAla yA mahAvIra-yuga kI sabase pramukha samasyA yaha thI ki usa yuga meM aneka paramparAe~ apane ekAMgI dRSTikoNa ko hI pUrNa satya samajhakara paraspara eka-dUsare ke virodha meM khar3I thiiN| usa yuga meM cAra pramukha varga the - 1. kriyAvAdI, 2. akriyAvAdI, 3. vinayavAdI aura 4. ajnyaanvaadii| mahAvIra ne sarvaprathama unameM samanvaya karane kA prayAsa kiyaa| prathama, kriyAvAdI dRSTikoNa AcAra ke bAhya pakSoM para adhika bala detA thaa| vaha karmakANDaparaka thaa| bauddha paramparA meM isa dhAraNA ko zIlavrataparAmarza kahA gayA hai| dUsarA dRSTikoNa akriyAvAda kA thaa| akriyAvAda ke tAttvika AdhAra yA to vibhinna niyativAdI dRSTikoNa the yA AtmA ko kUTastha evaM akartA mAnane kI tAttvika avadhAraNA ke poSaka the| ye paramparAe~ jJAnamArga kI pratipAdaka thiiN| jahA~ kriyAvAda ke anusAra karma yA AcaraNa hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thA, vahA~ akriyAvAda ke anusAra jJAna hI sAdhanA kA sarvasva thaa| kriyAvAda karmamArga kA pratipAdaka thA aura akriyAvAda jJAnamArga kA prtipaadk| karmamArga aura jJAnamArga ke atirikta tIsarI paramparA ajJAnavAdiyoM kI thI jo atIndriya evaM pAralaukika mAnyatAoM ko 'ajJeya' svIkAra karatI thii| isakA darzana rahasyavAda aura sandehavAda ina do rUpoM meM vibhAjita thaa| ina tInoM paramparAoM ke atirikta cauthI paramparA vinayavAda kI thI,

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 45 jise bhaktimArga kA prArambhika rUpa mAnA jAtA hai| vinayavAda bhaktimArga kA hI aparanAma thaa| isa prakAra usa yuga meM jJAnamArga, karmamArga, bhaktimArga aura ajJeyavAda (sandehavAda) kI paramparAe~ alaga-alaga rUpa meM pratiSThita thiiN| mahAvIra ne apane anekAntavAdI dRSTikoNa ke AdhAra inameM samanvaya khojane kA prayAsa kiyaa| sarvaprathama unhoMne samyaka-jJAna, samyaka-darzana aura samyaka-cAritra ke rUpa meM trividha mokSamArga kA eka aisA siddhAnta pratipAdita kiyA jisameM jJAnavAdI, karmavAdI aura bhaktimArgI paramparAoM kA samucita samanvaya thaa| isa prakAra mahAvIra evaM jaina-darzana kA prathama prayAsa jJAnamArgIya, karmamArgIya, vibhinna bhaktimArgI, tApasa Adi ekAMgI dRSTikoNoM ke madhya samanvaya sthApita karanA thaa| yadyapi gItA meM jJAnayoga, karmayoga aura bhaktiyoga kI carcA huI hai, kintu vahA~ inameM se pratyeka ko mokSa-mArga mAna liyA gayA hai| jainadharma ne na kevala vaidika RSiyoM dvArA pratipAdita yajJa-yAga kI paramparA kA virodha kiyA, varan zramaNa-paramparA ke deha-daNDana kI tapasyAtmaka praNAlI kA bhI virodha kiyaa| sambhavataH mahAvIra ke pUrva pArzva ke kAla taka dharma kA sambandha bAhya tathyoM se hI jor3A gayA thaa| yahI kAraNa thA ki jahA~ brAhmaNa-varga yajJa-yAga ke kriyAkANDoM meM dharma kI itizrI mAna letA thA, vahA~ zramaNa-varga bhI vividha prakAra ke deha-daNDana meM hI dharma kI itizrI mAna letA thaa| sambhavataH jaina paramparA ke mahAvIra ke pUrvavartI tIrthaGkara pArzvanAtha ne AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke bAhya pahalU ke sthAna para usake Antarika pahalU para bala diyA thA aura pariNAmasvarUpa zramaNaparamparAoM meM bhI bauddha Adi kucha dharma-paramparAoM ne isa Antarika pahalU para adhika bala denA prArambha kara diyA thaa| lekina mahAvIra ke yuga taka dharma evaM sAdhanA kA yaha bAhyamukhI dRSTikoNa pUrI taraha samApta nahIM ho pAyA thA, varan brAhmaNa paramparA meM to yajJa zraddhAdi ke rUpa meM vaha adhika prasAra pA gayA thaa| dUsarI ora jina vicArakoM ne sAdhanA ke Antarika pakSa para bala denA prArambha kiyA thA, unhoMne usake bAhya pakSa kI pUrI taraha avahelanA karanA prArambha kara diyA thA, pariNAmasvarUpa ve bhI eka ati kI ora jAkara ekAMgI bana ge| ata: mahAvIra ne donoM hI pakSoM meM samanvaya sthApita karane kA prayatna kiyA aura yaha batAyA ki dharma-sAdhanA kA sambandha sampUrNa jIvana se hai| usameM AcaraNa ke bAhya pakSa ke rUpa meM kriyA kA jo sthAna hai, usase bhI adhika sthAna AcaraNa ke Antarika preraka kA hai| isa prakAra unhoMne dhArmika jIvana meM AcaraNa ke preraka aura AcaraNa ke pariNAma donoM para hI bala diyaa| unhoMne jJAna aura kriyA ke bIca samanvaya sthApita kiyaa| narasiMhapurANa (61/9/11 ) meM bhI Avazyaka niyukti ( tIsarI zatI

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46 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 95-97 ) ke samAna hI jJAna aura kriyA ke samanvaya ko aneka rUpakoM se varNita kiyA hai| isase yaha siddha hotA hai ki jaina-paramparA ke isa cintana ne hindUparamparA ko prabhAvita kiyA hai| mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA kA udghoSa usa yuga kI sAmAjika samasyAoM meM varNa-vyavasthA eka mahattvapUrNa samasyA thii| varNa kA AdhAra karma aura svabhAva ko chor3a janma mAna liyA gayA thaa| pariNAmasvarUpa varNa-vyavasthA vikRta ho gayI thI aura U~ca-nIca kA bheda ho gayA thA, jisake kAraNa sAmAjika svAsthya viSamatA ke jvara se AkrAnta thaa| jaina vicAradhArA ne janmanA jAtivAda kA virodha kiyA aura samasta mAnavoM kI samAnatA kA udghoSa kiyaa| eka ora usane harikezI bala jaise nimna kulotpanna ko, to dUsarI ora gautama jaise brAhmaNa kulotpanna sAdhakoM ko apane sAdhanA-mArga meM samAna rUpa se dIkSita kiyaa| kevala jAtigata vibheda hI nahIM varan Arthika vibheda bhI samAnatA kI dRSTi se jaina vicAradhArA ke sAmane koI mUlya nahIM rkhtaa| jahA~ eka ora magadha-samrATa to dUsarI ora puNiyA jaise nirdhana zrAvaka bhI usakI dRSTi meM samAna the| isa prakAra usane jAtigata yA Arthika AdhAra para U~ca-nIca kA bheda asvIkAra kara mAnava mAtra kI samAnatA para bala diyaa| isakA prabhAva hindUdharma para bhI par3A aura usameM bhI guptakAla ke pazcAt bhaktiyuga meM varNa-vyavasthA aura brAhmaNa varga kI zreSThatA kA virodha huaa| vaise to mahAbhArata ke racanAkAla ( lagabhaga cauthI zatI ) se hI yaha prabhAva parilakSita hotA hai| Izvara se mukti aura mAnava kI svatantratA kA udghoSa usa yuga kI dUsarI samasyA yaha thI ki mAnavIya svatantratA kA mUlya logoM kI dRSTi meM kama A~kA jAne lagA thaa| eka ora IzvaravAdI dhAraNAe~ to dUsarI ora kAlavAdI evaM niyativAdI dhAraNAe~ mAnavIya svatantratA ko asvIkAra karane lagI thiiN| jaina-darzana ne isa kaThinAI ko samajhA aura mAnavIya svatantratA kI punaH prANa-pratiSThA kii| usane yaha udghoSa kiyA ki na to Izvara aura na anya zaktiyA~ mAnava kI nirdhAraka haiM, varan manuSya svayaM hI apanA nirmAtA hai| isa prakAra usane manuSya ko IzvaravAda kI usa dhAraNA se mukti dilAI jo mAnavIya svatantratA kA apaharaNa kara rahI thI aura yaha pratipAdita kiyA ki mAnavIya svatantratA meM niSThA hI dharma-darzana kA saccA AdhAra bana sakatI hai| jainoM kI isa avadhAraNA kA prabhAva hindUdharma para utanA adhika nahIM par3A, jitanA apekSita thaa| phira bhI IzvaravAda kI svIkRti ke sAtha-sAtha mAnava kI zreSThatA ke svara to mukharita hue hI the|

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva rUr3hivAda se mukti . jaina dharma ne rUr3hivAda se bhI mAnava-jAti ko mukta kiyaa| usane usa yuga kI aneka rUr3hiyoM jaise - pazu-yajJa, zrAddha, purohitavAda Adi se mAnava-samAja ko mukta karane kA prayAsa kiyA thA aura isaliye ina sabakA khulA virodha bhI kiyaa| brAhmaNa-varga ne apane ko Izvara kA pratinidhi batAkara sAmAjika zoSaNa kA jo silasilA prArambha kiyA thA, use samApta karane ke liye jaina evaM bauddha paramparAoM ne prayAsa kiyaa| jaina aura bauddha AcAryoM ne sabase mahattvapUrNa kAma yaha kiyA ki unhoMne yajJAdi pratyayoM ko naI paribhASAe~ pradAna kii| yahA~ jainadharma ke dvArA prastuta brAhmaNa, yajJa Adi kI kucha naI paribhASAe~ dI jA rahI haiN| brAhmaNa kA nayA artha jaina-paramparA ne sadAcaraNa ko hI mAnavIya jIvana meM uccatA aura nimnatA kA pratimAna mAnA aura use hI brAhmaNatva kA AdhAra btaayaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra ke paccIsaveM adhyAya evaM dhammapada ke brAhmaNa varga nAmaka adhyAya meM saccA brAhmaNa kauna hai, isakA savistAra vivecana upalabdha hai| vistAra bhaya se usakI samagra carcA meM na jAkara kevala eka do padyoM ko prastuta kara hI virAma leNge| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM batAyA gayA hai ki 'jo jala meM utpanna hue kamala ke samAna bhogoM meM utpanna hote hue bhI bhogoM meM lipta nahIM rahatA, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai| jo rAga, dveSa aura bhaya se mukta hokara antara meM vizuddha hai, vahI saccA brAhmaNa hai| dhammapada meM bhI kahA hai ki jaise kamalapatra pAnI se alipta hotA hai, jaise Are kI noka para sarasoM kA dAnA hotA hai, vaise hI jo kAmoM meM lipta nahIM hotA, jisane apane duHkhoM ke kSaya ko yahIM para dekha liyA hai, jisane janma-maraNa ke bhAra ko utAra diyA hai, jo sarvathA anAsakta haiM, jo medhAvI haiM, sthitaprajJa haiM, jo sanmArga tathA kumArga ko jAnane meM kuzala haiM aura jo nirvANa kI uttama sthiti ko paha~ca cuke haiM - unheM hI maiM brAhmaNa kahatA huuN| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki jaina evaM bauddha donoM paramparAoM ne hI brAhmaNatva kI zreSThatA ko svIkAra karate hue bhI brAhmaNa kI eka naI paribhASA prastuta kI jo zramaNa paramparA ke anukUla thii| phalata: na kevala jaina paramparA evaM bauddha paramparA meM, varan hindu paramparA ke mahAn grantha mahAbhArata meM bhI brAhmaNatva kI yahI paribhASA dI gaI hai| jaina paramparA ke uttarAdhyayanasUtra, bauddha paramparA ke dhammapada aura mahAbhArata ke zAntiparva meM sacce brAhmaNa ke svarUpa kA jo vivaraNa milatA hai, vaha na kevala vaicArika sAmyatA rakhatA hai, varan usameM zAbdika sAmyatA bhI bahuta adhika hai, jo ki tulanAtmaka adhyayana kI dRSTi se bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai aura ina paramparAoM ke pArasparika prabhAva ko spaSTa karatA hai|

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48 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva yajJa kA nayA artha jisa prakAra brAhmaNa kI naI paribhASA prastuta kI gaI usI prakAra yajJa ko bhI eka nae artha meM paribhASita kiyA gyaa| mahAvIra ne na kevala hiMsaka yajJoM ke virodha meM apanA mantavya prastuta kiyA, varan unhoMne yajJa kI AdhyAtmika evaM tapasyAparaka naI paribhASA bhI prastuta kii| uttarAdhyayana meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA savistAra vivecana hai| batAyA gayA hai ki "tapa agni hai; jIvAtmA agnikuNDa hai; mana, vacana aura kAyA kI pravRttiyA~ hI kalachI ( cammaca ) haiM aura karmoM ( pApoM ) kA naSTa karanA hI Ahuti hai; yahI yajJa saMyama se yukta hone se zAntidAyaka aura sukhakAraka hai| RSiyoM ne aise hI yajJa kI prazaMsA kI hai|''3 phalataH kevala jaina-paramparA meM varan bauddha aura vaidika paramparAoM meM bhI yajJa-yAga ke bAhya pakSa kA khaNDana aura usake AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA citraNa upalabdha hotA hai| baddha ne bhI AdhyAtmika yajJa ke svarUpa kA citraNa lagabhaga usI rUpa meM kiyA hai jisa rUpa meM usakA vivecana uttarAdhyayana sUtra meM kiyA gayA hai| aMguttaranikAya meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA varNana karate hue buddha kahate haiM ki he brAhmaNa, ye tIna agniyA~ tyAga karane, parivarjana karane ke yogya haiM, inakA sevana nahIM karanA caahiye| ve kauna sI haiM? kAmAgni, dveSAgni aura mohaagni| jo manuSya kAmAbhibhUta hotA hai vaha kAyA-vAcA-manasA kukarma karatA hai aura usake maraNottara durgati pAtA hai| isI prakAra dveSa evaM moha se abhibhUta bhI kAyA-vAcA-manasA kukarma karake durgati ko pAtA hai| isaliye ye tIna agniyA~ tyAga karane aura parivartana ke yogya haiM, unakA sevana nahIM karanA caahiye| he brAhmaNa, ina tIna agniyoM kA satkAra kareM, inheM sammAna pradAna kareM, inakI pUjA aura paricaryA bhalIbhA~ti sukha se kreN| ye agniyA~ kauna sI haiM, AhvAnIyAgni ( Ahanehayyaggi ), gArhapatyAgni ( gahapattaggi ) aura dakSiNAgni ( dakkhiNAyyaggi ) / mA~-bApa ko AhvAnIyAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkAra se unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| patnI aura bacce, dAsa tathA karmakAra ko gArhapatyAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura AdarzapUrvaka unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| zramaNa-brAhmaNoM ko dakSiNAgni samajhanA cAhiye aura satkArapUrvaka unakI pUjA karanI caahiye| he brAhmaNa, yaha lakar3iyoM kI agni to kabhI jalAnI par3atI hai, kabhI upekSA karanI par3atI hai aura kabhI use bujhAnA par3atA hai, kintu ye agniyA~ to sadaiva aura sarvatra pUjanIya haiN| isI prakAra buddha ne bhI hiMsaka yajJoM ke sthAna para yajJa ke AdhyAtmika evaM sAmAjika svarUpa ko prakaTa kiyaa| itanA hI nahIM, unhoMne sacce yajJa kA artha sAmAjika jIvana meM sahayoga karanA btaayaa| zramaNadhArA ke isa dRSTikoNa ke samAna hI upaniSadoM evaM gItA meM bhI yajJa-yAga kI nindA

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva kI gayI hai aura yajJa kI sAmAjika evaM AdhyAtmika dRSTi se vivecanA kI gaI hai| sAmAjika sandarbha meM yajJa kA artha samAja-sevA mAnA gayA hai| niSkAmabhAva se samAja kI sevA karanA gItA meM yajJa kA sAmAjika pahalU thaa| dUsarI ora gItA meM yajJa ke AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA vivecana bhI kiyA gayA hai| gItAkAra kahatA hai ki yogIjana saMyamarUpa agnirUpa agni meM zrotrAdi indriyoM kA havana karate haiM yA indriyoM ke viSayoM kA indriyoM meM havana karate haiN| dUsare kucha sAdhaka indriyoM ke sampUrNa karmoM ko aura zarIra ke bhItara rahane vAlA vAyu jo prANa kahalAtA hai, usake 'saMkucita hone', 'phailane' Adi karmoM ko jJAna se prakAzita huI Atma-saMyamarUpa yogAgni meM havana karate haiN| AtmaviSayaka saMyama kA nAma Atma-saMyama hai, vahI yahA~ yogAgni hai| ghRtAdi cikanI vastu prajvalita huI agni kI bhA~ti viveka-vijJAna se ujjvalatA ko prApta huI ( dhAraNA-dhyAna samAdhi rUpa ) usa Atma-saMyama-yogAgni meM ( prANa aura indriyoM ke karmoM ko ) vilIna kara dete haiN| isa prakAra jainadharma meM yajJa ke jisa AdhyAtmika svarUpa kA pratipAdana kiyA gayA hai, usakA anumodana bauddha paramparA aura vaidika paramparA meM huA hai| yahI zramaNa-paramparA kA hindU-paramparA ko mukhya avadAna thaa| snAna Adi ke prati nayA daSTikoNa jaina vicArakoM ne anya naitikatA sambandhI vicAroM ko bhI naI daSTi pradAna kii| bAhya zauca yA snAna, jo ki usa samaya dharma aura naitika jIvana kA eka mukhya rUpa mAna liyA gayA thA, ko bhI eka nayA AdhyAtmika svarUpa pradAna kiyA gyaa| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki dharma jalAzaya hai aura brahmacarya ghATa ( tIrtha ) hai, usameM snAna karane se AtmA zAnta, nirmala aura zuddha ho jAtI hai| isI prakAra bauddha-darzana meM bhI sacce snAna kA artha mana, vANI aura kAyA se sadguNoM kA sampAdana mAnA gayA hai| na kevala jaina aura bauddha paramparA meM varan vaidika paramparA meM bhI yaha vicAra prabala ho gayA ki yathArtha zuddhi AtmA ke sadguNoM ke vikAsa meM nihita hai| isa prakAra zramaNoM ke isa cintana kA prabhAva vaidika yA hindU paramparA para bhI huaa| isI prakAra brAhmaNoM ko dI jAne vAlI dakSiNA ke prati eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI gaI aura yaha batAyA gayA ki dAna kI apekSA, saMyama hI zreSTha hai| uttarAdhyayanasUtra meM kahA gayA hai ki prati mAsa sahasroM gAyoM kA dAna karane kI apekSA bhI jo bAhya rUpa se dAna nahIM karatA, varan saMyama kA pAlana karatA hai, usa vyakti kA saMyama hI adhika zreSTha hai| dhammapada meM bhI kahA gayA hai ki eka tarapha manuSya yadi varSoM taka hajAroM kI dakSiNA dekara prati mAsa yajJa karatA jAya aura

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50 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva dUsarI tarapha yadi vaha puNyAtmA kI kSaNa bhara bhI sevA kare to yaha sevA kahIM uttama hai, na ki sau varSoM taka kiyA huA yjny|' isa prakAra jainadharma ne tatkAlIna karmakANDI mAnyatAoM ko eka naI dRSTi pradAna kI aura unheM AdhyAtmika svarUpa diyA, sAtha hI dharma-sAdhanA kA jo bahirmukhI dRSTikoNa thA use AdhyAtmika saMsparza dvArA antarmukhI bnaayaa| isase usa yuga ke vaidika cintana meM eka krAntikArI parivartana upasthita huaa| isa prakAra vaidika saMskRti ko rUpAntarita karane kA zreya sAmAnya rUpa se zramaNa-paramparA ke aura vizeSa rUpa se jaina-paramparA ko hai| karmakANDa aura AdhyAtmika sAdhanAe~ pratyeka dharma ke anivArya aMga haiN| karmakANDa usakA zarIra hai aura AdhyAtmikatA usakA praann| bhAratIya dharmoM meM prAcIna kAla se hI hameM ye donoM prakAra kI pravRttiyA~ spaSTa rUpa se dRSTigocara hotI haiN| jahA~ prArambhika vaidika-paramparA dharma-karma-kANDAtmaka adhika rahI hai, vahA~ prAcIna zramaNa-paramparAe~ sAdhanAtmaka adhika rahI haiN| phira bhI ina donoM pravRttiyoM ko eka dUsare se pUrNatayA pRthak rakha pAnA kaThina hai| zramaNa-paramparA meM AdhyAtmika aura dhArmika sAdhanA ke jo vidhi-vidhAna bane the, ve bhI dhIre-dhIre karmakANDa ke rUpa meM hI vikasita hote gye| aneka Antarika evaM bAhya sAkSyoM se yaha sunizcita ho jAtA hai ki inameM adhikAMza karmakANDa vaidika yA brAhmaNa paramparA athavA dUsarI anya paramparAoM ke prabhAva se Aye haiN| jaina-paramparA mUlata: zramaNa-paramparA kA hI eka aMga hai aura isaliye yaha apane prArambhika rUpa meM karmakANDa kI virodhI evaM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA pradhAna rahI hai| mAtra yahI nahIM uttarAdhyayana jaise prAcIna jaina-granthoM meM snAna, havana, yajJa Adi karmakANDoM kA virodha bhI parilakSita hotA hai| jaisA hama pUrva meM batA cuke haiM ki uttarAdhyayanasUtra kI yaha vizeSatA hai ki usane dharma ke nAma para kiye jAne vAle ina karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ko eka AdhyAtmika rUpa pradAna kiyA thaa| tatkAlIna brAhmaNa varga ne yajJa, zrAddha aura tarpaNa ke nAma para karmakANDoM evaM anuSThAnoM ke mAdhyama se sAmAjika zoSaNa kI jo prakriyA prArambha kI thI, jaina aura bauddha paramparAoM ne usakA khulA virodha kiyA thaa| vastutaH vaidika karmakANDa kI virodhI janajAtiyoM evaM bhaktimArgI paramparA meM dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM pUjA-vidhi kA vikAsa huA, to zramaNaparamparA meM tapasyA aura dhyAna kA / jaina samAja meM yakSapUjA ke prAcInatama ullekha jainAgamoM meM upalabdha haiN| janasAdhAraNa meM pracalita bhaktimArgI dhArA kA prabhAva jaina

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva aura bauddha dharmoM para bhI par3A aura unameM tapa, saMyama evaM dhyAna ke sAtha-sAtha jina evaM buddha kI pUjA kI bhAvanA vikasita huii| pariNAmata: prathama stUpa, caitya Adi ke rUpa meM pratIka pUjA prArambha huI phira siddhAyatana ( jina mandira ) Adi bane aura buddha evaM jina pratimA kI pUjA hone lagI, pariNAmasvarUpa jina-pUjA, dAna, Adi ko gRhastha kA mukhya kartavya mAnA gyaa| digambara paramparA meM to gRhastha ke liye prAcIna SaDAvazyakoM ke sthAna para SaT dainika kRtyoM jinapUjA, gurusevA, svAdhyAya, tapa, saMyama evaM dAna kI kalpanA kI gyii| hameM AcArAMga, sUtrakRtAMga, uttarAdhyayana, bhagavatI Adi prAcIna AgamoM meM jinapUjA kI vidhi kA spaSTa ullekha nahIM milatA hai| inakI apekSA paravartI AgamoM - sthAnAMga Adi meM jinapratimA evaM jinamandira ( siddhAyatana ) ke ullekha haiM, kintu unameM pUjA sambandhI kisI anuSThAna kI carcA nahIM hai| jabaki rAjapraznIya meM sUryAbhadeva aura jJAtAdharmakathA meM draupadI ke dvArA jinapratimAoM ke pUjana ke ullekha haiN| yaha saba bRhad hindU paramparA kA jainadharma para prabhAva hai| - Adv dravyapUjA ke sambandha meM rAjapraznIya meM varNita sUryAbhadeva dvArA kI jAne vAlI pUjA-vidhi Aja bhI usI rUpa meM pracalita hai| usameM pratimA ke pramArjana, snAna, aMga-procchana, gaMdha-vilepana, gaMdha- mAlya, vastra Adi ke arpaNa ke ullekha haiM, kintu rAjapraznIya meM ullikhita yaha pUjAvidhi bhI jaina- paramparA meM ekadama vikasita nahIM huI hai| stavana se caityavandana aura caityavandana se puSpa - arcA prArambha huI hogii| yaha bhI sambhava hai ki jinamandiroM aura jinabimboM ke nirmANa ke sAtha puSpapUjA pracalita huI hogii| phira kramazaH pUjA kI sAmagrI meM vRddhi hotI gaI aura aSTadravyoM se pUjA hone lgii| DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI ke zabdoM meM "pUjanasAmagrI ke vikAsa kI eka sunizcita paramparA hameM jaina vAGmaya meM upalabdha hotI hai| Arambha meM pUjana vidhi kevala puSpoM ke dvArA sampanna kI jAtI thI, phira kramazaH dhUpa, candana aura naivedya Adi pUjA dravyoM kA vikAsa huaa| padmapurANa, harivaMzapurANa evaM jaTAsiMhanandi ke varAMgacarita meM hamAre ukta kathana kA samyak samarthana hotA hai / varAMgacarita meM rAjA zrIkaNTha kahatA hai ki maiMne nAnA prakAra ke puSpa, dhUpa aura manohArI gandha se bhagavAn kI pUjA karane kA saMkalpa kiyA thA, para vaha pUjA na ho skii| 51 -- padmapurANa meM ullekha hai ki rAvaNa snAna kara dhautavastra pahana, svarNa aura ratnanirmita jinabimboM kI nadI ke taTa para pUjA karane lagA, kintu usake dvArA prayukta pUjA sAmagrI meM dhUpa, candana, puSpa aura naivedya kA hI ullekha AyA hai, anya dravyoM kA nhiiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki pracalita aSTadravyoM dvArA pUjana karane kI prathA

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52 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva digambara paramparA meM zvetAmbaroM kI apekSA kucha samaya ke pazcAt hI pracalita huI hogii| sarvaprathama harivaMzaparANa meM jinasena ne jala, candana, akSata, puSpa, dhUpa, dIpa aura naivedya kA ullekha kiyA hai| isa ullekha meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA krama yathAvat nahIM aura na jala kA pRthak nirdeza hI hai| smaraNa rahe ki pratimA-prakSAlana kI prakriyA kA agrima vikAsa abhiSeka hai, jo apekSAkRta aura bhI paravartI hai| padmapurANa, padmanandikRta paMcaviMzati, AdipurANa, harivaMzaparANa, vasunandi zrAvakAcAra Adi granthoM se aSTadravyoM kA phalAdeza bhI jJAta hotA hai| yaha mAnA gayA hai ki aSTadravyoM dvArA pUjana karane se aihika aura pAralaukika abhyadayoM kI prApti hotI hai| bhAvasaMgraha meM bhI aSTadravyoM kA pRthak-pRthak phalAdeza batAyA gayA hai| DaoN0 nemicandra zAstrI dvArA prastuta yaha vivaraNa hindU-paramparA ke prabhAva se digambara paramparA meM pUjA-dravyoM ke kramika vikAsa ko spaSTa kara detA hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM hinduoM kI paMcopacArI pUjA se aSTaprakArI pUjA aura usI se satraha bhedI pUjA vikasita huii| yaha sarvopacArI yA satraha bhedI pUjA vaiSNavoM kI SoDazopacArI pUjA kA hI rUpa hai aura bahuta kucha rUpa meM isakA ullekha rAjapraznIya meM upalabdha hai| isa samagra carcA meM hameM aisA lagatA hai ki jaina-paramparA meM sarvaprathama dhArmika anuSThAna ke rUpa meM SaDAvazyakoM kA vikAsa huaa| unhIM SaDAvazyakoM meM stavana yA guNa-stuti kA sthAna yA usI se Age calakara bhAvapUjA pracalita huI aura phira dravyapUjA kI kalpanA sAmane AI, kintu dravyapUjA kA vidhAna kevala zrAvakoM ke liye huaa| tatpazcAt zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM paramparAoM meM jinapUjA-sambandhI jaTila vidhi-vidhAnoM ko jo vistAra huA, vaha saba brAhmaNaparamparA kA prabhAva thaa| Age calakara jinamandira ke nirmANa evaM jinabimboM kI pratiSThA ke sambandha meM hinduoM kA anusaraNa karake aneka prakAra ke vidhi-vidhAna bne| paM0 phUlacaMdajI siddhAntazAstrI ne "jJAnapITha pUjAMjali' kI bhUmikA meM aura DaoN0 nemicaMdajI zAstrI ne, apane eka lekha 'puSpakarma-devapUjA : vikAsa evaM vidhi' jo unakI pustaka "bhAratIya saMskRti ke vikAsa meM jaina vAGmaya kA avadAna' ( prathama khaNDa ), pR0 379 para prakAzita hai, meM isa bAta ko spaSTa rUpa se svIkAra kiyA hai ki jaina-paramparA meM pUjA-dravyoM kA kramaza: vikAsa huA hai| yadyapi puSpapUjA prAcInakAla se hI pracalita hai phira bhI yaha jaina-paramparA ke Atyantika ahiMsA siddhAnta se mela nahIM khAtI hai| eka ora to pUjA-vidhAna kA

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__ jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva pATha jisameM hone vAlI ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prAyazcitta ho aura dUsarI ora puSpa, jo svayaM ekendriya jIva haiM, unheM jina-pratimA ko samarpita karanA kahA~ taka saMgatipUrNa ho sakatA hai| vaha prAyazcitta pATha nimnalikhita hai - IyApathe pracalatAdya mayA prabhAdAt, ekendriyapramukhajIvanikAyabAdhA / nidvartitA yadi bhaveva yugAntarekSA, mithyA tadastu duritaM gurubhaktito me / / smaraNIya hai ki zvetAmbara paramparA meM caityavandana meM bhI 'iriyAvihi virAhanAye' nAmaka pATha kiyA jAtA hai, jisakA tAtparya hai 'maiM caityavandana ke liye jAne meM huI ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA prAyazcitta karatA huuN'| dUsarI ora pUjAvidhAnoM meM evaM homoM meM pRthvI, vAyu, apa, agni aura vanaspatikAyika ekendriya jIvoM kI hiMsA kA vidhAna, eka Antarika asaMgati to hai hii| sambhavata: hindUdharma ke prabhAva se IsA kI chaThI-sAtavIM zatAbdI taka jainadharma meM pUjA-pratiSThA sambandhI aneka karmakANDoM kA praveza ho gayA thaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki AThavIM zatI meM haribhadra ko inameM se aneka kA muniyoM ke liye niSedha karanA pdd'aa| haribhadra ne sambodhaprakaraNa meM caityoM meM nivAsa, jinapratimA kI dravyapUjA, jinapratimA ke samakSa nRtya, gAna, nATaka Adi kA jainamuni ke liye niSedha kiyA hai|" ___ sAmAnyata: jaina-paramparA meM tapapradhAna anuSThAnoM kA sambandha karmamala ko dUrakara manuSya ke AdhyAtmika guNoM kA vikAsa aura pAzavika AvegoM kA niyantraNa rahA hai| jinabhakti aura jinapUjA sambandhI anuSThAnoM kA uddezya bhI laukika upalabdhiyoM evaM vighna-bAdhAoM kA upazamana na hokara vyakti kA apanA AdhyAtmika vikAsa hI hai| jaina sAdhaka spaSTa rUpa se isa bAta ko dRSTi meM rakhatA hai ki prabhu kI pUjA aura stuti kevala bhakta ke sva-svarUpa yA jinaguNoM kI upalabdhi ke liye hai| jaina paramparA kA udghoSa hai ---- 'vande tadguNa labdhaye' arthAt jinadeva kI evaM hamArI AtmA tattvata: samAna hai, ataH vItarAga ke guNoM kI upalabdhi kA artha hai svarUpa kI uplbdhi| isa prakAra jaina anuSThAna mUlata: Atmavizuddhi aura svarUpa kI upalabdhi ke liye hai| jaina anuSThAnoM meM jina gAthAoM yA mantroM kA pATha kiyA jAtA hai, unameM bhI adhikAMzata: to pUjanIya ke svarUpa kA hI bodha karAte haiM athavA AtmA ke liye patanakArI pravRttiyoM kA anusmaraNa karAkara unase mukta hone kI preraNA dete haiN|

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54 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva yadyapi jaina anuSThAnoM kI mUla prakRti adhyAtmaparaka hai, kintu manuSya kI yaha eka svAbhAvika kamajorI hai ki vaha dharma ke mAdhyama se bhautika sukhasuvidhAoM kI upalabdhi cAhatA hai, sAtha hI unakI upalabdhi meM bAdhaka zaktiyoM ke nivartana ke liye bhI dharma se hI apekSA rakhatA hai| vaha dharma ko iSTa kI prApti aura aniSTa ke zamana kA sAdhana mAnatA hai| manuSya kI isa svAbhAvika pravRtti kA yaha pariNAma haA ki hindU dharma ke prabhAva se jaina paramparA meM bhI anuSThAnoM kA AdhyAtmika svarUpa pUrNatayA sthira na raha sakA, usameM vikRti aayii| satya to yaha hai ki jainadharma kA anuyAyI Akhira vahI manuSya hai, jo bhautika jIvana meM sukha-samRddhi kI kAmanA se mukta nahIM hai| ata: jaina AcAryoM ke liye yaha Avazyaka ho gayA ki ve apane upAsakoM kI jainadharma meM zraddhA banAye rakhane ke liye jainadharma ke sAtha kacha aise anaSThAnoM ko bhI jor3eM jo apane upAsakoM ke bhautika kalyANa meM sahAyaka ho| nivRttipradhAna, adhyAtmavAdI evaM karmasiddhAnta meM aTala vizvAsa rakhane vAle jainadharma ke liye yaha nyAyasaMgata to nahIM thA phira bhI yaha eka aitihAsika satya hai ki usameM yaha pravRtti vikasita huI hai| jainadharma kA tIrthaGkara vyakti ke bhautika kalyANa meM sAdhaka yA bAdhaka nahIM ho sakatA hai, ata: jaina anuSThAnoM meM jinapUjA ke yakSa-yakSiyoM ke rUpa meM zAsanadevatA tathA devI kI kalpanA vikasita huI aura yaha mAnA jAne lagA ki tIrthaGkara kI athavA apanI upAsanA se zAsanadevatA ( yakSa-yakSI ) prasanna hokara upAsaka kA kalyANa karate haiN| zAsanarakSaka devI-devatAoM ke rUpa meM sarasvatI, lakSmI, agnikA, padmAvatI, cakrezvarI, kAlI Adi aneka deviyoM tathA maNibhadra, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, pArzvayakSa Adi yakSoM, dikyAloM evaM aneka kSetrapAloM (bhairavoM) ko jaina-paramparA meM sthAna milaa| ina sabakI pUjA ke liye jainoM ne vibhitra anuSThAnoM ko kiMcit parivartana ke sAtha vaidika paramparA se grahaNa kara liyaa| bhairava padmAvatIkalpa Adi granthoM se isakI puSTi hotI hai| jaina-pUjA aura pratiSThA kI vidhi meM vaidika paramparA ke aneka aise tatva bhI jur3a gaye jo jaina-paramparA ke mUlabhUta mantavyoM se bhinna haiN| hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina-paramparA meM cakrezvarI, padmAvatI, ambikA, ghaNTAkarNa mahAvIra, mAkor3A bhairava, bhomiyAjI, dikpAla, kSetrapAla Adi kI upAsanA pramukha hotI jA rahI hai| jainadharma meM pUjA aura upAsanA kA yaha dUsarA pakSa jo hamAre sAmane AyA, vaha mUlataH vaidika yA brAhmaNa-paramparA kA prabhAva hI hai| jinapUjA evaM anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM aneka aise mantra milate haiM, jinheM brAhmaNa-paramparA ke tatsambandhI mantroM kA mAtra jainIkaraNa kahA jA sakatA hai| udAharaNa ke rUpa meM jisa prakAra brAhmaNa-paramparA meM iSTa devatA kI pUjA ke samaya

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva usakA AhvAna aura visarjana kiyA jAtA hai, usI prakAra jaina paramparA meM bhI pUjA ke samaya jina ke AhvAna aura visarjana ke mantra bole jAte haiN| yathA - OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra avatara avatara sNvosstt| OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra tiSTha tiSTha ThaH tthH| OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin atra mama sannihato bhavabhava vsstt| OM hrIM NamoM siddhANaM siddhaparameSThin svasthAnaM gaccha gaccha ja: ja: jaH / ye mantra jainadarzana kI mUlabhUta mAnyatAoM ke pratikUla haiN| kyoMki jahA~ brAhmaNa-paramparA kA yaha vizvAsa hai ki AhvAna karane para devatA Ate haiM aura visarjana karane para cale jAte haiN| vahA~ jaina-paramparA meM siddhAvasthA ko prApta tIrthaGkara na to AhvAna karane para upasthita ho sakate haiM aura na visarjana karane para jA hI sakate haiN| paM0 phUlacandajI ne "jJAnapITha pUjAMjali' kI bhUmikA meM vistAra se isakI carcA kI hai tathA AhvAna evaM visarjana sambandhI jaina mantroM kI brAhmaNa mantroM se samAnatA bhI dikhAI hai| tulanA kIjiye - AvAhanaM naiva jAnAmi naiva jAnAmi pUjanam / visarjanaM na jAnAmi kSamasva paramezvara / / 1 / / mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM dravyahInaM tathaiva ca / tatsarvaM kSamyatAM deva rakSa rakSa jinezvara / / 2 / / - visarjanapATha isake sthAna meM brAhmaNadharma meM ye zloka ulabdha hote haiM - AvAhanaM na jAnAmi na jAnAmi visarjanam / pUjanaM naiva jAnAmi kSamasva paramezvara / / 1 / / mantrahInaM kriyAhInaM bhaktihInaM janArdana / yatpUjitaM mayA deva paripUrNa tadastu me / / 2 / / isI prakAra paMcopacArapucA, aSTadravyapajA, yajJa kA vidhAna, vinAyakayantra sthApanA, yajJopavItadhAraNa Adi bhI jaina-paramparA ke anukUla nahIM haiN| kintu jaba paurANika dharma kA prabhAva bar3hane lagA, to paMcopacArapUjA Adi vidhiyoM kA praveza haa| dasavIM zatI ke anantara ina vidhiyoM ko itanA mahattva prApta huA, jisase pUrva pracalita vidhi gauNa ho gyii| pratimA ke samakSa rahane para bhI AhvAna, sanidhikaraNa, pUjana aura visarjana kramaza: paMcakalyANakoM kI smRti ke liye vyavahata hone lge| pUjA ko vaiyAvRtya kA aMga mAnA jAne lagA tathA eka prakAra se ise 'AhAradAna' ke tulya mahattva prApta huaa| isa prakAra pUjA ke samaya

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56 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva sAmAyika yA dhyAna kI mUla bhAvanA meM parivartana huA aura pUjA ko atithi saMvibhAga vrata kA aMga mAna liyA gyaa| yaha sabhI brAhmaNa paramparA kI anukRti hI haiM, yadyapi isa sambandha meM bole jAne vAle mantroM ko nizcaya hI jaina rUpa de diyA gayA hai| jisa paramparA meM eka varga aisA ho jo tIrthaGkara ke kavalAhAra kA bhI niSedha karatA ho vahI tIrthaGkara kI sevA meM naivedya arpita kare yaha kyA siddhAnta kI viDambanA nahIM kahI jAyegI? jaina-paramparA ne pUjA-vidhAna ke atirikta saMskAra vidhi meM bhI hindU-paramparA kA anusaraNa kiyA hai| sarvaprathama AcArya jinasena ne AdipurANa meM hindU saMskAroM ko jaina dRSTi se saMzodhita karake jainoM ke liye bhI eka pUrI saMskAra-vidhi taiyAra kI hai| sAmAnyatayA hinduoM meM jo solaha saMskAroM kI paramparA hai, usameM nivRttimUlaka paramparA kI dRSTi se dIkSA ( saMnyAsagrahaNa ) Adi kucha saMskAroM kI vRddhi karake yaha saMskAra-vidhi taiyAra kI gayI hai| isameM garbhAnvaya kriyA, dIkSAnvaya kriyA aura kriyAnvaya kriyA aise tIna vibhAga kiye gae haiN| inameM garbha se lekara nirvANa paryanta kriyAe~ batAI gaI haiN| yaha spaSTa hai ki digambara paramparA meM jo saMskAra-vidhi pracalita huI vaha bRhad hindU-paramparA se prabhAvita hai| zvetAmbara paramparA meM kisI saMskAra-vidhi kA ullekha nahIM milatA hai, kintu vyavahAra meM ve bhI hindU-paramparA meM pracalita saMskAroM ko yathAvat rUpa meM apanAte haiN| unameM Aja bhI vivAhAdi saMskAra hindU paramparAnusAra hI brAhmaNa paNDita ke dvArA sampanna karAe jAte haiN| ata spaSTa hai ki vivAhAdi saMskAroM ke sambandha meM bhI jaina paramparA para hindU paramparA kA spaSTa prabhAva hai| vastuta: mandira evaM jinabimba-pratiSThA Adi se sambandhita adhikAMza anuSThAna brAhmaNa paramparA kI dena haiM aura usakI mUlabhUta prakRti kahe jA sakate haiN| kisI bhI paramparA ke liye apanI sahavartI paramparA se pUrNatayA aprabhAvita raha pAnA kaThina hai aura isaliye yaha svAbhAvika hI thA ki jaina-paramparA kI anuSThAna vidhiyoM meM brAhmaNa paramparA kA prabhAva aayaa| . hinda varNa evaM jAti vyavasthA kA jainadharma para prabhAva mUlata: zramaNa-paramparA aura jainadharma varNa-vyavasthA ke viruddha khar3e hae the kintu kAlakrama meM bRhat hindU samAja ke prabhAva se usameM bhI varNa evaM jAti sambandhI avadhAraNAe~ praviSTa ho giiN| jaina paramparA meM jAti aura varNa-vyavasthA ke udbhava evaM aitihAsika vikAsa kA vivaraNa sarvaprathama AcArAMganiyukti ( lagabhaga IsvI san tIsarI zatI ) meM prApta hotA hai| usake anusAra prArambha meM manuSya jAti eka hI thii| RSabha ke dvArA rAjya-vyavasthA kA prArambha hone para usake do vibhAga ho gaye -- 1. zAsaka ( svAmI ) evaM 2. zAsita ( sevaka ) / usake pazcAt

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva zilpa aura vANijya ke vikAsa ke sAtha usake tIna vibhAga hue 1. kSatriya ( zAsaka ), 2. vaizya ( kRSaka aura vyavasAyI ) aura 3. zUdra ( sevaka ) / usake pazcAt zrAvaka-dharma kI sthApanA hone para ahiMsaka, sadAcArI aura dharmaniSTha vyaktiyoM ko brAhmaNa ( mAhaNa ) kahA gyaa| isa prakAra kramaza: cAra varNa astitva meM aae| ina cAra varNoM ke strI-puruSoM ke samavarNIya anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyogoM se solaha varNa bane, jinameM sAta varNa aura nau antara varNa khlaae| sAta varNa meM samavarNIya strI-puruSa ke saMyoga se cAra mUla varNa tathA brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatriya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, kSatriya puruSa evaM vaizya strI ke saMyoga se utpanna aura vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra strI ke saMyoga se utpanna, aise anuloma saMyoga se utpanna tIna varNa / AcArAMgacUrNi ( IsA kI 7vIM zatI) meM ise spaSTa karate hue batAyA gayA hai ki "brAhmaNa puruSa evaM kSatrANI ke saMyoga se jo santAna utpanna hotI hai vaha uttama kSatriya, zuddha kSatriya yA saMkara kSatriya kahI jAtI hai, yaha pA~cavA~ varNa hai| isI prakAra kSatriya puruSa aura vaizya strI se utpanna santAna uttama vaizya, zuddha vaizya yA saMkara vaizya kahI jAtI hai, yaha chaThA~ varNa hai tathA vaizya puruSa evaM zUdra- strI ke saMyoga se utpanna santAna zuddha zUdra yA saMkara zUdra kahI jAtI hai, yaha sAtavA~ varNa hai / punaH anuloma aura pratiloma sambandhoM ke AdhAra para nimnalikhita nau antaravarNa bane. brAhmaNa puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ambaSTha' nAmaka AThavA~ varNa utpanna huA, kSatriya puruSa aura zUdra strI se 'ugra' nAmaka navA~ varNa huA, brAhmaNa puruSa aura zUdra strI se 'niSAda' nAmaka dasavA~ varNa utpanna huA, zUdra puruSa aura vaizya strI se 'ayoga' nAmaka gyArahavA~ varNa utpanna huA, kSatriya aura brAhmaNI se 'sUta' nAmaka terahavA~ varNa huA, zUdra puruSa aura kSatriya strI se 'kSatrA' ( khatrA ) nAmaka caudahavA~ varNa utpanna huA, vaizya puruSa aura brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'vedeha' nAmaka pandrahavA~ varNa utpanna huA aura zUdra puruSa tathA brAhmaNa strI ke saMyoga se 'cANDAla' nAmaka solahavA~ varNa huaa| isake pazcAt ina solaha varNoM meM paraspara anuloma evaM pratiloma saMyoga se aneka jAtiyA~ astitva meM AyIM / " -- ------ 57 uparokta vivaraNa meM hama yaha dekhate haiM ki jaina dharma ke AcAryoM ne bhI kAla - krama meM jAti aura varNa kI utpatti ke sandarbha meM hindU paramparA kI vyavasthAoM ko apane DhaMga se saMzodhita kara svIkAra kara liyaa| lagabhaga sAtavIM sadI meM dakSiNa bhArata meM hue AcArya jinasena ne lokApavAda ke bhaya se tathA jaina dharma kA astitva aura sAmAjika sammAna banAye rakhane ke liye hindU varNa evaM jAti-vyavasthA ko isa prakAra AtmasAta kara liyA ki isa sambandha meM jainoM kA jo vaiziSTya thA, vaha prAyaH samApta ho gyaa| jinasena ne sarvaprathama yaha batAyA ki

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58 jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva Adi brahmA RSabhadeva ne SaTkarmoM kA upadeza dene ke pazcAt tIna varNoM ( kSatriya, vaizya, aura zadra) kI saSTi kii| isI grantha meM Age yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki jo kSatriya aura vaizya varNa kI sevA karate haiM ve zUdra hai| inake do bheda haiM - kAru aura akaaru| puna: kAru ke bhI do bheda haiM - spRzya aura aspRshy| dhobI, nApita Adi spRzya zUdra haiM aura cANDAla Adi jo nagara ke bAhara rahate haiM ve aspRzya zUdra haiM ( AdipurANa, 16/184-186 ) / zUdroM ke kAru aura akAru tathA spRzya aura aspRzya ye bheda sarvaprathama kevala purANakAla meM jinasena ne kiye haiN| unake pUrvavartI anya kisI jaina AcArya ne isa prakAra ke bhedoM ko mAnya nahIM kiyA hai| kintu hindU-samAja-vyavasthA se prabhAvita hone ke bAda ke jaina AcAryoM ne ise prAyaH mAnya kiyaa| SaTprAbhRta ke TIkAkAra zrutasAgara ne bhI isa spRzya-aspRzya kI carcA kI hai| yadyapi purANakAra ne zUdroM ko ekazATakavrata arthAta kSullakadIkSA kA adhikAra mAnya kiyA thA kintu bAda ke digambara jaina AcAryoM ne usameM bhI kamI kara dI aura zUdra kI muni-dIkSA evaM jinamandira meM praveza kA bhI niSedha kara diyaa| zvetAmbara paramparA meM sthAnAMgasUtra ( 3/202 ) ke mUlapATha meM to kevala rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI muni-dIkSA kA niSedha thA, kintu paravartI TIkAkAroM ne cANDAlAdi jAti-muMgita aura vyAdhAdi karmajaMgati logoM ko dIkSA dene kA niSedha kara diyaa| yadyapi yaha saba jaina-dharma kI mUla paramparA ke to viruddha hI thA, phira bhI hindU-paramparA ke prabhAva se ise mAnya kara liyA gyaa| sthiti yahA~ taka pahu~cI ki eka hI jainadharma ke anuyAyI jAtIya bheda ke AdhAra para dUsarI jAti kA chuA huA khAne meM, unheM sAtha biThAkara bhojana karane meM Apatti karane lge| zadra kA jala-tyAga eka Avazyaka karttavya ho gayA aura zUdroM kA jina-mandira meM praveza niSiddha kara diyA gyaa| isa prakAra jahA~ prAcIna stara meM jaina cAroM hI vargoM aura sabhI jAtiyoM ke vyakti jina-pUjA karane, zrAvaka dharma evaM munidharma kA pAlana karane aura sAdhanA ke sarvocca lakSya nirvANa ko prApta karane ke adhikArI mAne gaye the; vahIM sAtavIMAThavIM sadI meM jinasena ne sarvaprathama zUdra ko muni-dIkSA aura mokSa-prApti hetu ayogya maanaa| zvetAmbara AgamoM meM kahIM zUdra kI dIkSA kA niSedha nahIM hai, sthAnAMga meM mAtra rogI, bhayArta aura napuMsaka kI dIkSA kA niSedha hai kintu Age calakara unameM bhI jAti-jaMgita jaise - cANDAla Adi aura karma-jaMgita jaise - kasAI Adi kI dIkSA kA niSedha kara diyA gyaa| kintu yaha bRhattara hindU-paramparA kA prabhAva hI thA jo ki jainadharma ke mUla siddhAnta ke viruddha thaa| jainoM ne ise kevala apanI sAmAjika pratiSThA ko banAe rakhane hetu mAnya kiyA kyoki AgamoM meM

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jaina, bauddha aura hindU dharma kA pArasparika prabhAva 59 harikezIbala, metArya, mAtaMgamuni Adi aneka cANDAloM ke muni hone aura mokSa prApta karane ke ullekha haiN| __ sandarbha 1. uttarAdhyayana, 25/27,21. 2. dhammapada, 401-403. 3. uttarAdhyayana, 12/44. 4. aMguttaranikAya, suttanipAta uddhRta bhagavAn buddha ( dharmAnanda kausAmbI ), pR0 26. 5. dekhiye - bhagavAna buddha ( dharmAnanda kausAmbI ), pR0, 236-239. 6. gItA, 4/33, 26-28. 7. uttarAdhyayana, 12/46. 8. uttarAdhyayana, 9/40, dekhiye - gItA ( zA0 ) 4/26-27. 9. dhammapada, 106. 10. sambodha prakaraNa, gurvAdhikAra.