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________________ hindI ke vikAsa meM jaina vidvAnoM kA yogadAna kinI na kisI rUpa kA vyavahAra hindI bhAratavarSa kI pradhAna bhASA hai| isa vizAla deza kI bahuta bar3I saMkhyA hindI bhASA ke karatI hai / jana-jana kI bhASA hone se ise jhoMpar3I se lekara mahaloM taka Adara prApta huA hai| isa bhASA meM vipula parimANa meM sAhitya racA gayA hai / aba taka saikar3oM hI nahIM apitu hajAroM kaviyoM ne isa bhASA meM apanI vividha kRtiyoM se mAM bhAratI ke bhaNDAra ko bharA hai / vastutaH isa bhASA kA sAhitya loka bhASA kA sAhitya hai / bhAratIya saMskRti ke pichale hajAra varSoM ke rUpa ko samajhane ke lie hindI ekamAtra to nahIM lekina sarvapradhAna sAdhana avazya hai| hindI bhASA kI utpatti ke sAtha hI bhAratIya saMskRti eka vizeSa dizA kI ora mur3atI hai| bhAratIya saMskRti kI jo chApa prArambha kI hindI bhASA para par3I hai vaha itanI spaSTa hai ki kevala bhASA ke adhyayana se hI hama bhAratIya saMskRti ke vibhinna rUpoM kA anumAna lagA sakate hai| hindI bhASA meM upalabdha sAhitya kA mUlya kevala sAhityika kSetra meM hI nahIM hai, vaha hamAre pichale hajAra varSoM ke sAMskRtika, sAmAjika aura dhArmika avasthAoM ke adhyayana kA bhI sabase mahattvapUrNa sAdhana hai| samUce madhya yuga ke adhyayana ke lie saMskRta kI apekSA isa bhASA kA sAhitya kahIM adhika upAdeya aura vizvasanIya hai| yaha loka-jIvana kA saccA aura sarvottama nirdezaka hai / saMskRta, prAkRta evaM apabhraMza kI bhAMti hindI bhASA meM bhI vizAla parimANa meM jaina sAhitya racA gayA hai| jainAcAryoM, saMtoM evaM kaviyoM kA bhASA-vizeSa ke prati kabhI Agraha nahIM rhaa| unhoMne to jana sAmAnya kI upayogitA kI dRSTi se apane samaya kI lokabhASA ko apane kAvya-sRjana kA mAdhyama bnaayaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki bhArata kI sabhI prasiddha bhASAoM meM jaina kaviyoM dvArA racita sAhitya milatA hai| sampUrNa hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa-lekhana meM jaina sAhitya sAmAjika, sAMskRtika evaM dhArmika dRSTi se mahattvapUrNa sAmagrI prastuta karatA hai| yaha sAhitya bhAratIya vAGmaya kA aparihArya aMga hai / jarmana vidvAn DaoN0 ema0 viNTaraniTja kA kathana hai ki bhAratIya bhASAoM ke itihAsa kI dRSTi se bhI jaina sAhitya bahuta mahattvapUrNa hai kyoMki jaina sadA isa bAta kA dhyAna rakhate the ki unakA sAhitya adhika se adhika janatA ko prabhAvita kre| isI kAraNa jaina vidvAnoM ne hindI bhASA meM bhI pracura sAhitya rcaa| parantu kheda hai ki hindI meM sAtavI se caudahavI zatAbdI taka loka bhASA meM jisa sAhitya kA sRjana huA, usakI upekSA hI rahI, jisakA pariNAma paravartI jaina sAhitya para bhI pdd'aa| jaina kaviyoM dvArA racita sAhitya kI dhArmika sAhitya kI saMjJA dekara varSo taka use sAhitya kI paridhi meM parigaNanIya nahIM samajhA gyaa| yahI kAraNa hai ki samUce hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM isa taraha ke kucha kaviyoM ko chor3akara zeSa kavi achUte hI rhe| parantu kyA jaina sAhitya mAna dhArmika sAhitya hI hai? kyA yaha sAhitya kI parisImA me parimaNanIya nahIM hai ? isa saMbaMdha meM apane 'hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla' meM AcArya zrI hajArIprasAda dvivedI ne jo tathya prastuta kiye haiM ve ullekhanIya haiN| unake anusAra dhArmika sAhitya hone mAtra se koI racanA sAhitya kI saMjJA se vaMcita nahIM ho sakatI / sAhitya meM dhArmikatA evaM AdhyAtmikatA koI bAdhA nahIM hai| yaha to usakA apanA vaiziSTya hai / hindI sAhitya kA AdikAla jaina kaviyoM kI racanAoM se paripuSTa hI nahIM, usake binA apUrNa hI rhegaa| isa kAla ke aneka ucca koTi ke kaviyoM meM svayaMbhU, puSpadanta, yogIndra, dhanapAla, haribhadra sUri, hemacandra, rAmasiMha, somaprabha sUri, merutuMga, devasena Adi haiN| inake kAvya meM mAnava jIvana kA pUrNa citra prApta hotA hai / hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa ke prathama bhAratIya lekhaka zrI siMha seMgara jaina kavi puSpadaMta' ko hindI kA Adikavi mAnakara hindI sAhitya kA prAraMbha san 770 se mAnate haiM aura puSpadaMta ke alaMkAra-grantha ko hindI kI prathama racanA 'hindI kAvyadhArA' ke lekhaka zrI rAhula sAMkRtyAyana ne 'svayambhU' ko Adi kaviyoM meM zreSTha mAnA hai| rAhula jI kA kathana hai ki ina jaina kaviyoM kA vismaraNa karanA hamAre lie hAni kI vastu hogii| ye kavi hindI kAvya-dhArA ke prathama sraSTA the| ve jainetara kavi azvaghoSa, bhAsa, kAlidAsa aura bANa kI jUThI pattaleM nahIM cATate rahe, balki unhoMne eka yogya putra kI taraha hamAre kAvya-kSetra meM nayA sRjana kiyA hai| naye camatkAra, naye bhAva paidA kiye / yaha 124 AcArya ratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha O DaoN0 premacandra vikA
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________________ svayaMbhU Adi kI kavitAoM se pramANita hotA hai / dohA, soraThA, caupAI, chappaya Adi kaI sau aise naye-naye chandoM kI sRSTi kI jinheM hindI kaviyoM ne barAbara apnaayaa| hamAre vidyApati, kabIra, sUra, jAyasI, tulasI Adi ke ye kavi hI upajIvya aura preraka rahe haiN| unheM bhulAkara madhya kAla meM hameM bahuta kSati huii| AcArya hajArIprasAda dvivedI ke anusAra yaha kAla bhAratIya vicAroM ke maMthana kA kAla hai aura isIlie mahattvapUrNa hai| hindI ke kAvya-rUpoM ke udbhava aura vikAsa kA Arambha yahI kAla hai / ye kavi aura kAvya nAnA dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa haiN| jaina sAhityakAroM kA prathama dhyeya yadyapi apane mata ke siddhAntoM kA pratipAdana karanA thA; tathApi ve sAhitya tattva se pUrNa the| ina kaviyoM ne purANoM se, anuzrutiyoM se aura lokakathAoM se AkhyAna lekara apane kAvyoM kI racanA kii| svayaMbhU kI sarvotkRSTa racanA paumacariu hai jisameM kathA-prasaMgoM kI mArmikatA, caritra citraNa kI paTutA, prakRti varNana kI utkRSTatA aura alaMkArika tathA hRdaya+ sparzI uktiyoM kI pracuratA hai| inakI rAja-stutiyAM to jyoM-kI-tyoM Adi kAla kI pramukha pravRtti hI bana gaI / svayaMbhU kI anya kRtiyoM meM riTThaNemi cariu, paMcamI cariu, svayaMbhU chanda Adi haiN| puSyadanta kA NayakumAra cariu, jasahara cariu, mahApurANa, tisaddhi mahApurisa guNAlaMkAra, dhanapAla kI bhavisayatta kahA, yogIndra kA paramAtmaprakAza, hemacandra kA zabdAnuzAsana, merutuMga kI prabaMdha citAmaNi, devasena kA pAhaDa dohA Adi mukhya kRtiyAM hai| ina kaviyoM ne muktaka aura prabaMdha donoM prakAra kI racanAeM kI jinameM paravartI bhASA-kAvya kI aneka pravRttiyoM kA bIja nihita thA / rAsobaMdha nAmaka kAvya ke vividha chaMda samanvita rUpa kA prayoga bhI isI kAla meM Arambha huA jisase vIra gAthA kA varNana karane vAle pRthvIrAja rAso jaise rAso kAvyoM kI paramparA clii| hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM jitanI rAso-saMjJaka racanAeM jaina kaviyoM ne racI utanI kisI ne nhiiN| jaina vidvAnoM evaM kaviyoM ne phAga aura carcarI jaise aneka loka-pracalita gAnoM kA bhI upayoga kiyA hai| kabIradAsa ke cAMcara aura tulasIdAsa ke sohara Adi isake pramANa haiM / AdikAla ke vibhinna sampradAyoM ke AcArya lokapracalita kAvyoM ko dharma-pracAra ke lie apanAte the| hindI kAvya meM nirguNopAsaka saMtoM ke jisa prakAra ke dohe milate haiM unakA ThIka vahI rUpa jaina kavi yogIndra ke paramAtma prakAza tathA yogasAra aura muni rAmasiMha ke pAhuDa dohe meM milatA hai| jaina kathA kAvyoM kI pravidhi kI aneka vizeSatAeM bhI paravartI hindI kAvya meM saMkramita huI haiN| hindI kA AdikAlIna sAhitya apabhraMza sAhitya se itanA ghaniSTha sambandha rakhatA hai ki isakI pRSThabhUmi ke binA hindI sAhitya kA adhyayana pUrNa nahIM ho sktaa| hindI ke katipaya vidvAn to apabhraza sAhitya ko bhI 'purAnI hindI' 'prAkRtAbhAsa hindI' kahakara hindI sAhitya meM hI sammilita kara lete haiN| apabhraza kA 80 pra. za. sAhitya jaina kaviyoM dvArA praNIta hai / isa prakAra hindI ke Arambhika AdikAla meM jaina kaviyoM kA yogadAna ullekhanIya hai| hindI ke bhaktikAla kI samRddhi meM bhI jaina kaviyoM, saMtoM evaM AcAryoM kA ullekhanIya yogadAna rahA / isa kAla meM bhaTTAraka sakala kIrti, bha0 bhavana kIti, bha0 jJAna bhUSaNa, brahma jinadAsa, brahmazca rAja, brahmarAyamalla, bha0 zubhacandra, banArasIdAsa, samayasundara, bhUdharadAsa, dhAnata rAya, jJAnasAgara, jina harSa Adi ne bhakti kI sarala rIti kI bhI ajasra dhArAeM pravAhita kii| ina kaviyoM ne jana sAmAnya kI AvazyakatAnusAra sAhitya kI vividha vidhAoM kA sRjana kara loka-mAnasa ko paritRpta kiyaa| ina kaviyoM kA sAhitya jana sAmayika jIvana se kaTA huA nahIM rhaa| jana-sAmAnya ke nikaTa hone se isa kAla ke jaina kaviyoM dvArA racita sAhitya AdhyAtmikatA ke sAtha sAmAjika evaM sAMskRtika pakSa ko bhI apane meM samAviSTa karatA hai / kAvya ke vividha rUpoM ke vikAsa aura usa samaya kI cintanA kA jJAna bhI isI ke dvArA prApta hotA hai| bhaktikAla meM 15vIM zatAbdI ke mahAkavi brahma jinadAsa aise jaina kavi haiM jinhoMne apanI 70 se bhI adhika racanAoM se mAM bhAratI kI sevA kii| inake 'rAma rAsa' aura 'harivaMza purANa rAsa' hindI kI prasiddha evaM prAcInatama jaina rAmAyaNa aura jaina mahAbhArata haiN| hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM brahma jinadAsa akele aise kavi haiM jinhoMne vividha viSayaka lagabhaga 50 rAsa saMjJaka kAvyoM kA sRjana kiyaa| loka bhASA meM tulasI se pUrva 'rAma rAsa' (ra0 kA0 saM 1508) kI racanA kara brahma jinadAsa ne hindI rAma kAbya paramparA kA sUtrapAta aura netRtva kiyA / rUpaka kAvya paramparA meM 'parama haMsa sthala' kI apanI viziSTa chavi aura bhaMgimA hai| ___ anya kaviyoM meM bha0 kumudacandra, bra0 jayasAgara, ratnakIrti, surendra kIrti, daulatarAma kAsalIpAla, ToDaramalla, dhIhala Adi haiN| ina kaviyoM ne hindI sAhitya ke vikAsa meM jo kArya kiyA vaha svarNAkSaroM meM ullekhanIya hai / jaina kaviyoM kI hindI sevA prazaMsanIya hai| jaina kaviyoM ke sAhitya meM bhAratIya adhyAtma-dhArA kA pravAha dekhA jAtA hai| hindI sAhitya kI AdhyAtmika cetanA ko Aja taka jAgrata aura kramabaddha rakhane meM jaina sAhitya kI dArzanika saMvedanA kI mahattvapUrNa bhUmikA rahI hai / isa prakAra hindI sAhitya ke itihAsa meM AdikAla se Aja taka jaina kaviyoM kI hindI sevA kathya aura zilpa, bhAva-bhASA donoM hI dRSTiyoM se mahattvapUrNa hai| jaina sAhityAnuzIlana 125