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________________ AN EARLY EXAMPLE OF A LATE MIDDLE INDO-ARYAN POSTPOSITION ? PAUL DUNDAS* With the death of Professor H.C. Bhayani, Ahmedabad will never be the same again for those foreign visitors who, like me, have in the past sought advice on Prakrit, Apabhramsa, the early forms of the new Indo-Aryan languages and everything connected with Gujarat and Gujarati. At all times an unfailing source of information, good humour and intellectual energy, he is simply irreplaceable. As I produce this on computer screen, I have beside me some of Bhayani's clear and distinctive work notes, looking at which conjures up his benign presence once again. These notes were written one afternoon in the basement of the Lalbhai Dalpatbhai Institute of Indology as a result of my having the previous day given Professor Bhayani the offprints of some articles of mine. He had not put these aside to be read at some later date, as so many of us do with offprints, but had engaged with them immediately. It transpired that an etymology I had suggested, while worthy, was nonetheless flawed, and he was determined to talk through the derivation and investigate alternative possibilities with me.(1) This, and other occasions like it, represented a tutorial freely offered by a master scholar and it was impossible not to benefit. In writing the following short note relating to an area in which Bhayani's expertise was unrivalled, I am acutely conscious of not having been able to seek his advice about the topic beforehand. But I console myself with imagining him in that heaven where all the great philologists abide, smiling faced and with pen poised, ready to produce a stream of examples and interpretations.
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________________ 42 As Bhayani demonstrated in one of his later publications, it is possible to utilize stray surviving linguistic and metrical elements to get some sense of what the earliest form of Apabhramsa may have looked like around the sixth century CE, even if the earliest literary works composed in that dialect (or cluster of dialects) are not available. (2) Students of what can be styled "Middle Prakrit" should therefore be on the alert for proto-Apabhramsa (or-Late Prakrit) forms which presage a more developed usage at a later stage of Indo-Aryan linguistic evolution. (3) Haribhadra's Pancasakaprakaruna, a work consisting of ninteen chapters, each of which (with one or two exceptions) consists of fifty verses in arya metre describing Svetambara Jain ritual and practice, has been dated to the early sixth century CE. (4) In the course of a study of the thirteenth chapter of that work which deals with purity in the context of alms-seeking by ascetics, my attention was drawn to the following verse, specifically Pancasakaprakarana 13.41: na khalu parinamamettam pudanakale asakkiyarahiyam gihino tanayam tu jaim dusai anae padibuddhum. (5) This can be translated : " The mere resolve (to give) on the part of the householder which is devoid of bad action at the time of giving does not render faulty the ascetic who is fixed in the command (of scripture)." The overall context of this verse will be discussed elsewhere. (6) What is linguistically noteworthy is the form tanuyam. Abhayadeva Suri glosses this as satkam which provides a satisfactory sense without grammatical identification. On inspection, tanayam would appear here to agree with parinamamellam and amplify the genitive gihino, signifying in terms of function something corresponding to "relating to" or "on the part of".
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________________ 43 It seems difficult to dissociate tanayam in Pancasakaprakarana 13.41 from the postpositional adjective tunaenam added to a word in the genitive case to give the sense "because of ". The first attested occurrences of this would appear to be the Avasyaka Curni (seventh century) and Haribhadra's (eighth century) commentary on the Avasyaka Niryukti. (7) The construction is more common in late Prakrit and Apabhra nsa (8), eventually developing into an Old Gujarati postposition. (9) If the Pancasaka is indeed a sixth century text, as Williams claims, then this tanayum, used with a nonoblique case ending in conjunction with a genitive, may possibly be a very early example of this form. (10) Alternatively, it may be indicative of the somewhat later provenance of the text and represent a piece of evidence compelling a reconsideration of William's theory. NOTES (1) These work notes were later expanded and published by Bhayani as "G. bap, bai, apo, asa and Related IA. Kinship Words", Samipya April 1991- March 1992, pp. 39-41, a response to Paul Dundas, "Prakrit avvo", Indologica Taurinensia 8-9, 1980-1, pp. 163-7. (2) Harivallabh C. Bhayani, "On Early Apabhramsa", Berliner Indologische Studien 7 1993, pp. 1-7. (3) For Middle Pra krit, see Frank Van Den Bossche, A Reference Manual of Middle Prakrit Grammar. The Prakrits of the Dramas and the Jain Texts. (4) This is the conclusion of R. Williams, "Haribhadra", Bul. letin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 28 1965, pp. 101-11. Cf. the same author's Jaina Yoga: A Survey of the Medieval Sravakacaras, London: Oxford University Press 1963, p.6. Williams wishes to locate those works attributed to
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________________ 44 Haribhadra which are written in what he calls "archaic Maharastri" and contain in their colopha the authorial signature marks "viraha" to the early sixth century, in line with the particular tradition which has the author as dying in 529 CE. The remaining works associated with Haribhadra, that is to say those written in "standard" Maharastri and Sanskrit, are to be located in the eighth century and attributed to another author of the same name. (5) Text from the edition of Dinanath Sarma, Parsvanath Vidyapith Granthamala 92, Varanasi: Parsvanath Vidyapith 1997. The same text is also given by the Jaina Dharma Prasa raka Sabha edition published at Bhavnagar in 1912, which also prints Abhayadeva Suri's commentary of 1067. Pannyas Sri Padmavijayaji Maharaj Ganivarya, Pancasakaprakarana , Hastinapur: Sri Nirgrantha Sahitya Prakasan Samgh 1999 reads usakkiya- for asakkiya- (misprint ?) and dusana for dusei. (6) I translate and comment upon Pancasakaprakarana 13. 30-46 in my forthcoming study entitled "Haribhadra on giving". (7) See Thomas Oberlies, A vasyaka-Studien. Glossar ausgewahlter Worter zu E.LEUMANNs "Avas'yakaErzahlungen", Alt-und Neu-indische-Studien 45, 2, Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag 1993 s.v. tanenam. (8) See Collected Articles of L. A. Schwarzchild on Indo-Aryan 1953-1979, compiled by Royce Wiles, Faculty of Asian Studies, Australian National University 1991, pp. 89-98, who discusses the etymology of the form, and cf. Vit Bubenik, A Historical Syntax of Late Middle Indo-Aryan (Apabhramsa). Amsterdum/ Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company 1998, pp. 74-5. The form is not referred to by Van Den Bossche, op. cit. (9) See Trimbaklal N. Dave, A Study of the Gujarati Lan
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________________ guage in the 16th Century (v.s), London: The Royal Asiatic Society 1935, p. 58, and cf. George Baumann, Drei Jaina Gedichte in Alt-Gujarati, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner 1975, p. 52. (10) The Paiasaddamahannavo gives tanaya as a desi form in the sense of "sambandhi", but provides only the genitive with locative example maha tanae. Its sources are Hemcandra's Prakrit grammar and the late Prakrit Surasundaricaria. PAUI, DUNDAS DEPT. OF SANSKRIT UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH 7 BUCCLEUCH PLACE EDINBURGH EHS 9LW SCOTLAND U.K.