Page #1
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ zrI zrIraMjana sUrideva bihAra rASTrabhASA pariSad, paTanA dakSiNa bhArata meM jainadharma [prastuta nibaMdha meM lekhaka ne zrA0 bhadrabAhu ke sambaMdha meM mAgadhIya duSkAla ke kAraNa dakSiNa gamana kA jo ullekha kiyA vaha di0 jaina mAnyatAnusAra hai. jabaki zve0 paraMparA kA abhimantavya hai ki prAcArya zrI dvAdazavarSIya duSkAlanivAraNArtha dakSiNa kI ora prasthAna kara nepAla meM AdhyAtmika sAdhanA karane meM tallIna rahe.-sampAdaka] Adi tIrthaMkara RSabhadeva dvArA jainadharma kA pracAra dakSiNa-bhArata meM huA, aisA paurANika jaina itihAsa ke adhyayana se patA calatA hai. jainazAkhA ke pramukha do bheda sarvavidita haiM-zvetAmbara aura digambara. tamila ke 'ratnAkarazataka" Adi prAcIna kAvyoM se spaSTa hai ki unake racanA-kAla meM, dakSiNa-bhArata meM, digambara jainadharma hI pracalita thA. arvAcIna jaina AmnAya kA yaha mata hai ki samrAT candragupta maurya ke guru zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ke sAtha hI jainadharma kA praveza dakSiNa-bhArata meM huA. parantu, jainoM kI pAramparya mAnyatA yaha hai ki uttara-bhArata ke janasaMgha kI taraha dakSiNa-bhAratIya jainasaMgha bhI prAcInatama hai. yahI kAraNa thA ki uttara meM suprasiddha dvAdazavarSavyApI ghora akAla par3ane para dharmarakSA ke khayAla se bhadrabAhu svAmI apane saMgha ke sAtha dakSiNa-bhArata gaye the. unakA hI saMgha jJAta rUpa meM dakSiNa kA pahalA digambara jainasaMgha thA, aisA kahA jAtA hai. kucha bhAratIyetara vidvAn DaoN0 hArnale Adi kA kathana hai ki akAla par3ane para zAkhAbhedarahita jainasaMgha ke pradhAna sthavira bhadrabAhu apane jisa saMgha ke sAtha magadha se karNATaka gaye, usakA rUpa digambara hI raha gayA aura magadha ke avaziSTa jaina sadasya, jisake pradhAna sthavira sthUlabhadra the, zvetAmbara kahalAye, zvetAmbara zveta paridhAna ke premI the aura digambaroM ke liye dizAe~ hI vasana thIM. magadha meM punaH zAnti kI sthApanA ke bAda jainasaMgha jaba karNATaka se magadha lauTA, taba usane magadha ke janasaMgha se saMbaMdhaviccheda kara apanA alaga siddhAnta calAyA.2 astuH, dakSiNa kA yaha digambara jainasaMgha drAvir3oM ke bIca bahu AdRta thA. kucha vidvAn yaha mAnate haiM ki drAvir3a loga prAyaH nAgajAti ke vaMzaja the. jisa samaya nAgarAjAoM kA zAsana dakSiNa-bhArata meM thA, usa samaya nAga logoM ke bahuta se rIti-rivAja aura saMskAra drAvir3oM meM bhI pracalita ho gaye the. nAgapUjA unameM bahuta pracalita thI. jainatIrthaMkaroM meM do supArzvanAtha aura pArzvanAtha kI mUttiyA~ nAga-mUttiyoM ke sadRza thIM. jainoM kI sahaja sarala pUjA-praNAlI ko bhI drAvir3oM ne AsAnI se apanA liyA. itanA to spaSTa hai ki dakSiNa-bhArata meM digambara jainadharma kI janasamudAya meM vizeSa mAnyatA thI; parantu digambarasiddhAnta kI bahulatA ke bAvajUda dakSiNa-bhArata meM zvetAmbaroM kI bhI pahu~ca huI thI. zvetAmbarIya zAstroM se prakaTa hai ki kAlakAcArya peThana ke rAjA ke guru the. phalataH, spaSTa hai ki zvetAmbara jaina Andhra-deza taka pahu~ce the. isake bAda IsavIpUrva dUsarI zatI meM zvetAmbaroM ke guru pAdaliptAcArya malakher3a taka gaye the, parantu unhoMne apane dharma ke pracAra meM kahA~ 1. ratnAkarazataka' tathA usake kartA kavi ratnAkara ke sambandha meM dekhie merA lekha; mAsika 'saMtavANI' (paTanA), varSa 3, aMka 7, sita0 19580. 2. isa saMbaMdha meM vizeSa vicaraNa ke lie dekhie, merA lekhaH 'upAsaka dazAsUtra : eka adhyayana' traimA0 'sAhitya' (paTanA), varSa 1, aMka 3. 3. kAlakAcArya ke saMbaMdha meM vizeSa vivRti ke lie zrImestuMgAcAryakRta 'prabandhacintAmaNi'. Jain EBERSPREBERENSINONENBOEINESENOSNOENEN
Page #2
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ zrIraMjana sUri deva : dakSiNa bhArata meM jainadharma : 600 taka saphalatA prApta kI, ThIka-ThIka nahIM kahA jA sakatA. tatsthAnIya pAMcavIM zatI ke eka tAmralekha meM pahale-pahala zvetAmbara jainasaMgha kA ullekha bhI prApta hotA hai.. zrIbhadrabAhu zrutakevalI ke bahuprasiddha saMgha ke uparAnta zAstroM meM dakSiNa-bhArata ke usa digambara jainasaMgha kA patA calatA hai, jo zrIdharasenAcArya jI ke samaya meM mahimAnagarI meM sammilita huA thA. yaha nagarI vartamAna satArA jile kA 'mahimAnagar3ha' pratIta hotA hai. janasaMgha ke antima tIrthakara bhagavAn mahAvIra varddhamAna aura gaNadhara gautamasvAmI ke uparAnta kundakundAcArya ko smaraNa karane kI paripATI pracalita hai. zilAlekhoM meM inakA nAma koNDakunda likhA milatA hai. isa zabda kA mUla udgama drAvir3abhASA se hai, usIkA zrutimadhura saMskRta rUpa kundakunda prathita huA hai. kahA jAtA hai ki inakA yathArtha nAma padmanandi thA, parantu ye kundakunda, vakragrIva, elAcArya aura gRdhrapiccha nAmoM se bhI prasiddha the. ye kuNDakunda nAmaka sthAna ke adhivAsI the, isIlie ye koNDakundAcArya nAma se prasiddha hue the. inhoMne aneka granthoM kI prAkRta meM tathA tamila meM bhI racanA kI aura jainadharma ke jAgaraNa kA vijaya-zaMkha dhvanita kiyA. tamila ke apUrva nItigrantha 'kurala' ke viSaya meM bhI kahA jAtA hai ki yaha zrIkundakundAcArya kI racanA hai. tamilavAsI isa grantha ko apanA veda mAnate haiM. kurala meM kula 80 pariccheda haiM. pUrA grantha upadezoM aura nItivAkyoM ke sAtha hI tIrthakaroM kI guNagAthAoM aura gaurava-garimA se paripUrita hai. kundakundAcArya ke bAda dakSiNA jainasaMgha meM bhagavAn umAsvAmI yA umAsvAti (I0 prathama zatI) ke astitva kA patA calatA hai. kundakundAcArya kI taraha unakI bhI mAnyatA zvetAmbara aura digambara donoM meM hai. digambara jainasAhitya ke anusAra umAsvAti kundakundAcArya ke vaMzaja the evaM unakA dUsarA nAma gRdhrapicchAcArya thA. zvetAmbarIya prasiddha grantha 'tatvArthAdhigamasUtra' ke bhASya meM umAsvAti ke viSaya meM jo prazasti milatI hai, usase vidita hotA hai ki unakA janma 'nyagrodhikA' nAmaka sthAna meM huA thA. inake pitA svAti aura mAtA vAtsI thIM. inakA gotra kobhISaNi thA. inake dIkSAguru zramaNa ghoSanandi aura vidyAguru vAcakAcArya mUla the. inhoMne kusumapura (paTanA) nAmaka sthAna meM apanA prasiddha grantha tatvArthAdhigamasUtra racA thA. donoM hI-zvetAmbara-digambara-sampradAyoM meM ye 'vAcaka' kI padavI se abhihita the. zvetAmbaroM kI mAnyatA ke anusAra inhoMne pAMca sau grantha race the. ye saMbhavataH pahalI zatI ke prasiddha dArzanika jainavidvAn the. umAsvAti ke pazcAt zrIsamantabhadrasvAmI kA nAma jainadharma ke agradUta ke rUpa meM liyA jAtA hai. inhoMne dakSiNa-bhArata ke kadamba-vaMza ko suzobhita kiyA thA. inake pitA phaNimaNDalAntargata uragapura ke kSatriya rAjA the. svAmI samantabhadra kA bAlyakAla jainadharma ke kendrasthAna-uragapura meM vyatIta huA thA. inhoMne apane-Apako dharmArtha arpaNa kara diyA thA. zrIsamantabhadrasvAmI jainasiddhAnta ke marmajJa hone ke alAvA tarka, vyAkaraNa, chanda, alaMkAra, kAvya, koza Adi granthoM meM pUrNataH niSNAta the. ye vividha deza-paryaTaka bhI the. nimnalikhita zloka se patA calatA hai ki ye deza-paryaTana ke silasile meM dharmapracArArtha evaM zAstrArtha ke hetu pATaliputra [paTanA] padhAre the. zloka isa prakAra hai: pUrva pATaliputramadhyanagare bherI mayA tADitA, pazcAnmAlavasindhuTakka' viSaye kAMcIpurIvaidize / prApto'haM karahATakaM bahubhaTa vidyotkaTa saGkaTa', vAdArthI vicarAmyahaM narapate ! zArdUlavikrIDitam / 1. zrI DI0 jI0 mahAjana ke matAnusAra yaha pATaliputra magadha kA suprasiddha pATanagara (paTanA) na hokara dakSiNa bhArata kA pATaliputra bhI ho sakatA hai jaisA ki varNI abhinandana graMtha pR0 316-322 se vidita hotA hai. -sampAdaka 2. Takka (paMjAba) [RRPAN can EININENANINNINNINEMININENENINNINNIFE Hary.org
Page #3
--------------------------------------------------------------------------
________________ 608 : muni zrIhajArImala smRti grantha : tRtIya adhyAya isa prakAra, zAstrArtha kI vijaya-dundubhI ninAdita karate hue svAmI samantabhadra ne karahATaka (satArA) nagara pahuMcakara vahA~ ke rAjA ko zAstrArtha ke liye lalakArA thA. svAmI samantabhadra ke race granthoM meM-AptamImAMsA, yuktyanuzAsana, svayambhUstotra, ratnakaraNDaka upAsakAdhyayana, prAkRtavyAkaraNa, gandhahastimahAbhASya Adi pramukha haiM. kahanA na hogA ki ina vareNya AcAryoM ne dakSiNa-bhArata meM jainadharma kA amara pracAra kiyA aura jana-jana ko, jainadharma ke mAdhyama se, janadharma kA paricaya dekara unake jIvana ko saphala kiyA. isameM koI saMdeha nahIM ki jainazAstrAnusAra uttara-bhArata kI bhA~ti dakSiNa-bhArata ke dezoM meM bhI sarvaprathama bhagavAn RSabhadeva dvArA hI sabhyatA aura saMskRti kA pracAra huA. jaba RSabhadeva samUce deza kI dharma-vyavasthA karane lage, taba indra ne sAre deza ko nimnalikhita 52 pradezoM meM vibhakta kiyA. sukosala, avantI, puNDra, uNDra, azmaka, ramyaka, kuru, kAzI, kaliMga, aMga, baMga, suhana, samadraka, kazmIra, uzInara Anata, vatsa, paMcAla, mAlava, dazArNa, kaccha, magadha, vidarbha, kurujAMgala, karahATa, mahArASTra, surASTra, AbhIra, koMkaNa, vanavAsa, Andhra, karNATa, kosala, cola, kerala, dAru, abhisAra, sauvIra, zUrasena, aparAnta, videha, sindhu, gAndhAra, yavana, cedi, pallava, kAmboja, AraTTha, vAhlIka, turuSka, zaka aura kekaya.-(AdipurANa, parva 16) / ukta pradezoM meM azmaka, ramyaka, karahATa, mahArASTra, AbhIra, koMkaNa, vanavAsa, Andhra. karNATa, cola, kerala Adi deza dakSiNabhArata meM milate haiM. isase spaSTa hai ki bhagavAn RSabhadeva dvArA ina dezoM kA astitva-nirdhAraNa aura saMskRti-parirmAjana huA thA. kahanA na hogA ki dakSiNa-bhArata meM jainadharma kA aitihAsika Arambha karmabhUmi ke AdikAla se hI huA, jo kAla kI dRSTi se paurANika tathA aitihAsika ina do rUpoM meM lipibaddha kiyA gayA. kucha vidvAnoM kI kalpanA hai ki bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke dvitIya putra samrAT bAhubalI hI dakSiNa-bhArata ke sarvAgraNI dharmapravartaka the. vaha bhI isa anumAna para ki bAhubalI ke zAsana-kSetra azmaka, ramyaka tathA podanapura dakSiNa-bhArata meM hI avasthita the. hAlAMki, podanapura ke sambandha meM paryApta matabheda hai. podanapura kisI ke mata meM takSazilA hai, aura kisI ke mata meM dakSiNapatha-sthita pradeza vizeSa. Adhunika sudhI zodhakoM ke matAnusAra dakSiNa-bhArata meM jainadharma kA praveza atyanta prAcInakAlIna nahIM, varan mauryakAlIna hai. unakA kahanA hai ki samrAT candragupta maurya ke guru zrutakevalI bhadrabAhu ne jaba uttara bhArata meM bhISaNa akAla kI sambhAvanA dekhI, taba ve saMgha-sahita dakSiNa bhArata cale gaye aura unhoMne hI vahA~ kI janatA ko jainadharma se paricita karAyA. aitihAsika dRSTi se prAcya aura pAzcAtya itihAsavidoM kA isa viSaya meM aikamatya hai, honA bhI cAhie; kyoMki paramparA ke AdhAra para dharma kA mUlyAMkana nirdhama nahIM ho sakatA. paramparAvAdI jainoM ke vicAra se yaha bahupracalita hai ki dakSiNa-bhArata meM, khAsakara vahA~ ke prAcIna tamila (Andhra)rAjya meM vaidika aura bauddhadharma ke atirikta jainadharma bhI prAcInakAla se pracalita thA. san 138 I0 meM vahA~ alekjeNDiyA ke 'peNTenasa' nAma kA eka IsAI pAdarI AyA thA. usane likhA hai ki vahA~ usane zramaNa (jaina sAdhu), brAhmaNa aura bauddha guruoM ko dekhA thA, jinako bhAratavAsI bar3I zraddhA se pUjate the; kyoMki ukta guruoM kA jIvana bar3A hI pavitra thA. tamila ke 'saMgama' granthoM-'maNimekhala', 'zIlappadhikAram' Adi-se patA calatA hai ki jaina sAdhuoM kA prAcIna nAma 'zramaNa' thA, kintu kAlakrama se bauddhoM ne bhI isa zabda ko apanA liyA. kintu, dakSiNa-bhArata ke sAhitya-granthoM aura zilAlekhoM meM sarvatra 'zramaNa' zabda kA prayoga jainoM ke lie hI huA hai. isase yaha bhI apracchanna hai ki zramaNopAsakoM kI saMkhyA vahA~ prAcIna kAla meM atyadhika thI. Jain Education Interational