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________________ bhAratIya tattva-cintana meM : jar3a-cetana kA sambandha - muni samadarzI, prabhAkara jagata kA svarUpa sampUrNa bhAratIya vAGamaya, tattva-cintana evaM Agama-veda-upaniSad, jaina-zAstra, aura pAlitripiTaka kA sAra evaM niSkarSa tIna zabdoM meM A jAtA hai-jIva, jagata aura jagadIzvara arthAt prmaatmaa| sabhI vicArakoM ne saMsAra, saMsAra meM paribhramaNa ke kAraNoM evaM usase mukta hone ke sAdhanoM kA pratipAdana kiyA hai| saMsAra-bandhana se sarvathA mukta honA hI bhAratIya cintana kA mukhya uddezya, dhyeya evaM lakSya rahA hai| sampUrNa AdhyAtmika sAhitya meM-bhale hI vaha jaina-paramparA kA ho, vaidika-paramparA kA ho, bauddha-paramparA kA ho, aura kitanA hI vizAla kyoM na ho-gyAraha aMga hI nahIM, caturdaza pUrva-sAhitya ko bhI leM to unameM vibhinna prakAra se, vibhinna dRSTAMtoM, udAharaNoM, rUpakoM evaM kathAnakoM ke mAdhyama se yahI samajhAne kA prayatna kiyA hai, ki jIva aura jagata athavA AtmA aura saMsAra yA jar3a aura cetana kA kyA svarUpa hai, unakA paraspara kyA sambandha hai, AtmA kA saMsAra meM paribhramaNa karane kA kyA kAraNa hai, aura vaha kisa prakAra Abaddha bandhana se mukta ho sakatA hai ? ye hI mUla prazna haiM ? jinakA samAdhAna sabhI manISI vicArakoM aura prabuddha cintakoM ne apane-apane cintana evaM anubhava ke anurUpa karane kA prayatna kiyA hai| unake unhIM vicAroM kA saMgraha aura saMkalana Agama, upaniSad evaM tripiTaka-sAhitya meM hai| prastuta prakaraNa meM hama yahI vicAra kareMge, ki jIva aura jagata, AtmA aura saMsAra, tathA jar3a aura cetana ke pArasparika sambandha ke viSaya meM vibhinna vicArakoM ne kisa prakAra se cintana kiyA tathA unake vicAroM meM kitanA sAmya evaM kitanA vaiSamya hai| sabhI vicArakoM ne kisI na kisI rUpa meM jIva aura jagata-donoM ke astitva ko svIkAra kiyA hai| jar3a aura cetana ke astitva se yukta saMsAra ko jagata kahA hai| sAMkhya-darzana jagata meM mukhya rUpa se do tattva mAnatA hai-prakRti aura puruSa / nyAya-vaizeSikadarzana AtmA aura paramANu ko mAnatA hai| bauddha-darzana ise nAma aura rUpa kahatA hai / jaina-darzana jIva aura ajIva-ina do dravyoM ko hI mukhya mAnatA hai / ina do dravyoM meM SaT-dravya A jAte haiMjIva athavA AtmA jIva-dravya hai hI, zeSa dharma, adharma, AkAza, kAla aura pudgala-pAMcoM dravya jIva se bhinna ajIva haiM, acetana haiM, jar3a hai| advaita-vedAnta-darzana kevala brahma kI sattA ko hI satya mAnatA hai, anya kisI bhI padArtha ke astitva ko satya svIkAra nahIM krtaa| phira bhI pratyakSa meM parilakSita hone vAle padArthoM ko jhuThalA nahIM sakatA, isalie usane mAyA kI kalpanA kii| kucha bhI ho jagata meM dvaita-do tattvoM kI sattA hai, aura dvaita ke AdhAra para hI jagata evaM saMsAra AdhA rita hai, TikA huA hai|
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________________ bhAratIya tattva-cintana meM jar3a-cetana kA sambandha 261 kArya-kAraNavAda bhAratIya darzanazAstra evaM cintana meM yaha svIkAra kiyA hai, ki kArya kAraNa se utpanna hotA hai| kAraNa ke abhAva meM kArya kI utpatti nahIM hotii| yadi bIja nahIM hai, to usakA kArya vRkSa bhI nahIM hogA / isalie AcArAMga sUtra meM zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ne kahA ki yadi tumako saMsAra rUpa vRkSa kA unmUlana karanA hai, to usake pattoM, DAliyoM evaM zAkhAoM ko nahIM, usake mUla kA nAza karanA hogaa| saMsAra yA karmabandha kA mUla yA bIja rAga-dveSa hai| vahI saMsAra paribhramaNa kA mUla kAraNa hai| kAraNa ke binA kArya kabhI bhI utpanna nahIM hotaa| jaise ghaTa kArya hai, to miTTI usakA mUla kAraNa aura kumbhakAra, cakra Adi sahayogI yA nimitta kAraNa hai| ataH miTTI evaM kumbhakAra Adi kA sadbhAva hone para hI ghaTa kAryarUpa meM pariNata hotA hai| isI prakAra yaha saMsAra, yaha virATa jagata aura vizAla sRSTi bhI eka kArya hai, isalie isakA bhI koI na koI kAraNa avazya honA caahie| vada-yuga isa vicitra jagata ko dekhakara vaidika RSiyoM ke mana meM isake mUla kAraNa evaM sRSTA ko jAnane kI jijJAsA udabuddha hii| unhoMne apane-apane cintana ke anurUpa vibhinna kAraNoM kI kalpanA kii| kisI ne jala ko, kisI ne agni ko aura kisI ne vAyu ko jagata kA mUla kAraNa mAnA unakI mAnyatA ke anusAra sarvaprathama jala yA agni yA vAyu hI thA, aura dhIre-dhIre usI mUla tattva se saba padArtha bane / veda-yuga meM hama dekhate haiM ki vicArakoM kA cintana prakRti kI zaktiyoM taka hI sImita-parimita rhaa| unhoMne ina prAkRtika zaktiyoM ko hI saba kucha mAna liyA aura unheM devatva ke sthAna para baiThAkara apane saMrakSaNa evaM vikAsa ke lie unase prArthanA karane lge| yaha satya hai, ki vedayuga meM hI aneka devoM kA sthAna eka zakti ne grahaNa kara liyA thaa| Rgveda meM yaha ullikhita hai ki jagata kA mUla kAraNa eka tattva hai| usa eka tattva ko manISI evaM vidvAna agni, jala, vAyu Adi aneka nAmoM se pukArate haiN| usake bAda prajApati kI kalpanA kI, aura usI ko sRSTi kA mUla kAraNa aura sRSTA svIkAra kara liyA / upaniSad-yuga upaniSadoM meM vibhinna vicArakoM ke matoM kA ullekha kiyA gayA hai| agni Adi prAkRtika zaktiyoM ko mUla tattva mAnane kA bhI ullekha upaniSadoM meM hai| parantu cintana kI gaharAI meM utarane para upaniSada-yuga ke RSiyoM ne brahma kI sattA ko svIkAra kiyaa| kaThopaniSada meM kahA gayA, ki yaha jagata azvattha (pIpala) kA vRkSa hai / jisakA mUla urdhva meM hai, aura zAkhAeM nIce kI ora haiN| yaha vicitra saMsAra-vRkSa sanAtana hai, zAzvata hai aura isakA jo mUla hai-vahI brahma hai, vizuddha jyotisvarUpa tattva hai aura amRta hai| sampUrNa loka yA jagata usI meM Azrita hai, koI bhI usakA atikramaNa nahIM kara sakatA hai / vahI jagata kA mUla tattva evaM mUla kAraNa hai, jisameM se jagata astitva meM AyA hai| AcArya zaMkara ne bhI jagata ko brahma kA vivartta kahA hai| parantu upaniSadakAra ne spaSTa likhA hai-isa AtmA se sarvaprANa, sarvaloka aura sarvabhUta jisameM prakaTa hote haiM, usa AtmA kA rahasya satya kA satya hai, parama satya hai| upaniSad kI dRSTi se jisa jagata meM rahakara hama jIvanayAtrA karate haiM, vaha jagata hamAre apane astitva ke samAna hI satya hai / jaina-darzana bhI jagata ko -AcArAMga 1 aggaM mUlaM ca chidi| 2 kaThopaniSad, 2, 3, 1; gItA 15,1 / 3 vRhadAraNyaka upaniSad, 2, 1, 20 /
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________________ 262 munidvaya abhinandana grantha satya mAnatA hai parantu vaha use brahma se udbhUta nahIM maantaa| upaniSad ke anusAra jagata brahma se utpanna huA hai aura punaH brahma meM hI samAhita ho jAtA hai / jisa prakAra makar3I jAle ko banAtI hai, aura punaH use nigala jAtI hai| jaise pRthvI se auSadhiyAM utpanna hotI haiM, sajIva puruSa se keza-loma utpanna hote hai, usI prakAra akSara-brahma se yaha jagata utpanna hotA hai| jaise nirantara pravahamAna saritAeM apane nAma-rUpa kA parityAga karake samudra kI ananta jalarAzi meM vilIna ho jAtI haiM, vaise hI vidvAna loga apane nAma-rUpa se mukta hokara parAtpara divya-puruSa athavA para-brahma ko prApta ho jAte haiN| upaniSada kI mAnyatA ke anusAra brahma jagata kA abhinnanimittopAdAna kAraNa hai| darzanazAstra meM kArya-kAraNa bhAva do prakAra kA hai-bhinnanimittopAdAna kAraNa aura abhinnanimittopAdAna kAraNa / jaise ghaTa kArya kI utpatti meM miTTI upAdAna kAraNa hai aura kumbhakAra Adi nimitta kAraNa haiM aura donoM kAraNa eka-dUsare se bhinna haiN| parantu jagata kI utpatti meM nimitta kAraNa bhI brahma hai aura upAdAna kAraNa bhI brahma hai, isalie ise abhinnanimittopAdAna kAraNa kahA hai| sAMkhya-yoga aura nyAya-vaizeSika-darzana ye cAroM darzana vaidika-darzana haiN| phira bhI ve paramAtmA aura brahma ko jagata kA kAraNa nahIM mAnate / ve AcArya zaMkara kI taraha jagata ko mAyA rUpa, bhrAnta, asatya, mithyA aura brahma kA vivarta bhI nahIM maante| sAMkhya-darzana jagata meM mUla tattva do mAnatA hai-puruSa aura prakRti / puruSa cetana hai, kUTastha hai, apariNAmI hai, akartA hai aura zuddha hai| prakRti jar3a hai, kSaNika hai, pariNAmI hai, kartA hai, bhoktA hai aura vikAroM se yukta hai| jagatarUpa kArya kA kAraNa puruSa nahIM, prakRti hai / puruSa prakRti ke saMyoga se athavA prakRti se sambaddha hone ke kAraNa jagata meM paribhramaNa karatA hai, parantu bandha aura mokSa prakRti meM hI hotA hai, puruSa meM nahIM; kyoMki vaha to svabhAva se hI mukta hai| jagata ke sambandha meM yahI vicAra yoga darzana ke haiN| nyAya-vaizeSika-darzana paramANuvAdI hai / vaha jagata meM jar3a aura cetana-donoM ko mUla tattva mAnatA hai, phira bhI AtmA ko kUTastha nitya mAnatA hai| usakI mAnyatA ke anusAra guNa dravya se bhinna haiM, ve dravya meM samavAya sambandha se rahate haiN| isalie unameM hone vAle pariNamana se AtmA meM vikRti nahIM aatii| vaha pRthvI, jala, agni evaM vAyu Adi ke paramANuoM ko pRthaka-pRthaka mAnatA hai aura unase hI jagata eva jagata ke padArthoM kI utpatti mAnatA hai| jagata kA upAdAna kAraNa pRthvI Adi ke apane-apane paramANu haiM / jaise-ghaTa kA upAdAna kAraNa miTTI ke paramANu haiM aura saritA kA upAdAna kAraNa jala ke paramANu / jaina-darzana bhI paramANuvAda ko mAnatA hai, parantu vaha miTrI, jala, agni, vAyu Adi ke paramANuoM ko bhinna-bhinna nahIM maantaa| jaisA saMyoga milatA hai usI ke anurUpa paramANu bana jAte haiM / miTTI ke paramANu kAlAntara meM jala ke pravAha meM pAnI kA rUpa le lete haiM aura pAnI ke paramANu kAlAntara meM miTTI kA rUpa le lete hai| vaijJAnika bhI paramANu kI parivartita hotI huI sthiti ko svIkAra karate haiN| avaidika-darzana - cArvAka-darzana, bauddha-darzana aura jaina-darzana-ye tInoM darzana avaidika hai| tInoM veda-prAmANya ko svIkAra nahIM karate, vedoM kI prAmANikatA meM vizvAsa nahIM rakhate / inameM cArvAka-darzana ekAnta bhautikavAdI hai| vaha jagata kI utpatti bhUtoM se mAnatA hai| usake vicAra se jagata meM eka mAtra 1 muNDaka upaniSad, 1, 1, 7 aura 3, 2, 8 /
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________________ bhAratIya tattva-cintana meM jar3a-cetana kA sambandha 263 bhautika-tattva yA bhUta hI maulika tattva hai yA mUla tattva hai| bhUta-tattva se bhinna cetana kA koI astitva nahIM hai| bauddha-darzana nAma aura rUpa athavA vijJAna ko hI jagata kA mUla kAraNa mAnatA hai| usake vicAra meM koI bhI padArtha-bhale hI vaha cetana ho yA jar3a, sthAyI nahIM hai, nitya nahIM hai| jagata yAkhyA ke anusAra sat vahI hai, jo kSaNika hai, aura saritA ke pravAhavata pratikSaNa parivartita hote hue pravahamAna rahatA hai| jainadarzana jaina-paramparA meM zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ke pUrva aura bhagavAna mahAvIra tathA unake anantara AcAryoM ne jagata meM mukhya rUpa se do rAzi, do tattva, do padArtha, yA do dravya mAne hai-jIva aura ajIva, AtmA aura pudgala athavA jar3a aura cetana / jaina-darzana jagata ko mAyA rUpa evaM mithyA nahIM mAnatA / vaha to use utanA hI satya mAnatA hai, jitanA AtmA-paramAtmA ke astitva ko / usake vicAra meM sabhI dravya sat haiN| sat vaha hai, jo na to ekAnta rUpa nitya yA kaTastha nitya hai, aura na ekAnta rUpa se anitya-kSaNika hai / vastutaH jo utpAda, vyaya aura dhrauvya se yukta hai, vaha sat hai / dravya kI paribhASA hI yaha hai, ki apane mUla svarUpa meM athavA dravyarUpa meM sthita rahate hae dravita hote rahanA apanI paryAyoM meM pariNamana karate rhnaa| kyoMki vaha guNa aura paryAya se yukta hotA hai aura vaha guNa evaM paryAyoM se abhinna bhI hai| kyoMki guNa aura paryAyeM sadA guNoM evaM dravya meM hI rahatI hai / guNa evaM paryAya se zUnya dravya aura dravya se rahita guNa-paryAya kI kalpanA hI nahIM kI jA sakatI / jJAna AtmA kA guNa hai aura zuddha evaM azuddha yA samyak evaM mithyA yA kSAyopazamika evaM kSAyika Adi ye jJAna ko paryAyeM haiM / loka meM eka bhI vyakti aisA nahIM hai, jo jJAna se sarvathA rahita ho, aura usameM zuddha yA azuddha, samyak yA mithyA, kSAyopazamika yA kSAyika jJAna kI koI bhI paryAya na ho| paryAya pratikSaNa badalatI rahatI haiM, parantu paryAyoM ke badalane para bhI dravya kA mUla svarUpa kabhI nahIM badalatA / jJAna AtmA kA svabhAva hai, usakA nija guNa hai| vaha nitya hai, sadA rahegA hI-bhale hI vaha samyak rahe yA mithyA rahe / hama pratidina dekhate haiM ki nadI ke pravAha meM pravahamAna jala kaNa apane sthAna se Age kI ora baha jAte haiM aura naye jala kaNa usakA sthAna le lete haiM, parantu nadItva-jo nadI kA svabhAva hai, vaha pravAha meM bhI sadA banA rahatA hai| isalie dravya kI apekSA se padArtha nitya hai, aura paryAya kI apekSA se anitya / isa prakAra jaina-darzana jagata ko pariNAmI nitya mAnatA hai-vaha na use kUTastha nitya mAnatA hai, aura na ekAnta kSaNika hii| jaina-darzana kA yaha dRr3ha vizvAsa hai, ki jagata anAdi ananta hai| ise na kisI ne banAyA hai aura na koI ise banA sakatA hai, yaha to svabhAva se hai| yaha na to prajApati kI racanA hai, na brahmA kA banAyA huA hai, aura na brahma kA vivattaM hI hai| jIva aura ajIva athavA AtmA aura pudagala ke saMyoga sambandha kA pariNAma hai| donoM dravyoM kA saMyoga sambandha saMsAra hai, aura AtmA se pudagaloM kA viyoga ho jAnA hI mokSa hai| isalie saMsAra evaM jagata meM do hI tattvoM kI mukhyatA hai| jar3a-cetana kA bandha AtmA aura pudgala-donoM svatantra tatva haiM, svatantra dravya haiN| phira donoM meM bandha kaba, kyoM aura kaise hamA? isa sambandha meM vedoM meM koI ullekha nahIM miltaa| parantu AryoM ke Agamana ke pUrva athavA vedoM kI racanA ke pUrva bhArata meM avaidika cintana kI dhArA pravahamAna thii| usa samaya usakA nAma zramaNa, muni yA nirgrantha-paramparA yA kucha aura bhI rahA ho, para Aja vaha jaina
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________________ 264 munidvaya abhinandana grantha paramparA ke nAma se vizrata hai| usakI prArambha se hI yaha mAnyatA rahI hai, ki na kevala jar3a padArtha hI bandha kA kAraNa hai, aura na akelA cetana AtmA hii| pudgala-jar3a padArtha kA zuddha rUpa paramANu hai / jaba taka paramANu apane zuddha rUpa meM rahatA hai, taba taka vaha karma-bandha ke yogya nahIM hotA hai| AtmA bhI apane svarUpa meM sthita rahatA hai, apane zuddha svabhAva meM pariNamana karatA hai, taba bandha nahIM karatA / ataH apane zuddha svabhAva meM evaM zuddha svarUpa meM sthita pudgala aura AtmA donoM hI bandha ke yogya nahIM hai| jaba pudgala apane zuddha svarUpa paramANu rUpa na rahakara paramANuoM ke saMyoga se bane skandha kI vibhAva dazA meM pariNata hotA hai, taba vaha bandha kI yogyatA prApta karatA hai athavA kArmaNa-vargaNA kI saMjJA ko prApta hotA hai / AtmA bhI jaba svabhAva se vibhAva meM pariNata hotA hai, taba karma se Abaddha hotA hai| ataH bandha svabhAva meM nahIM, vibhAva-dazA meM hotA hai aura karma pravAha kI apekSA se vaha anAdi hai-usakI Adi nahIM hai| ananta-ananta kAla ne usakA pravAha calA A rahA hai| eka karma apanA phala dekara Atma-pradezoM se alaga hotA hai, to dUsarA usakA sthAna le letA hai / isa prakAra usakA pravAha TUTane nahIM paataa| bandha aura mokSa AtmA ke svatantra astitva ko svIkAra karane vAle tathA use zarIra Adi jar3a padArthoM se sarvathA bhinna mAnane vAle sabhI bhAratIya vicArakoM ne bandha aura mokSa ko svIkAra kiyA hai| tathAgata buddha kSaNikavAdI haiM aura anAtmavAdI bhI kahe jAte haiM, phira bhI ve AtmA ke bandha, mokSa evaM punarjanma ko mAnate haiN| sabhI vicArakoM ne avidyA, moha, ajJAna, mithyA jJAna aura mithyAtva ko karma-bandha evaM saMsAra-paribhramaNa kA kAraNa mAnA hai, aura vidyA, tattva-jJAna, samyajJAna aura sva-svarUpa ke bodha-samyaktva ko mokSa kA, mukti kA evaM nirvANa kA kAraNa mAnA hai| kaThopaniSad meM kahA hai-zreyas aura preyas do mArga haiM aura eka-dUsare se bhinna evaM viparIta hai| viSaya-janya indriya-sukha tathA bhautika-sukha-sAdhanoM kI prApti kA mArga jo hai, vaha preyas hai, aura AdhyAtmika-sAdhanA, tattva-jJAna, Atma-cintana kA, jo mArga hai, vaha zreyas-patha hai / preyas ke sAtha bAhya AkarSaNa, anurAga evaM mamatva kA bhAva juDA huA hai aura zreyas ke sAtha samabhAva evaM svabhAva ramaNa kA bhAva saMbaddha hai| Adhunika nIti-zAstra (Ethics) meM ina ubhaya dRSTiyoM koThe end as pleasure (Hedonism- aindrika-sukhavAda) aura The end as good (AtmaAnandavAda) kahA hai| yoga-sUtra bhASya meM kahA hai-citta nadI kI do dhArAe~ haiM-eka sukha mArga kI ora bahatI hai, aura dUsarI kalyANa ke mArga kI ora athavA eka indriya-janya mogoM kI ora bahatI hai, aura dUsarI adhyAtma-sAdhanA kI ora / buddhimAna evaM vivekazIla sAdhaka kA kartavya hai, ki vaha dvitIya mArga kA avalambana kre| kyoMki jo viSaya bhogoM meM tRpta hokara parama zAnti evaM Ananda pAne kI kAmanA rakhatA hai, vaha lolupa vyakti atRpta rahatA hai aura duHkha ko hI prApta karatA hai / indriya-moga vyakti ko tRSNA se rahita nahIM krte|2 zramaNa bhagavAna mahAvIra ne yahI bAta kahI hai-saMsAra ke kAmabhoga, indriya-janya vaiSayikasukha evaM bhautika-sukha-sAdhana zalya hai, viSa haiM, aura AzIviSa sarpa ke tulya haiN| jo kAma-mogoM kI icchA evaM AkAMkSA to rakhate haiM, kintu paristhitivaza unakA bhoga evaM sevana nahIM kara pAte, ve bhI durgati meM jAte haiM / vAstava meM tRSNA kI Aga kabhI zAnta nahIM hotii| vaha AkAza kI 1 yoga-sUtra, vyAsa bhASya, 1,12 * 2 vahI, 2,15 3 uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 6,53
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________________ bhAratIya tattva-cintana meM jar3a-cetana kA sambandha 265 taraha ananta hai, usakA kabhI anta nahIM AtA, athavA vaha kadApi paripUrNa nahIM hotii| jyoM-jyoM lAbha hotA hai, tyoM-tyoM lobha, taSNA evaM AkAMkSA bar3hatI hai| isalie rAga aura dvaSa athavA Asakti karma-bandha kA mUla kAraNa hai| aura vItarAga bhAva, anAsakti evaM sva-svabhAva meM pariNamana karma-bandhana se mukta hokara parama Ananda evaM parama sukha ko prApta karane kA mUla kAraNa yA zreyasa patha hai| isalie prabuddha-sAdhaka vaha hai, jo bheda-vijJAna ke dvArA sva-svarUpa kA bodha karake viveka pUrvaka niHzreyas-patha para gati karatA hai| ajJAna kA svarUpa bandha kA kAraNa ajJAna hai / anAtma athavA jar3a padArthoM meM Atma-buddhi rakhanA aura AtmA meM anAtma bhAva rakhanA athavA jisa vastu kA jo svabhAva hai, use usake viparIta mAnanA evaM samajhanA, ajJAna evaM avidyA hai| AtmavAdI vicArakoM ke anusAra AtmA eka svatantra, pRthvI Adi mata tattvoM se nirmita bhautika zarIra se sarvathA bhinna zAzvata dravya hai / ataH bhautika zarIra, indriya, prANa evaM mana Adi ko AtmA mAnanA mithyA-jJAna hai| tathAgata buddha kisI svatantra evaM zAzvata dravya ko svIkAra nahIM krte| phira bhI tathAgata isa bAta ko svIkAra karate haiM, ki zarIra Adi jar3a padArthoM meM Atma-buddhi rakhanA mithyA-jJAna yA moha hai| chAndogya upaniSad meM zarIra Adi anAtma padArthoM ko AtmA svIkAra karane ko asuroM kA jJAna kahA hai| nyAya-darzana meM mithyA-jJAna kA apara (dUsarA) nAma moha hai| zarIra, indriya, mana, prANa, vedanA aura buddhi-ina anAtma padArthoM meM AtmAgraha rakhanA-yaha maiM hI hU~, aisI Agraha buddhi moha hai|6 vaizeSika-darzana kI bhI yahI mAnyatA hai / sAMkhya-darzana meM viparyaya ko ajJAna kahA hai-jJAnasya viparyayo'jJAnam / vaha isase tIna prakAra kA bandha svIkAra karatA hai-1. prakRti ko puruSa mAnakara usakI upAsanA karanA-prAkRtika-bandha, 2. bhUta, indriya, ahaMkAra, buddhi Adi vikAroM ko puruSa mAnakara usakI upAsanA karanA-vaikArika-bandha, aura 3. iSTa ApUrta athavA mana evaM indriyoM ko abhISTa lagane vAle bhogoM kI pUrti meM saMlagna rahanA-dAkSaNika-bandha hai| yoga-darzana meM viparyaya ke sthAna para kleza zabda kA prayoga kiyA hai| anitya, azuci, du:kha evaM anAtma padArthoM meM nitya, zuci, sakha aura Atma-buddhi rakhanA kleza hai| jaina-paramparA meM kaSAya aura yoga (mana, vacana aura kAya ke vyApAra) ko bandha kA kAraNa mAnA hai| anantAnubandhI kaSAya ajJAna avasthA meM rahatA hai| isalie isakA vistAra karake mithyAtva, avata, kaSAya, pramAda aura yoga ko bandha kA kAraNa svIkAra kiyaa| anya darzanoM meM mithyAtva ko mithyA-jJAna, ajJAna, avidyA aura viparyaya tathA kleza kahA hai| uttarAdhyayana sUtra evaM sthAnAMga sUtra meM rAga-dveSa evaM moha ko karma-bandha kA kAraNa kahA hai| rAga-bhAva meM mAyA aura lobha tathA dveSa-bhAva meM krodha aura mAna samAviSTa ho jAtA hai| rAga 1 uttarAdhyayana sUtra 6,48 2 vahI, 8,17 3 vahI, 32,7 4 visuddhi maggo, 17,302, suttanipAtta, 3,12,33 5 chAndogya upa0, 8,8,4-5 6 nyAya-darzana, prazastapAda bhASya, 4,2,1 7 sAMkhyakArikA-mAThara vRtti, aura sAMkhya tattva kaumudrI, 44 8 yoga-darzana, 2.3 se 5 6 uttarAdhyayana sUtra, 21.16; 23.43; 28.20; 26.71 aura 32.7; sthAnAMga sUtra 2.2
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________________ 266 muni abhinandana grantha aura dveSa ke mUla meM tRSNA evaM moha rahatA hI hai, isa bAta ko anya dArzanika bhI svIkAra karate haiM / isase hama nissandeha kaha sakate haiM ki bhAratIya tattva cintana meM aviyA, ajJAna, midhyAtva viparyaya, kleza ko bandha kA kAraNa mAnA hai| jaba taka AtmA meM anAtma buddhi aura anAtmA meM Atma-bhAvanA banI rahegI, bheda-vijJAna ke dvArA sva-para ke yathArthasvarUpa kA bodha nahIM hogA, taba taka saMsAra bandhana se mukti nahIM ho sktii| mokSa ke kAraNa tRSNA evaM moha prAyaH sabhI vicAraka ajJAna aura avidyA ko bandha kA kAraNa mAnate haiM / ko bhI avidyA kA sahAyaka mAnakara use bhI bandha kA hetu mAnane meM sahamata haiN| parantu mokSa evaM nirvANa ke kAraNa tathA mukti kI sAdhanA ke sambandha meM sabhI vicAraka ekamata nahIM haiN| kucha / vicAraka kevala tattva-jJAna ko ho mukti kA hetu mAnate haiM aura kucha sirpha kriyA kANDa ko hI mokSa kA mUla kAraNa svIkAra karate haiM tathA kucha vicAraka donoM kI samanvita sAdhanA ko hI mokSa mArga mAnate haiN| upaniSad meM tattvajJAna ko, brahma-jJAna ko tathA Atma-jJAna ko hI mokSa kA hetu mAnA hai / karma-kANDa evaM upAsanA ko gauNa sthAna diyA hai / veda vihita karma-kANDa evaM yajJa-jJAga ko to spaSTa zabdoM meM saMsAra kA kAraNa kahakara unakI upekSA kI hai / bauddha darzana, nyAya-vaizeSika, sAMkhya yoga aura zAMkara vedAnta (advaitavAda) meM bhI tattva- jJAna ko mukhya kAraNa mAnA hai, aura upAsanA ko gauNa mAnA hai| brahma sUtra ke bhASyakAra AcArya rAmAnuja, nimbArka, madhya, vallama Adi bhakti-sampradAya ke pravartaka bhagavAna kI bhakti ko hI mukti kA zreSThatama sAdhana mAnate haiM, tattvajJAna ko goNa sAdhana mAnate haiN| AcArya bhAskara aura zaivajJAna aura karma donoM ko mukti kA mArga mAnate haiN| pUrvamImAMsA mukhya rUpa se kriyA-kANDa pradhAna hai| vaha veda vihita karma-kANDa, yajJa-yAga Adi vaidika kriyAoM ko hI mukti kA hetu mAnate haiM, tatva-jJAna ko nahIM gItA meM jJAna, bhakti aura karma -- tInoM ko mokSa kA kAraNa svIkAra kiyA hai| isameM anAsakti yoga para adhika bala diyA hai| karma karo, parantu phala kI icchA mata rakho yahI gItA kA anAsakti yoga hai / samyagdarzanajJAnacAritrANi mokSamArgaH / jaina darzana na ekAnta rUpa se tatvajJAna se na ekAnta rUpa se karmayoga ( cAritra) se aura na ekAnta rUpa se bhakti-yoga (zraddhA) se mukti mAnatA hai usakA dRr3ha vizvAsa hai ki samyak jJAna, / samyak darzana aura samyak cAritra athavA samyak jJAnayoga, bhaktiyoga evaM karmayoga kI samanvita sAdhanA se hI AtmA bandhana se mukta ho sakatA hai| bauddha paramparA meM isake lie prajJA, zIla aura zraddhA zabdoM kA prayoga milatA hai| jaina paramparA meM ina tInoM ko triratna yA ratnatraya kahA hai aura inakI alaga-alaga kI gaI sAdhanA ko nahIM, pratyuta samanvita sAdhanA ko ratnatraya AtmA kA svabhAva hai, ataH inakI pUrNatA ko prakaTa karanA athavA mokSa hai / mokSa mArga kahA hai|" nirAvaraNa honA hI 1 , -- -tasvArthasUtra 11
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________________ jaina saMskRti meM - ahiMsA ke itihAsa kI sunaharI kar3iyA~ [ zrI gaNezamuni zAstrI hone lagatA hai usa samaya isa AryabhUmi para divya hotA hai / vaha narapuMgava apane prabhAsvara vyaktitva ke damana karatA hai / jaba mAnava samAja meM AsurIvRtti caramotkarSa para pahu~ca jAtI hai, aura hiMsA kA viplava dRSTi vAle kisI na kisI narapuMgava kA janma dvArA samAja meM phailI huI AsurIvRtti kA dharatI kA AdimAnava jaba gar3abar3Ane lagA - saMgharSa aura AkramaNa bar3hane lage, manuSya ke mana meM hiMsA pratihiMsA kI bhAvanAe~ jAgrata hone lagIM, usa samaya meM ahiMsA ke Adya praNetA bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne avatarita hokara mAnava jAti ke avyavasthita jIvana ko yathAvat maryAdita evaM saMskArita kiyA / kRSi ke mAdhyama se annAhAra kA AviSkAra kiyA / kriyAtmaka ahiMsA ke itihAsa meM yaha eka mahatvapUrNa Alekha hai / DA0 kAmatAprasAda jaina ne 'videzI saMskRtiyoM meM ahiMsA' zIrSaka nibandha meM tIrthaMkara kAlIna hiMsA-ahiMsA ke vikAsa kA byaurA dete hue batalAyA ki............."bhagavAn RSabhadeva ke pazcAt kAlakrama se 23 tIrthaMkara hue haiN| ve bhI ahiMsA dharma ke pracAraka the| RSabhadeva se 18 tIrthaMkaroM paryanta ahiMsA dharma kA prAbalya rhaa| kintu tIrthaMkara mallI aura munisuvrata ke kAla meM yahA~ AsurI vRtti kA zrIgaNeza huA / asuroM ne Akara ahiMsaka brAhmaNoM ko bhagAkara pazu yajJa karane kI kuprathA ko janma diyA, tabhI se yahA~ hiMsA-ahiMsA kA dvandva calA / " 1 solahaveM tIrthaMkara bhagavAn zAntinAtha ne megharatha rAjarSi ke bhava meM eka kapota kI prANarakSA kara vizva ko ahiMsA prema kA pATha pddh'aayaa| mauta ke mukha se kisI prANI ko bacAnA yaha dharma kA ucca Adarza hai / prastuta Adarza ke saMrakSaNArthaM hI rAjarSi ne apane zarIra ke mAMsa ko kATakara kSudhApIr3ita vyAdha ko arpaNa kara diyA, kintu zaraNAgata kapota kI upekSA nahIM kI / karuNA ke usa masIhA ne prANoM kI mamatA tyAgakara bhI kapota kI jAna bacAI / aura ahiMsA dharma kI puSTi ke hI saMdarzana prastuta ghaTanAcakra meM mAMsAhAra kA niSedha hote haiM / bhagavAn ariSTanemi kA jIvana to ahiMsA ke itihAsa kA eka ujjvala pRSTha rahA hai / unhoMne apane vivAha prasaMga para hone vAle 'pazu-vadha dayArdra hokara sadA-sadA ke lie vivAha se hI mukha mor3a liyA / prajJAcakSu paNDita sukhalAlajI ne 'jaina saMskRti kA antarhRdaya' zIrSaka nibandha meM bhagavAn neminAtha ke jIvana tattva para prakAza DAlate hue likhA hai- " eka samaya thA jabaki kevala 9 gurudeva zrI ratnamuni smRti grantha, pR0 saM0 400 2 uttarAdhyayana sUtra a0 22
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________________ munidvaya abhinandana grantha 1 kSatriyoM meM hI nahIM, para sabhI vargoM meM mAMsa khAne kI prathA thI / nityaprati ke bhojana, sAmAjika utsava, dhArmika anuSThAna ke avasaroM para pazu-pakSiyoM kA vadha aisA hI pracalita aura pratiSThita pA jaisA Aja nAriyaloM aura phaloM kA cddh'aanaa| usa yuga meM yAdava jAti ke pramukha rAjaputra nemikumAra ne eka ajIba kadama utthaayaa| unhoMne apanI zAdI para bhojana ke lie katla kie jAne vAle nirdoSa pazu-pakSiyoM kI ati mUka vANI se sahasA pighalakara nizcaya kiyA ki ve aisI zAdI na kareMge jisameM anAvazyaka aura nirdoSa pazu-pakSiyoM kA vadha hotA ho usa gambhIra nizcaya ke sAtha ve sabakI sunI-anasunI karake bArAta se zIghra lauTa Ae, dvArikA se sIdhe giranAra parvata para jAkara unhoMne tapasyA kI kaumAravaya meM vivAhArtha prastuta sundara rAjakanyA kA tyAga aura dhyAna tapasyA kA mArga apanAkara unhoMne usa cira pracalita pazu-pakSI vadha kI prathA para Atma dRSTAnta se itanA prahAra kiyA ki jisase gujarAta bhara meM aura gujarAta ke prabhAva vAle dUsare prAntoM meM mI vaha prathA nAma zeSa ho gaI / vaha paramparA vartamAna meM calane vAlI piMjarA poloM kI lokapriya saMsthAoM meM parivartita hogaI / "" yadukumAra neminAtha ke pazcAt bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ne ahiMsA tattva ko vikasita karane ke lie eka dUsarA nayA hI kadama uThAyA / paJcAgni jaisI tAmasa tapasyA kA khaNDana karate hue prabhu ne batalAyA ki vaha tapasyA kisI kAma kI nahIM, jisameM anekoM sUkSma va sthUla prANiyoM ke jala jAne kA koI jJAna hI nahIM rahatA / sad-asad kA koI bhAna hI nahIM hotaa| aisI hiMsAjanya tapasyA, tapasyA nahIM, nirA deha daNDa hai, usameM Atma-vikAsa kI koI guMjAiza nahIM hai| itanA hI nahIM, prabhu ne jana samAja ko pAkhaNDa dharma se sAvadhAna kiyA aura vAstavika dharma se paricita karA kara jIvana ke sAtha usakA sambandha jodd'aa| isa prakAra dharmakSetra meM sadiyoM se phaile hue ajJAna timira ko dUra kara viveka ke prakAza se ahiMsA tattva ko jagamagAyA / 268 yadyapi sarpa kI ghaTanA ko lekara bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ko kamaTha tApasa va unake anuyAyiyoM kA kopa pAtra bananA par3A, phira bhI unhoMne usakI tanika bhI paravAha nahIM kI, aura hiMsAjanya ajJAna-tapa kI jar3a hI ukhAr3a DAlI / yaha bhagavAn pArzvanAtha kI apUrva dena hai ki Aja bhI jaina dharma yA usase prabhAvita kSetra meM sarpoM ke prati karuNA kI varSA barasatI huI dikhalAI par3atI hai, mAnava sarpoM ko nAga devatA ke rUpa meM pUjane lagA hai / bhagavAn pArzvanAtha ke dvArA vikasita ahiMsA kI bhAvanA jJAtaputra bhagavAn mahAvIra ko virAsata meM prApta huI / bhagavAn mahAvIra aura buddha ke yuga kA itihAsa to bar3A hI vicitra rahA hai jaba bhArata ke dharmakSetroM meM yajJa-yAgAdi ke nAma para pazubali aura dAsa prathA ke rUpa meM zoSaNa kA daura cala rahA thA, svArthI dharmAnya va rasa-lolupa vyakti hiMsA ko vizeSa protsAhita kara rahe the| " vaidikI hiMsA hiMsA na bhavati", "yajJArtha pazavaH sRSTAH", "svargakAmo yajeta" Adi-Adi sUtroM kA nirmANa kara dharma ke nAma para pazuoM kA berahamI se baca kiyA jAtA thaa| isa nRzaMsa hiMsA ko ve ahiMsA kA cogA pahanA dete the / hiMsA, ahiMsA kA nakAba pahanakara khule Ama janatA ke sammukha Ane lgii| mAnava ke dvArA mAnava kA tiraskAra aura apamAna dekhakara vastutaH mAnavatA apa mAnita hone lagI, vaha hajAra hajAra A~suoM se sisaka uThI / usa samaya bhagavAn mahAvIra aura tathAgata buddha ne ahiMsA meM naye prANa aura naI cetanA kA spandana bharane ke lie sampUrNa mAnava jAti ko dayA aura karuNA kA divya sandeza diyaa| sAre samAja meM ahiMsaka krAnti kI vyApaka lahara paidA kii| itanA hI nahIM, apane dharma pravacanoM meM khullama-khullA Ama pracalita yajJoM kA khaNDana karate hue kahA- "dharma kA sambandha AtmA kI pavitratA se hai, mUka pazuoM kA rakta bahAne meM dharma kahA~ hai ? yaha to AmUlacUla bhayaMkara bhUla hai, pApa hai jaba Apa kisI marate jIva ko jIvana nahIM 1 darzana aura cintana /
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________________ jaina saMskRti meM : ahiMsA ke itihAsa kI sunaharI kar3iyA~ 266 de sakate, to use mArane kA Apako kyA adhikAra hai ? paira meM lagA jarA-sA kAMTA jaba hameM becaina kara detA hai, to jinake gale para churiyAM calatI haiM, unheM kitanA duHkha hotA hogA? yajJa karanA burA nahIM hai| vaha avazya honA caahie| parantu dhyAna rakho ki vaha viSaya-vikAroM ke pazuoM kI bali se ho, na ki ina jIvita dehadhArI mUka pazuoM kI bali se| sacce dharma yajJa ke lie AtmA ko agnikUNDa banAo, usameM mana-vacana aura kAyA ke dvArA zubha pravRtti rUpa ghRta uNddelo| anantara tapaagni ke dvArA duSkarma kA IMdhana jalAkara zAnti rUpa prazasta homa kro|"1 isa prakAra bhagavAna mahAvIra ne hiMsAtmaka yajJoM kA virodha kara ahiMsA-tapa Adi rUpa yajJoM kA nirUpaNa kiyA tathA pracalita mAMsAhAra kA sabala svara meM ghora virodha kiyA / virodha kI AvAja itanI pracaNDa thI ki svArthI-dharmAndha vyakti apane svArthoM para hone vAle AghAtoM se Ahata hokara kucha samaya ke lie kulabulA uThe / kintu zAnti ke isa mahAn devadUta kI ekAgra tapasyA va usakI ahiMsA parAyaNa niSThA ke sammukha eka dina unheM natamastaka honA pdd'aa| pariNAmataH jo vyakti mAMsa va yajJa priya the, unake zuSka hRdayoM meM karuNA kA ajasra-srota pravAhita ho utthaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra aura buddha ke pazcAt to ahiMsA bhAvanA kI jar3a bhArata ke mAnasa meM itanI adhika gaharI jamI ki samasta bhAratIya dharma kA vaha hArda bana gaI / tAtkAlika bar3e-bar3e prabhAvazAlI brAhmaNoM va kSatriyoM ko usane apanI ora AkarSita kara liyaa| sAmAjika, dhArmika Adi utsavoM meM bhI ahiMsA ne apanA prabhAva jamA liyaa| sarvazAnti kA sAmrAjya phaila gyaa| bhagavAna mahAvIra ne vizva ko jo aneka prakAra kI dena dI haiM, unameM yaha ahiMsA sambandhI dena sarvopari hai| bhagavAna mahAvIra tathA buddha dvArA upadiSTa ahiMsA aura karuNA tattva ko samrAT candragupta, azoka tathA usake pautra saMprati ne aura adhika pratiSThita evaM vyApaka banAyA, itihAsa isakA sAkSI hai| kaliMga yuddha meM nara-rakta ko bahate dekhakara azoka kA hRdaya karuNArdra ho uThA, aura usane bhaviSya meM yuddha na karane kA saMkalpa kara liyaa| azoka ne ahiMsA aura karuNA ke sandeza ko zilAlekhoM dvArA sthAna-sthAna para utkIrNa karAke pracArita kiyA / azoka ke pautra samrATa samprati ne ahiMsA kI bhAvanA ko apane adhIna rAjyoM taka hI sImita nahIM rakhA, varan rAjyoM ke sImAvartIpradezoM meM bhI dUra-dUra taka phailAkara usakA prabala pracAra kiyaa| bArahavIM sadI meM AcArya hemacandra ne gurjarapati siddharAja ko ahiMsA kI bhAvanA se prabhAvita kara eka bahuta bar3A Adarza upasthita kiyaa| siddharAja ke rAjya meM jahAM devI-devatAoM ke samakSa nAnAvidha hiMsAeM hotI thIM, ve hisAeM saba ruka gii| siddharAja kA uttarAdhikArI mahAn samrATa kumArapAla bhI ahiMsA meM pUrNa niSThA rakhatA thaa| usane ahiMsA bhAvanA kA jitanA vistAra kiyA vaha itihAsa meM bejor3a hai| unakI dayAvRtti ke lie eka suprasiddha janazra ti hai ki-'kumArapAla apane rAjya ke azvoM ko pAnI bhI chAna-chAnakara pilAyA karatA thaa| usakI "amAri-ghoSaNA" atyanta lokapriya banI, jo ahiMsA bhAvanA kI eka viziSTa dyotaka thii| ahiMsA bhAvanA ke pracAra meM jahAM anekoM variSTha vyaktiyoM ke hAtha agrasara rahe haiM, vahAM nirgrantha paramparA ke zramaNoM kA bhI isameM vizeSa zreya rahA hai| ve himAlaya se kanyAkumArI taka, aTaka se kaTaka taka pada yAtrA karake, aneka musIbatoM va aneka kaSToM ko jhelakara, jana-jana ko 1 tavo joI, jIvo joiThANaM, jogA suyA sarIraM kArisaMgaM / kammehA saMjama joga santI, homaM haNAmi isiNaM pasattha // -uttarAdhyana sUtra, a0 13, gA0 24
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________________ 300 munidvaya abhinandana grantha ahiMsA kA amRta bA~Tate rahe haiN| unake antara meM prema-pIyUSa ur3elate rahe haiN| agaNita vyaktiyoM ko hiMsA-janita mAMsa-madirA ke vyasanoM kA parityAga karavAkara unheM dharmAbhimukha kiyA hai| jaise zaMkarAcArya ne bhArata ke cAroM konoM para maTha sthApita karake brahmAdvata kA vijaya stambha ropA hai, vaise hI mahAvIra ke anuyAyI anagAra nirgranthoM ne bhArata jaise vizAla deza ke cAroM konoM meM ahiMsAvata kI bhAvanA ke vijaya stambha ropa diye haiM, aisA kahA jAya to atyukti nahIM hogii| lokamAnya tilaka ne isa bAta ko yoM kahA thA ki-gujarAta kI ahiMsA-bhAvanA jainoM kI hI dena hai, para itihAsa hameM kahatA hai ki ahiMsAmUlaka dharma vRtti meM nirgrantha-sampradAya kA thor3A-bahuta prabhAva avazya kAma kara rahA hai| una sampradAyoM ke pratyeka jIvana vyavahAra kI chAnabIna karane se koI bhI vicAraka yaha saralatA se jAna sakatA hai ki isameM nirgranthoM kI ahiMsA bhAva kA puTa avazya hai| . vastuta: nirgrantha paramparA ke zramaNoM kA ahiMsA ke utkarSa meM vizeSa avadAna rahA hai / zrI hIravijaya sUri ne bhArata ke mugala samrATa akabara ko apane prabhAva meM khIMca kara ahiMsA kA divya sandeza diyA aura samrATa se kucha pramukha tithiyoM para "amAri-ghoSaNA" jArI karane kA vacana bhI prApta kiyaa| kaI mAMsAhArI jAtiyoM ko ahiMsA dharma meM dIkSita kiyaa| bhArata meM bahuta-sI mAMsAhArI jAtiyA~ Aja ahiMsaka jIvana bitA rahI haiM, isakA zreya adhikAMza meM nirgrantha sampradAya ke zramaNoM ko hI prApta hai| madhyakAla meM kucha aise santa mahAtmAoM kI avataraNA bhI huI hai ki jinakA upadeza, upakRta hai| mahAtmA gAMdhI ne bhArata meM nava jIvana kA prANa spandita karane ke lie ahiMsA kA hI Azraya grahaNa kiyA thaa| maiM samajhatA hU~ gAMdhIjI kI saphalatA kA rahasya bhI ahiMsA hI hai, aura ahiMsA ke sahAre se hI ve eka bahuta bar3e rASTra ko sarvatantra-svatantra banA ske| isameM koI zaka nahIM ki gAMdhIjI ne ahiMsA kA rAjanIti meM prayoga karake bhArata ke ahiMsaka vAtAvaraNa ko aura adhika sajIva evaM vyAvahArika banAyA hai| yahI nahIM, kahanA cAhie ki gAMdhIjI ne ahiMsA ke itihAsa meM eka nayA pRSTha jor3A hai| unhoMne rAjanIti ke kSetra meM ahiMsA bhagavatI kI pratiSThA karake usake vyavahAra kSetra meM bhI utsAhajanaka abhivRddhi kI hai| isa prakAra ahiMsA ke itihAsa kI sunaharI kar3iyAM bhagavAna RSabhadeva se lekara vartamAna gAMdhI yuga taka satat jur3atI rahI haiN| 1 darzana aura cintana (hindI) khaNDa 2, pR0 saM0 276 paM0 sukhalAlajI