Bharatiya Sikko ke Vikas ki Katha

Author(s): Indrakumar Kathotiya
Publisher: Z_Jain_Vidyalay_Hirak_Jayanti_Granth_012029.pdf
Catalog link: https://jainqq.org/explore/211589/1

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SL.NO.08 Mall carried from Calcute to Howrah indrakumAra kaThotiyA JAINPEX '94 SCOUTS & GUIDES MAIL 17-12-94 DIAMOND JUBILEE 1934-1994. SHREE JAIN VIDYALAYA CALCUTTA 700001 hIraka jayantI smArikA TO FORGIVE IS DIVINE -- Lord Mahavir pekara kitA 17-12-04 WITH ORADRENT DAY MAINPEXP 100 CALCUT 700 001. 1 TO. THE PRINCIPAL SHREE JAIN VIDYALAYA, HOWRAH-711101. prAcIna vAMgamaya ke bahulatA se na pAe jAne ke uparAMta bhI sikkoM kI upalabdhatA se prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa ke aneka vismRta AyAmoM kA sahI evaM saTIka mUlyAMkana karane meM hama sakSama ho sake haiM aura inase na kevala hameM itihAsa meM aprApya zAsakoM evaM vibhinna pIr3hiyoM ke bAre meM hI jAnakArI prApta huI hai varan unake kAryakalApoM evaM mAnasikatA kA bhI bodha huA hai| kSetrIya tathA AkrAMtA donoM hI taraha ke zAsakoM ke bAre meM hameM sikkoM dvArA hI jAnakArI upalabdha hotI hai| grIka, 25/1 DON SEVANI BOSE ROAD. siriyana evaM mathurA ke Arambhika zAsaka isake jvalanta udAharaNa haiN| paMjAba kSetra se IsvI san 200-100 varSa pUrva kI bekTriyana mudrAoM se hameM tIsa se Upara aise zAsakoM kI jAnakArI prApta huI hai jo kisI prAcIna vAMgamaya meM upalabdha nahIM hai| isI prakAra bahuta sI jana-jAtiyoM dvArA IsvI san se pUrva evaM tatpazcAt pracArita mudrAoM dvArA hI hameM una gaNataMtroM kA paricaya prApta hotA hai| yadyapi vyApArika gatividhiyoM evaM usake unnayana meM mudrAoM kA anyonyAzrita sambandha rahA hai tathApi unase hameM usa samaya pracalita dhArmika AsthAoM ke bAre meM bhI jAnakArI milatI hai| isake atirikta mudrAeM tatkAlIna kalA vaiziSTya ko bhI udghATita karatI haiN| isase usa yuga ke kalAkAroM kI kAryakuzalatA, unake jJAna evaM unakI kalpanAoM kI jhalaka bhI hameM prApta hotI hai| baikTriyana zAsakoM, sAtavAhana rAjAoM evaM guptakAlIna svarNamudrAoM para utkIrNa vibhinna rAjAoM kI chaviyAM isakA utkRSTa udAharaNa prastuta karatI haiN| isI prakAra mugalakAlIna mudrAoM para, vizeSata: jahAMgIra dvArA pratipAdita mudrAoM para, aMkita vibhinna prakAra ke rAzi citraNa kalA kI parAkASThA ke dyotaka haiN| ataH mudrAeM itihAsa evaM kalA premiyoM donoM hI ko samAna rUpa se AkarSita karane meM sakSama hai| bhAratIya sikkoM kI vikAsa- kathA mAnava kI vikAsa yAtrA ke sAtha hI Arambha hotI hai vinimaya kI kahAnI / prAgaitihAsika kAla meM yadyapi logoM kA jIvanayApana mukhya rUpa se banajanita saMsAdhanoM para hI AdhArita thA tathA unakA kArya kSetra bhI kevalamAtra apane kabIloM taka hI parisImita thA / parantu zanai: zanai: samAja kA gaThana hone lagA aura vibhinna kabIloM ko Apasa meM vastuoM ke calana ke lie kisI mAdhyama kI AvazyakatA kA anubhava hone lagA / phalasvarUpa samamUlya kI vastueM ApasI vinimaya kA saMsAdhana bniiN| isa taraha hama dainika vyavahRta vastuoM kA prayoga vinimaya ke mAdhyama ke rUpa meM dekhate haiN| eka samaya meM gAyoM tathA dhAnya ko vinimaya kA nimitta banAyA gyaa| lekina AdAna-pradAna meM prayukta ina vastuoM ke prayoga se bahuta sI kaThinAiyAM utpanna hone lagI / yathA gAyakI umra kyA ho ? usakA parimANa kyA ho ? ityAdi / ataH vibhinna prakAra kI dhAtuoM kA upayoga isa kArya meM kiyA jAne lgaa| aMtataH vinimaya ke vibhinna AyAmoM ko DhUMDhate DhUMr3hate mudrA ke rUpa meM vinimaya kA samIcIna saMsAdhana upalabdha huA / dhAtuI mudrAeM apane Apa meM asamAnAntara aitihAsika dastAveja haiM jo apanI thAtI meM agaNita gAthAoM ko AtmasAt kie hue haiN| ve hamAre samakSa una samasta aitihAsika, sAMskRtika, rAjanaitika evaM Arthika gatividhiyoM kI gAthAoM ko ujAgara karane meM sakSama haiM jo inake sRjanakartAoM ke jIvanakAla meM ghaTita huI hoNgii| mudrAoM se itihAsa ke ve bhUle-bisare pahalU bhI ujAgara ho uThate haiM jo kisI anya srota se sambhAvita nahIM ho pAte ve hamAre samakSa kAla kI satya vastusthiti prastuta karatI haiN| ina mudrAoM se itihAsa ke una abUjha praznoM kI bhI prAmANikatA prApta hotI hai jo anya srotoM se pUrNa prAmANika nahIM ho paate| sikkoM ke mAdhyama se na kevala hamArI jAnakArI meM nirantara abhivRddhi hI hotI hai varan hameM pUrva anubhavoM meM parivartana evaM parivardhana karane kA samucita sAdhana bhI prApta hotA rahatA hai| isa taraha itihAsa apanI sampUrNatA ko prApta karatA rahatA hai| vinimaya vikAsa ke vibhinna caraNoM kA itihAsa hameM prAcIna bhAratIya itihAsa meM yatra-tatra bikharA huA upalabdha hotA hai| inameM RRgveda, aiteriya brAhmaNa, pANini kI 'aSTAdhyAyI', gopatha brAhmaNa, chAndojJa upaniSad, taiteriya brAhmaNa, zrautra sUtra, mAnava, kAtyAyana, vRhadAraNyeka upaniSad Adi pramukha haiN| yadyapi 800 I0 pU0 taka bhArata meM vinimaya ke rUpa meM dhAtu se bane eka nizcita parimANa evaM taula ke piMDa vyavahRta hone lage the kintu isa prayoga meM bhI dUSita dhAtu evaM saTIka vajana kI nizcitatA kA abhAva anubhava kiyA jAne lgaa| ataH ina dhAtuI piMDoM ko kisI adhikRta vyakti dvArA Ahata kiyA jAnA Avazyaka samajhA gayA jisase mudrAoM kI zuddhatA evaM sahI taula ko sunizcita kiyA jA ske| isa vidvat khaNDa / 92

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ina Ahata sikkoM ke pazcAt hameM tAmra dhAtu se bane pAMcavI zatI I0pU0 ke DhalAI ke sikke prApta hote haiM jo tIsarI zatI taka kauzAmbi, ayodhyA evaM mathurA rAjyoM ke dvArA mudrita kie jAte the| inameM se kucha mudrAoM para brAhmIlipi meM sthAnIya rAjAoM ke nAma bhI aMkita kie taraha Ahata kI huI mudrAoM kA AviSkAra sambhava ho skaa| pAMcavIM-chaThI za0I0pU0 likhita pANini kI aSTAdhyAyI ke anuzIlana se hameM tatsamaya pracalita vibhinna prakAra kI mudrAoM evaM unake aMzoM kA bodha hotA hai| inameM niSka, satamAna, pada, sana, karSApaNa ityAdi pramukha haiN| ata: hama yaha nizcitatA se mAna sakate haiM ki pANini kAla taka bhAratavarSa meM mudrAoM kA pracalana pUrNata: vikasita ho cukA thaa| isa vikAsa yAtrA meM atyadhika samaya kA laganA avazyambhAvI hai| cUMki vedoM tathA AThavIM za0I0pU0 meM likhita brAhmaNoM tathA upaniSadoM meM ina sikkoM kA kahIM bhI ullekha na hone se yaha suvidita ho jAtA hai ki sikkoM kA pracalana bhAratavarSa meM isa vAMgamaya ke likhe jAne ke uparAMta tathA aSTAdhyAyI ke likhe jAne se pUrva kisI bhI samaya meM huA hogaa| DaoN. paramezvarIlAla gupta ke anusAra isa samaya ko sAtavIM zatAbdi I0pU0 kA ThaharAyA jA sakatA hai| __ hama dekha cuke haiM ki prAgaitihAsika kAla meM vyApArika gatividhiyAM bahudhA samamUlya kI vastuoM ke AdAna-pradAna taka hI sImita thIM lekina zanaiH zanaiH bauddhika vikAsa ke bar3hate caraNoM ne vinimaya kI sarvamAnya paddhati ko khojanA prArambha kiyaa| jahAM ucca AdAna-pradAna kA mAdhyama pazudhana ko banAyA gayA vahIM nimna vastuoM ke vinimaya ke lie mAladvIpa TApU se AyAtita kaur3iyoM ko isakA AdhAra banAyA gyaa| mUlyavAna dhAtuoM kI khoja ke uparAMta bhAratavarSa meM gAya ke sthAna para 'suvarNa' kA prayoga hone lgaa| hindukuza parvata evaM nadiyoM se prApta svarNadhUli kA upayoga bhI ucca vastuoM ke vinimaya ke lie kiyA jAne lgaa| 'heroDoTsa' ke matAnusAra 518 I0pU0 se 350 I0pU0 meM phArasa ke kSatrapoM dvArA saMcAlita bhAratIya kSetra se 360 TeleMTa svarNadhUli kara ke rUpa meM AkImeniDa sAmrAjya ko cukAyI jAtI thii| kintu baikTriyana zAsakoM se pUrva (pahalI dUsarI za0pU0) kI svarNa mudrAeM abhI taka aprApya haiN| sabhI prAcIna mudrAeM rUpahalI dhAtu meM hI milatI haiN| ___ jinheM Aja Ahata mudrAoM (paMcamarka) ke rUpa meM pratiSThA prApta hai vahI saMskRta evaM prAkRta vAMgamaya meM saMbhavata: 'purANa' athavA 'dhAraNa' kahalAte the| ye mudrAeM AyatAkAra athavA gola raupya evaM kabhI-kabhI tAmra dhAtuoM se banAI jAtI thiiN| inheM dhAtuI caddaroM se nizcita parimANa meM kATakara eka nizcita AkAra diyA jAtA thaa| tatpazcAt inheM vibhinna paMcoM dvArA cinhita kiyA jAtA thaa| isa taraha kI 80 TeleMTa Ahata raupya mudrAeM leTina lekhaka kviTsa karaTiyasa ke anusAra AMbhi rAjA ne alekjeMDara ko takSazilA meM bheMTa kii| takSazilA kI khudAI meM jaoNna mArzala ko 160 Ahata mudrAoM kA eka jakhIrA prApta huA thaa| isa samUha meM DAyaToDoTasa kI 245 I0pU0 kI eka mudrA bhI thii| uparyukta kathanoM se hama AsAnI se isa niSkarSa para pahuMca sakate haiM ki maurya sAmrAjya ke utkarSa se lekara tIsarI cauthI zatAbdi I0pUrva taka uttarI bhAratavarSa meM Ahata mudrAeM pUrNa rUpa se sthApita ho cukI thiiN| gupta sAmrAjya ke Ate-Ate tathA caMdragupta se azoka kAla taka ye mudrAeM samasta bhAratIya upamahAdvIpa meM pUrNarUpeNa sthApita ho cukI thiiN| cauthI zatI I0pU0 taka bhAratavarSa meM DAI dvArA sikke taiyAra hone lage the| inako kevala eka chora para hI mudrita kiyA jAtA thaa| zera kI chavi vAlA aisA sikkA takSazilA se prApta huA hai| gAMdhAra kSetra se prApta kucha mudrAoM para azoka kAlIna bauddha dharma ke dhArmika cinha yathAbodhi vRkSa, svastika, stUpa ityAdi parilakSita hote haiN| tatpazcAt pAMcAla, kauzAmbi evaM mathurA se donoM ora mudrita DAyI ke sikke bhI jArI hue| inameM gAMdhAra se mudrita eka ora zera tathA dUsarI ora hAthI kI chaviyoM vAle sikke sarvazreSTha mAne jAte haiN| ___kauTilya dvArA praNIta cauthI za0I0pU0 ke arthazAstra se hameM usa samaya ke sikkoM ke banAne kI paddhati ke viSaya meM jAnakArI milatI hai| vibhinna jyAmitIya upamAnoM meM prApta Ahata mudrAeM mahAbhArata ke 11vIM zIta I0pU0 ke yuddha ke pazcAt bace janapadoM evaM mahAjana padoM dvArA jArI kI gaI thiiN| ye sabhI janapada pAMcavIM za0I0pU0 meM magadha sAmrAjya ke udaya ke sAtha hI usameM vilIna ho ge| yadyapi sarvaprathama ina mudrAoM ko kisane jArI kiyA, yaha jAnanA atyanta kaThina hai tathApi hameM sUrasena, uttara evaM dakSiNa pAMcAla, vatsa, kunAla, kauzala, kAzI, malla, magadha, baMga, kaliMga, AMdhra, asmAka, mulakA, avanti, uttarI mahArASTra, saurASTra evaM gAMdhAra kSetroM se magadha sAmrAjya ke udaya se pUrva kI mudrAeM milatI haiN| ajAtazatru ke magadha sAmrAjya kI bAgaDora samhAlane ke sAtha hI samasta bhAratavarSa ke nimitta eka hI taula ke sikke pracalita kie gae jo dvitIya za0 pUrva magadha sAmrAjya ke patana hone taka jArI kie jAte rhe| ina mudrAoM ko 'kArSApaNa' athavA 'paNa' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| inake choTe svarUpa ko 'meSaka' nAma diyA gayA hai| lekina dvitIya za0I0pU0 meM kisI samaya inake mudraNa meM vyavadhAna upasthita huA, jisake phalasvarUpa inakI upalabdhatA meM atizaya hrAsa huaa| phalataH katipaya sthAnoM para ina mudrAoM ko DhalAI athavA DATU ke mAdhyama se mudrita kiyA jAne lgaa| jhUsI, zizupAlagar3ha, mathurA, koMDApura, erana se upalabdha mRda, mUSikAeM inake utkRSTa udAharaNa haiN| kauTilya praNIta arthazAstra ke anusAra tAmradhAtu kI Ahata mudrAeM bhI pracalita thiiN| ye mudrAeM hameM ujjaina, magadha, vidizA, aMga, mathurA evaM mevAr3a pradezoM se prApta huI haiN| tatpazcAt tAmra mudrAeM mUSikAoM meM DhAlakara bhI banAI jAne lagI jo prAya: samasta uttarI bhAratavarSa meM lokapriya thiiN| inakA pracalana samaya tIsarI zatAbdi I0pU0 se tIsarI zatAbdi taka kA AMkA jAtA hai| ____ 326 I0pU0 meM alekjeMDara ke bhAratavarSa praveza ke sAtha hI bhAratIya mudrA itihAsa meM AmUla-cUla parivartana parilakSita hotA hai| aura eka naI paddhati ke sikke prakAza meM Ate haiN| ina sikkoM meM zAsakoM tathA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 93

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unakI mAnyatA prApta devI devatAoM kI chaviyAM prathama bAra aMkita kii| gii| puru ke sAtha hue yuddha meM vijaya prApta kara alekjeMDara ne cAMdI ke DekA Drecama evaM TeTrADrecama sikke jArI kie| alekjeMDara ke maraNoparAMta usake uttarAdhikAriyoM evaM kSatrapoM dvArA sikke mudrita kie jAte rahe aura aba taka lagabhaga bAIsa bekTriyana zAsakoM dvArA jArI sikke jJAta ho cuke haiN| svarNa mudrA sarvaprathama inhIM zAsakoM meM se eka DAyoDoTasa dvArA mudrita kI gii| saMsAra kI sabase pahalI nikela dhAtu se banI mudrAeM bhI inhIM zAsakoM dvArA yahAM jArI kI giiN| sTreTo dvitIya dvAra zIze se bane sikke bhI pracalita kie ge| inake sikkoM meM prathama bAra lipi kA upayoga kiyA gyaa| grIka bhASA tathA kharoSThi lipi meM prAkRta bhASA kA upayoga inake sikkoM para huA hai| kucha zAsakoM dvArA brAjhi lipi kA bhI prayoga kiyA gayA hai| ___ lagabhaga 135 I0pU0 se 75 I0pU0 taka 'zaka' logoM ne bekTriyana zAsana kA aMta kara inheM bhAratavarSa se visthApita kara diyaa| ina zaka zAsakoM meM sarvaprathama mAosa evaM vonona ke cAMdI tathA tAmra dhAtuoM meM mudrita sikke prApta hue haiN| inake uttarAdhikArI ejeja prathama ke sikke bahulatA se pAe jAte haiN| isake bAda bhI kaI zaka-pahalavoM ke sikke pAe gae haiN| prathama zatAbdi ke lagabhaga kuSANoM ke AvirbhAva ke sAtha hI ina zaka-pahalava zAsakoM kA aMta huaa| kuSANa cIna kI sImAvartI kSetra vizeSa kI ghumaMtU janajAtiyAM thIM jinheM yU-cI kahA jAtA thaa| inhIM kI eka zAkhA kyU-zuAMga (kuSANa) ne uttarI bhAratavarSa meM apane zAsana ko phailaayaa| inhoMne pUrva meM vArANasI taka apane rAjya ko sthApita kiyA tathA pazcima meM bhI bhAratIya sImAoM ko ullaMdhita kiyaa| isa taraha se inhoMne eka zaktizAlI rAjya kI sthApanA kI jo lagabhaga eka zatAbdi taka kAyama rhaa| ina zAsakoM meM sarvaprathama kujula kaDaphiseja ne tAmramudrAeM jArI kiiN| isake putra vimA kaDaphiseja ne sarvaprathama bhAratavarSa meM sone ke vibhinna parimANoM ke pracura mAtrA meM sikke pracalita kie| ina mudrAoM ko hama cauthAI dInAra, dInAra tathA do dInAra ke rUpa meM jAnate haiN| vimA kaDaphiseja kI tAmramudrAoM para ziva kI chaviyAM bhI aMkita haiM jo yaha darzAtI haiM ki vaha bhAratIya zaiva paramparA se atyadhika prabhAvita rahA hogaa| vimA kaDaphiseja ke / uttarAdhikArI huviSka prathama tathA kaniSka prathama ne bhI kramaza: sikke jArI kie| kaniSka prathama ne ziva kI chavi vAle sikke to jArI kie hI sAtha hI buddha ke nAma vAle sikke bhI mudrita krvaae| kaniSka prathama ke pazcAt huviSka dvitIya, huviSka tRtIya, vAsudeva prathama, vAsudeva dvitIya, vAsudeva tRtIya, kaniSka dvitIya, vasiSka, kaniSka tRtIya tathA masra ne / kramaza: kuSANa sikke jArI kie| lekina kuSANoM kA hrAsa vAsudeva dvitIya ke samaya se hone laga gyaa| zazeniyana rAjAoM ne aradAsira prathama ke kAryakAla meM kuSANa kSetroM ko vizeSata: gAMdhAra aura hindU ke pazcimI kSetroM ko jItanA Arambha kara diyA thaa| ina hastagata kSetroM para rAjaparivAra ke vyaktiyoM kA Adhipatya kiyA jAne lgaa| ina rAjanayikoM dvArA zazainiyana mudrAoM se milate-julate sikke jArI kie ge| inameM se sApura, aradAsira prathama, aradAsira dvitIya, phiroja prathama evaM horamiDa prathama, phiroja dvitIya, varAharana prathama, varAharana dvitIya, horamiDa dvitIya ke sikke hameM prApya haiN| kuSANa rAjA kaniSka tRtIya ke samaya meM sindhu nadI ke pUrvI hisse, jo kuSANa, adhikAra meM the ve bhI nIpUnada, gadAhara, gaDAkhAra, payAsa aura zaka janajAtiyoM dvArA hastagata kie jAne lge| zakoM ne to hariyANA taka ke kucha hissoM para adhikAra kara liyaa| inhoMne bhI apane sikke jArI kie| tatpazcAt zazeniyana rAjAoM dvArA hastagata sImAoM ko eka anya janajAti kidArA ne jIta liyaa| inake dvArA jArI sikkoM ko 'kidAra kuSANa' sikkoM ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| maurya sAmrAjya ke patana ke pazcAt uttara bhAratavarSa meM choTe-choTe janapada puna: svataMtra hokara apanA rAjya sthApita karane lge| puSyamitra zuMga ne 184 I0 pUrva meM maurya sAmrAjya ko hastagata kara apane tAmra Ahata sikke jArI kie| unake vaMzajoM ne vidizA se bhI Ahata mudrAeM jArI kii| zuMga ke pazcAt kaNva vaMzajoM ne sikke pracalita kie| isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki gupta sAmrAjya ke prArambha hone se pUrva vibhinna kSetrIya, janapadIya evaM rAjakIya sikke vibhinna zAsakoM dvArA jArI kie ge| ye mudrAeM Ahata sikkoM ke sadRza, DAi se banI tathA DhalAI kI bhI prApta hotI haiN| Alekha rahita mudrAeM gAMdhAra, erana, ujjainI evaM kauzAmbi Adi sthAnoM se prApta huI haiM tathA Alekha janita mudrAeM gAMdhAra, vArANasI, zrAvasti, uddehikA, sudavapA, kauzAmbi, ujjayinI, erAkanya, vidizA, mahismatI, kurAra, tagAra, tripurI evaM puSkalavatI se jArI kI gii| isI prakAra paMjAba kSetra ke janajAtIya gaNataMtroM yathA audambara, kuniMda evaM yaudheyoM dvArA apane-apane devatAoM ke nAma se mudrAeM jArI kI giiN| dvitIya za0I0pU0 meM paMjAba ke kSetroM se jina janajAtIya rAjanayikoM ne mudrAeM pracalita kI unameM agreya, kSudraka, rAjanya, zivi, trigarta evaM yaudheya pramukha haiN| prathama za0i0pU0 meM hameM audambara, rAjanya, vRSNi, vemaka evaM kuniMda zAsakoM ke sikke upalabdha hote haiN| prathama sadI ke lagabhaga ina kSetroM se hameM mAlava evaM kuluta logoM dvArA jArI sikkoM kI jAnakArI milatI hai| isI taraha dvitIya zatI ke Ate-Ate eka aura janajAtIya yathA arjunAyana ke sikkoM ke bAre meM patA calatA hai| videzI AkramaNa ke bhaya se inameM se katipaya janajAtiyAM cauthI zatAbdi taka rAjasthAna kI ora prasthApita hone laga giiN| udhara gaMgA-yamunA ke samatalIya kSetroM meM uparyukta samaya meM cAra pramukha rAjyoM kI sthApanA huI yathA zUrasena, pAMcAla, kauzala evaM vts| zUrasena se hameM gaumitra evaM usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ke sikke prApta hue haiN| tatpazcAt zeSadatta evaM usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ke sikke bhI isa kSetra se prApta hue haiN| do anya zAsakoM balabhUti evaM apalatA kI mudrAeM bhI hameM isa kSetra meM parilakSita huI haiN| inake atirikta katipaya videzI zAsakoM rAjUvUlA evaM usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ke bhI sikke isI kSetra vizeSa se prApta hue haiN| udhara pAMcAla kSetra se tAmra sikkoM kI eka pUrI kI pUrI zRMkhalA hameM prApta hotI hai, jinako bIsiyoM zAsakoM ne pracalita kiyaa| kauzala hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 94

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kSetra se mUladeva, vAyudeva, vizAkhA deva evaM dhanadeva ke DhalAI ke sikke prApta hue haiN| tatpazcAt hameM naradatta, jyeSThasta, zivadatta evaM usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ke sikke prApta hue haiN| udhara vatsa kSetra se bhAvaghoSa, azvaghoSa Adi aThAraha zAsakoM dvArA jArI mudrAeM prApta kI gaI haiN| isake pazcAt bhI hameM anya zAsakIya vargoM kA patA calatA hai, jisameM bhadramagha, vezravana, zivamagha Adi pramukha haiN| aMtata: isa kSetra se hameM rUdra deva ke sikke prApta hote haiM jo kuSANa sikkoM ke samakakSa haiN| paravartI zuMga evaM kaNva zAsakoM dvArA mudrita Ahata tAmra mudrAeM hameM vidizA-erana kSetroM se milatI haiN| inameM sAtavAhana zAsaka sata evaM sAtakaraNI dvArA jArI sikke pramukha haiN| sAtavAhanoM ke pazcAt pUrva kSetrIya kSatrapoM dvArA bhI 350 I0 taka sikke jArI kie ge| prathama zatAbdi I0 pU0 meM isa kSetra ko zakoM dvArA adhigRhIta kiyA gayA thaa| hamUgAma, vAlaka, mAhU evaM zoma zAsakoM dvArA jArI kI gaIM mudrAeM arvAcIna hI prApta huI haiN| ina mudrAoM ke prApta hone se prAcIna jaina vAGgamaya meM varNita zaka AkramaNoM kI gAthAoM kI sampuSTi hotI hai| isI prakAra isa kSetra meM padmAvatI bhI eka svataMtra zAsana ke rUpa meM pallavita huI jahAM se vizAkhAdeva, mahatA, zabalasena, amita sena evaM zivagupta ke prathama za0 I0 pUrva se lekara prathama za0 ke madhya taka sikke pracalita hue| dvitIya zatAbdI meM hameM nAga zAsana ke kama se kama bAraha rAjyAdhikAriyoM ke sikke prApta hue haiM jo cauthI zatAbdI taka nirantara pracalana meM rhe| mahAkauzala (tripurI) kSetra se hameM mitra, magha, sena evaM bodhi vaMzajoM ke sikke milate haiN| ur3IsA kSetra se bhI tRtIya zatAbdi meM mudrita pUrI-kuSANa sikke prApta hue haiN| maurya sAmrAjya ke patana ke pazcAt dakSiNa bhAratavarSa ke pANDyA kSetroM se kSetrIya zAsaka aphasaroM dvArA, jinako mahArathI kahA jAtA thA, cAMdI ke Ahata sikkoM ke sadRza mudrAeM jArI kI giiN| DAi se bane sikke bhI pANDyA , AMdhra evaM cola kSetroM meM dvitIya za0 I0 pU0 meM jArI hue| tatpazcAt Alekhita sikke bhI ina kSetroM se jArI hue| maisUra-kanArA kSetra se sarvaprathama sadAkana nAmaka mahArASTrIya parivAra dvArA zIze ke sikke jArI kie ge| tatpazcAt eka anya parivAra 'Ananda' dvArA karavAra kSetra se sikke jArI kie ge| mahArASTra kSetra ke kolhApura se mahArathI kura, vilivAya kura, zivAlakura, gotamI putra Adi ke sikke jArI kie ge| anya eka mahAradhI parivAra hastI dvArA bhI zIze ke sikke jArI kie ge| isI samaya ke lagabhaga hameM kucha rAjakIya parivAroM ke sikke koTa liMgala meM milate haiM jinameM rAjA upAdhi se vibhUSita kiyA gayA hai| inameM kAmavAyasiri, gobhadra evaM sAmagopa, satyabhadra evaM dAsabhadra ke sikke pramukha haiN| isI taraha 'sAda' parivAra ke sikkoM para bhI rAjA kI upAdhiyAM milatI haiN| vidarbha se hameM rAjA sevaka ke sikke prApta hue haiN| inake pazcAt sAtavAhanoM athavA sAtakaranI rAjAoM ke sikkoM kI eka zrRMkhalA prApta hotI hai| ye zuMga tathA kaNva zAsakoM ke patana ke pazcAt 27 I0 pU0 meM vidizA meM zAsanastha hue tathA apane rAjya ko pazcimI bhArata evaM dakkana meM phailaayaa| zrI satI (zvAti) evaM zrI sAtakaranI (gautamI putra sAtakaranI) ne apanA rAjya pUrvI bhArata tathA dakkana meM vistRta kiyaa| unhoMne apane rAjya ke vibhinna sthAnoM se vibhinna prakAra ke sikke tAMbe, cAMdI, poTIna tathA zIze kI dhAtuoM meM pracalita kie| inake pazcAt inake kama se kama dasa uttarAdhikAriyoM ne kramaza: sikke jArI kie| dakSiNa meM AMdhra zAsana ke samakAlIna roma meM bane sone evaM cAMdI kI mudrAeM romana vyApAriyoM dvArA bhAratavarSa meM lAI jAtI thiiN| ye mudrAeM dakSiNa bhAratavarSa meM bahulatA se pAI gaI haiN| ina sikkoM para kabhI-kabhI bhAratIya zAsakoM ke Thappe bhI pAe jAte haiN| tIsarI zatAbdi meM hameM pUrvI dakkana se ikSvAku zAsakoM ke sikke prApta hote haiN| isake pazcAt hameM tamila deza se kAlabhra zAsakoM ke sikke prApta hote haiM aura kucha vidvAnoM ke matAnusAra ina zAsakoM ne tIsarI zatAbdi se sAtavIM zatAbdi ke madhya sikke jArI kie| uparyukta samaya meM zAlaMkAyana rAjA caMdravarmana, viSNu kuMDIna tathA pUrvI cAlukya visamasiddhi ke sikke bhI prApta hue haiN| isI samaya meM hameM rAmakazyapa gotrIya rAjAoM ke sikke bhI prApta hue haiN| pazcimI bhArata meM sAtavAhanoM ke samakAlIna zaka pIr3hI meM pUrvI kSatrapoM ke sikke bahulatA se prApta hue haiN| unakA rAjya gujarAta, saurASTra evaM mAlavA taka phailA huA thaa| unhoMne 310 I0 taka 250 varSoM taka zAsana kiyA tathA apane sikke jArI kie| unakI do alaga-alaga zAkhAoM kI jAnakArI hameM unake sikkoM hI se prApta hotI hai| prathama zAkhA jise kSaharata kahA jAtA hai tathA dUsarI zAkhA karaddamaka nAma se pahacAnI jAtI hai| prathama pIr3hI meM kevala mAtra do zAsakoM bhUmaka evaM nAhapanA ke hI sikke prApta hue haiM jabaki dUsarI zAkhA ke kama se kama satAIsa zAsakoM kI mudrAeM aba taka prApta ho cukI haiN| prathama zAkhA ke prathama zAsaka bhUmaka ne tAMbe ke sikke jArI kie jabaki usake uttarAdhikArI nAhapanA ne cAMdI kI dhAtu meM sikke prasArita kie| karaddamaka kSatrapoM ne cAMdI, tAMbe, zIze tathA poTIna dhAtuoM ke sikke jArI kie| ina kSatrapoM ke samakAlIna eka rAjA Izvaradatta kI mudrAeM prApta huI haiM jina para inakI virudAvalI mahAkSatrapa batAI gaI hai| yaha sambhavata: uparyukta pUrvI kSatrapoM ke rAjya kI sImAoM para kahIM rAjya karate rahe hoNge| cauthI zatAbdi ke prArambha meM hama bhAratIya itihAsa ke svarNakAla meM pahuMcate haiM jaba pUrvI uttara pradeza athavA bihAra ke kisI choTe saMbhAga se gupta sAmrAjya kA udaya hotA hai| jo lagabhaga do zatAbdiyoM se adhika taka sthApita raha skaa| inakA Adi puruSa puruSa gupta huA jinakA prapautra candragupta prathama 319 I0 se 350 I0 taka zAsanastha rahA aura apane rAjya ko sudUra kSetroM taka vistIrNa kiyaa| usake putra samudragupta ne 350 I0 se 370 I0 taka zAsana karate hue aneka yuddhoM meM vijayazrI prApta kii| usane azvamedha yajJa bhI kiyaa| isake putra candragupta dvitIya ne 376 I0 se 414 I0 ke madhya apane sAmrAjya kI sImAoM ko pazcima meM kazmIra taka tathA pUrva meM ur3IsA taka vistRta kiyaa| usake putra kumAra gupta ne 414 I0 se 450 I0 ke madhya apane zAsana kAla meM do-do bAra azvamedha yajJa kiyA tathA apane sAmrAjya meM madhya bhArata ke kucha bhUbhAga hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 95

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gujarAta evaM saurASTra ke hissoM ko saMlagna kiyaa| lekina usake rAjatvakAla ke uttarArddha meM hUNoM ne usake sAmrAjya ke katipaya bhUbhAga ko usase chIna liyaa| phalasvarUpa usake uttarAdhikArI skaMdagupta ko 455 I0 se 467 I0 taka ke apane zAsana samaya meM adhikatara apanI sImAoM kI surakSA meM hI vyasta rahanA pdd'aa| aMta meM usane hUNoM para vijaya prApta karake dama liyaa| buddhagupta 496 I0 meM zAsanArUr3ha huaa| 500 I0 taka gupta sAmrAjya kA parAbhava prArambha ho cukA thA aura caMdragupta tRtIya, prakAzAditya, vainyagupta, narasiMha gupta, kumAra gupta tRtIya evaM viSNu gupta zAsakoM ke samaya meM kramaza: lupta prAya: ho gayA, ina gupta zAsakoM kI mudrAeM adhikAMzata: sone kI prApta hotI haiM kintu caMdragupta dvitIya ne sarvaprathama cAMdI kI mudrAeM bhI 409 I0 meM prArambha kii| isI prakAra tAMbe se banI mudrAeM kevala mAtra tIna zAsakoM- samudra gupta, caMdra gupta dvitIya evaM kumAra gupta prathama kI prApta huI haiN| zIze se banI mudrAeM caMdragupta dvitIya, kumAra gupta prathama evaM skaMdagupta kI prApta huI haiN| inhIM zAsakoM ke samakAlIna tAmra mudrAeM ahichatra se harigupta tathA jayagupta kI prApta huI haiN| ye saMbhavata: zAsakIya gupta vaMzajoM kI hI kisI zAkhA vizeSa se rahe hoNge| isI prakAra vidizA tathA erana saMbhAgoM se kucha choTe tAmra sikke prApta hue haiM jina para rAmagupta kA nAma aMkita hai| yaha caMdragupta dvitIya kA bhAI thaa| cIna kI sImAoM para basane vAlI janajAti hUNa kI eka zAkhA ne pAMcavIM zatI meM hindukuza pArakara gAMdhAra kSetra ko hastagata kara liyA thA tathA gupta sAmrAjya ke bhUbhAga kI ora bar3hane lage the| lekina gupta samrATa skaMda gupta ne unakA DaTakara mukAbalA kiyA tathA aMtata: unheM apanI sImAoM se pare haTA diyaa| ina hUNoM ne punaH eka bAra chaThI zatAbdi ke prArambha meM toramANa ke netRtva meM bhAratavarSa para AkramaNa kiyA tathA paMjAba ke rAste se unhoMne pUrvI bhArata tathA mAlavA ke eka vizAla bhUbhAga para apanA Adhipatya sthApita kiyA thaa| toramANa ke putra mihirakula ne uttarI bhArata ke bhI hissoM ko adhInastha kara zakAla meM apanI rAjadhAnI sthApita kiyaa| usane 528 I0 meM kazmIra para bhI apanA rAjya sthApita kii| usane 528 I0 meM kazmIra para bhI apanA rAjya sthApita kiyaa| ina hUNoM ne hastagata bhUbhAga para apane sikke pracalita kie| inhoMne paravartI kuSANa tathA gupta sikkoM sadRza cAMdI tathA tAMbe ke sikke jArI kie| udhara pazcima bhArata meM gupta sAmrAjya ke patana ke uparAMta trekuTaka zAsakoM ne gujarAta ke dakSiNI bhUbhAga ko hastagata kara cAMdI kI mudrAeM jArI kiiN| daharA sena tathA vyAghra sena nAmaka rAjAoM kI uparyukta raupya mudrAeM hameM pAMcavIM zatAbdi ke uttarArddhakAla meM milI haiN| isI prakAra pUrvI bhArata meM madhya pradeza ke chattIsagar3ha kSetra tathA saMlagna ur3IsA kSetra se bhI hameM sone ke patale sikke pAMcavIM zatAbdI ke uttarArddha aura chaThI zatAbdI ke prAraMbha ke prApta hote haiN| ina sikkoM se hameM varAha rAjA, bhAvadatta rAjA aura arthapati rAjA ke bAre meM jAnakAriyAM upalabdha hotI haiN| inhIM kI eka anya zAkhA ke rAjAoM- prasannamAtra, mahendrAditya aura kramAditya ke bhI sikke pAe gae haiN| gupta sAmrAjya ke patana ke pazcAt bhArata ke rAjanaitika kSetra meM atyadhika uthala-puthala parilakSita hotI hai aura muslima zAsakoM ke bArahavIM zatAbdI meM Ane se pUrva ke kAla meM sikkoM kI nirantaratA meM bhI hAsa huaa| isI samaya ke lagabhaga baMgAla meM samAcara deva evaM jayagupta ne sone kI mudrAeM chaThI zatAbdi meM jArI kii| sAtavIM zatAbdi meM gaur3a rAjA zazAMka ne nimna svarNa dhAtu ke sikke ddhaale| hameM eka anya rAjA bIrasena kA bhI sikkA isI samaya meM prApta hotA hai| isake pazcAt bhI gupta rAjAoM ke anukaraNa vAle sikke baMgAla, AsAma Adi kSetroM se prApta hue haiN| 810 I0 ke AsapAsa hameM devapAla rAjA ke sone ke sikke bhI milate haiN| udhara uttara pradeza se hameM thAnezvara ke prasiddha samrATa harSavarddhana ke sikke prApta hote haiN| tatpazcAt AThavIM-navIM sadI ke madhya vatsadamana, vappukA, kezava aura Adi varAha kI mudrAeM prApta hotI haiN| gupta zAsakoM se milatI-julatI raupya mudrAeM kAnyakubja se IsAna varmana, sarvavarmana aura avanti varmana kI 550 se 600 I0 ke madhya kI prApta hotI hai, isI taraha prabhAkara vardhana aura zilAditya kI thAnezvara se prApta hotI haiN| gupta samrAToM kI pazcimI bhAratIya parimANa kI raupya mudrAoM kA kalacUrI sAmrAjya ke kRSna rAjA ne anusaraNa kiyaa| isa prakAra ke sikke jina para eka ora baila aMkita hai, bhArata ke vizAla bhUbhAga - mAlavA, nAsika, muMbaI, satArA, salaseta, betula, amarAvatI, rAjasthAna ityAdi kSetroM se pAe gae haiN| AThavIM sadI meM hameM cAMdI ke choTe-choTe sikke madhya bhArata evaM pUrvI bhArata se prApta hue haiN| inheM pratihAra rAjA 'vatsarAja' ne pracalita kiyA thaa| isI prakAra ke sikke bArahavIM za0 meM gujarAta evaM saurASTra se cAlukya rAjA jayasiMha siddharAja ke nAma se milate haiN| hUNoM dvArA prasArita sikkoM ke anusaraNa kie sikke isa samaya meM rAjasthAna, gujarAta evaM mAlavA se bahutAyata meM upalabdha hue haiN| inheM hinda-zazainiyana sikkoM ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| prArambha meM ye sikke patale kintu bar3e AkAra ke hote the parantu zanaiH zanaiH inakA AkAra choTA hotA gyaa| ina uttarArddha sikkoM ko "gadhaiyA" sikkoM ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| udhara uttara pradeza se hameM vigrahapAla ke sikke prApta hue haiN| isake sAtha hI hameM pratihAra rAjAoM- bhoja prathama, tathA usake putra vinaya kapAla ke sikke bhI mile haiN| ukta samaya meM koMkaNa kSetra se zIla harA rAjA chittarAjA ke gadhaiyA prakAra ke sikke bhI prakAza meM Ae haiN| isI prakAra ke sikke rAjasthAna se bhI prApta hue haiN| ina para somalekhA kA nAma mudrita hai jo saMbhavata: 1133 I0 meM rAjya kara rahe sAkaMbharI rAjA ajaya pAla deva kI patnI rahI hogii| gadhaiyA sikke jo madhya pradeza se prApta hue haiM ve sambhavata: oMkAra mAndhAtA dvArA jArI kie gae the| ye sikke prAya: tAMbe athavA nimna raupya dhAtuoM se bane the, jinheM bilana kahA jAtA hai| isI samaya meM paMjAba kSetra se tAMbe kI dhAtu ke sikke bhI prApta hue haiM jina para jisu kA nAma mudrita kiyA gayA hai| kazmIra meM AThavIM za0 meM kArakotA rAjAoM ne tAMbe evaM cAMdI mizrita sone ke sikke hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 96

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jArI kie| isake pazcAt utpala rAjAoM ne yahAM se tAmra sikke jArI kie| nauvIM sadI ke uttarArddha meM zAhI zAsakoM dvArA tAMbe aura cAMdI kI mudrAeM gAMdhAra tathA kAbula-ahiMda kSetroM se prApta huI haiN| ina sikkoM ke eka ora ghur3asavAra tathA dUsarI ora baila ko mudrita kiyA gayA hai| inheM spalapati deva ne bhI prasArita kiyA tathA anya aneka zAsakoM ne bhI inheM apnaayaa| ina sabameM sAmaMta deva sarvaprasiddha hue haiN| ye sikke samasta uttarI bhAratavarSa meM bahupracalita hue| bArahavIM-terahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya bhI bahuta se rAjAoM ne isa prakAra ke sikke jArI kie| sAmaMta deva ke nAma ke sikke anya rAjAoM ne bhI jArI kie jinameM tomara rAjA salakSaNa pAla, anaMga pAla tathA mahipAla deva pramukha haiN| isake pazcAt hameM madanapAla ke gar3havAla kSetra se mudrita sikke 1080 se 1115 ke madhya prApta hote haiN| inake pazcAt sAkaMbharI ke cauhAna rAjAoM ke sikke bhI hameM prApta hote haiN| inameM somezvara deva evaM pRthvIrAja ke sikke prApya haiN| 1200 I0 meM hameM badAyUM ke rAjA amRtapAla ke isI prakAra ke milate-julate sikke prApta hue haiN| isake pazcAt hameM pratihAra rAjya ke malaya varmana ke sikke prApta hue haiM tathA naravAra se cAhar3a deva, Asala deva aura gaNapati deva ke 1235 se 1298 I0 ke eka hI prakAra ke sikke prApta hue haiN| tripurI kSetra se kalacUrI rAjA gAMgeya deva ne gyArahavIM zatAbdI meM sone ke sikke jArI kie jina para lakSmI kI chavi aMkita kI gaI hai| ye mudrAeM raupya evaM tAmra donoM hI dhAtuoM meM upalabdha hotI haiN| isI prakAra kI lakSmI chavi vAlI mudrAeM mAlavA ke paramAra rAjAoM udayAditya tathA naravarmana ne bhI prasArita kii| caMdeloM ne bhI isI se milatI-julatI mudrAeM gyArahavIM se terahavIM zatAbdI ke madhya pracArita kii| isI taraha gar3havAla se goviMda caMdra deva, zAkaMbharI se cauhAna rAjA ajayarAja tathA bayAnA ke yadu rAjAoM ajayapAla, kumArapAla tathA mahipAla ne bhI isI prakAra kI mudrAoM ko prasArita kiyaa| isI samaya kI eka prasiddha mudrA para rAmacaMdrajI kI chavi kA aMkana kiyA gayA thA jise saMbhavata: vigraharAja ne mudrita kiyA thaa| ratanapura ke kalacUrI rAjAoM dvArA bhI tAMbe se bane hanumAna kI chavi vAle sikke prasArita kie gae jo atyadhika lokapriya hue| isI prakAra hanumAna kI chavi aMkita sikke caMdelA zAsakoM ne bhI jArI kie the| udhara sudUra dakSiNa bhArata ke maisUra aura kanArA kSetroM se kadaMba zAsakoM ne dasavIM-gyArahavIM zatI meM sone ke padma-TaMkA sikke pracalita kie| inheM banAne ke lie Ahata mudrAoM ke mAniMda vidhi kA anusaraNa kiyA gyaa| inake donoM hI hissoM para aMkana kiyA gyaa| pUrvI tathA pazcimI cAlukyoM, coloM evaM yAdavoM ne bhI Ahata vidhi ko apnaayaa| parantu inake sikkoM ko kevala eka hI chora para mudrita kiyA jAtA thaa| pUrvI cAlukyoM meM zakti varmana, rAjA-rAja prathama ke sikke na kevala dakSiNa bhArata meM hI varan barmA ke ArAkana kSetra taka vistArita hue| inhIM ke vaMzaja rAjendra kuloDhuMgA prathama ne kaMTAI evaM kerala vijaya ke upalakSa meM sikke mudrita kie| pazcimI cAlukyoM meM jayasiMha dvitIya, somezvara dvitIya aura vikramAditya ne 1015 se 1126 ke madhya sone ke Ahata sikkoM kA mudraNa kiyaa| ina cAlukyoM kA parAbhava karane vAle vijala tribhuvana malla ne isI prakAra ke sikke / / 56 se 1181 I0 meM jArI kie| ___ kadaMba zAsakoM kI haMgala zAkhA dvArA hanumAna chavi vAlI mudrAeM prasArita kI giiN| devagiri ke yAdavoM ne bhI sone kI Ahata mudrAeM pracalita kii| cillama, paMcama, siMghAnA, kRSNa, mahAdeva, rAmacaMdra rAjAoM ne 1185 se 1310 I0 ke madhya vibhinna prakAra kI mudrAeM jArI kiiN| kucha sone ke vicitra aMgrejI ke 'vI' prakAra ke sikke satArA se prApta hue haiN| ye saMbhavata: gyArahavIM za0 meM cAlukya rAjAoM dvArA prasArita kie gae the| DAI dvArA mudrita svarNa mudrAeM jayakezI prathama, zomI deva, zivacitta evaM hemmadi deva dvArA jArI kI giiN| hoyazAlA ke viSNu vardhana aura narasiMha ne bhI uparyukta prakAra ke sone ke sikke 1115 se 1171 zatI ke madhya prasArita kie| bIjApura, belagAma tathA dhAr3abAra kSetroM se bArahavIM zatAbdI meM zAsanastha barmA-bhUpAla dvArA sikke pracalita kie ge| katipaya lekha rahita choTe sone ke sikke prApta hote haiM jinheM kolhApura ke zilahAroM dvArA jArI kiyA gayA batAte haiN| maisUra se prasArita choTe svarNa dhAtu nirmita sikkoM ko 'gajapati pagor3A' ke nAma se jAnA jAtA hai| udhara ur3IsA meM nirmita kucha patale sone ke choTe sikke gaMgA rAjAoM dvArA gyArahavIM sadI taka jArI hue| cola rAjAoM ne sarvaprathama tamila deza se cAMdI kI mudrAeM jArI kiiN| inake sarvaprathama rAjA uttara cola ne ye mudrAeM sabase pUrva pracalita kii| isI prakAra kI mudrAeM usake uttarAdhikAriyoM rAjA-rAja prathama (985-1016 I0) rAjendra cola (1011-1043) dvArA bhI prasArita kI giiN| ___isI samaya meM hameM pANDayA rAjAoM dvArA jArI vibhinna prakAra ke sikke bhI prApta hote haiN| 1127 I0 meM hameM vIra kerala varmana ke cAMdI ke sikke mile haiM jina para magaramaccha kI AkRti mudrita kI gaI haiN| 1336 I0 meM vijayanagara sAmrAjya kI sthApanA ke sAtha hameM tIna pIr3hiyoM ke zAsakoM kI jAnakArI milatI hai jinhoMne 1565 I0 taka isa kSetra para zAsana kiyaa| san 1336 se 1356 ke madhya saMgama pIr3hI ke prathama zAsaka harihara ne hanumAna aura garUr3a ko apane sikkoM meM sthAna diyaa| usake uttarAdhikArI bukkA prathama ne bhI isI prakAra ke sikke jArI kie| harihara dvitIya ke sone ke sikke para umA mahezvara, lakSmI nArAyaNa evaM lakSmI narasiMha ityAdi aMkita kie ge| anya eka zAsaka devarAma ne 1422 se 1466 I0 meM umA mahezvara prakAra ke sikkoM ko jArI rkhaa| tatpazcAt hameM 1506 se 1570 I0 ke madhya tulabha zAsakoM ke sikke prApta hote haiN| vijayanagara ke zAsakoM ke parAbhava ke sAtha hI vibhinna choTI-choTI riyAsatoM ne apane sikke jArI kie| inameM madurA, taMjora evaM tinevelI ke nAyaka evaM rAmanada ke setupati pramukha haiN| san 1291-1323 I0 ke madhya hameM kAkatiyA zAsakoM dvArA pracalita sikke bhI prApta hote kAsima ke putra imAmuddIna ke siMdha pradeza meM 712 I0 meM praveza ke sAtha hI musalamAnoM kA varcasva bhAratavarSa meM prArambha huaa| usake adhikAriyoM dvArA choTe-choTe cAMdI ke sikkoM kA pracalana kiyA gyaa| isake pazcAt uttara pazcimI bhArata para gajanI ke zAsaka mahamUda ne 1001 se 1021 ke madhya kaI AkramaNa kie tathA vibhinna prakAra ke sikke bhI pracalita kie| bAda meM bhI usane 1028 I0 meM lAhora se sikke hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 97

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haiN| sudUra dakSiNI kSetroM-madurA, dakkana (bahamanI), barAra (imAda zAhI), ahamadanagara (nijAma zAhI), bIjApura (Adila zAhI), telaMgAnA (kutubazAhI), bIdAra (bAridazAhI) se prasArita sikke bhI hameM prApta prasArita kie| mahamUda ke paravartI uttarAdhikAriyoM ne gaura ke zAsakoM ne gajanI ko hastagata kara lAhaura ko apanI rAjadhAnI banAyA aura 1051 I0 ke lagabhaga vahAM se sikke jArI kie| ina gajanavI zAsakoM meM se hameM phArukhajAda (1052-1059 I0), ibrAhima (1059-1099 I0), baharAmazAha (1118-1152 I0) aura khuzarU malika (1160-1187 I0) ke sikke prApta hue haiN| khuzarU malika ko apadastha karake muhammada gorI ne 1192 I0 meM thAnezvara kI lar3AI meM pRthvIrAja cauhAna ko parAsta kara bhArata meM prathama muslima sAmrAjya kI nIMva ddaalii| usane sone, tAmra mizrita cAMdI ke (bilana) tathA tAMbe ke sikke jArI kie| isake pazcAt hameM mahamUda, tAjUddIna iladIja, kutubuddIna aibaka, iltutamisa (1211-1236 I0), rUknUddIna phiroja zAha (1235 I0), jalAluddIna, rajiyA (1236-1240 I0), moyajUddIna, baharAma zAha (1240-1242 I0), gayAsuddIna balabana (1266-1287 I0), moyajuddIna kekubAda (1287-1290 I0), zamazuddIna keyUmarAsa (1290 I0) ke sikke prApta hote haiN| 1290 I0 meM bhArata kA zAsana anya khilajI zAsakoM ko hastAntarita ho gyaa| inameM se hameM jalAluddIna phiroja (1290-1296 I0), rUknuddIna ibrAhima (1296 I0), alAuddIna muhammada zAha (1296-1316 I0), kutubuddIna mubAraka zAha ke sikke prApta hue haiN| ve 1320 I0 meM zAsanArUr3ha hue| inameM hameM gayAsuddIna tugalaka, muhammada bina tugalaka, phiroja zAha tugalaka, tugalaka dvitIya (1388 I0), abUbakara (1318 I0), muhammada bina phiroja (1389-1392 I0), siMkadara (1392 I0) aura mahamUda (1392-1412) ke sikke prApta hote haiN| isI bIca san 1398 I0 meM taimUra ne dillI ke siMhAsana para apanA varcasva sthApita kara liyaa| tatpazcAt tugalaka sAmrAjya ke aMtima vaMzadhara mahamUda ke maraNoparAMta usake rAjadarabAriyoM ne zAsana kI bAgaDora daulata khAna lodI ke hAthoM meM sauMpa dii| vaha 1413 I0 meM rAjasiMhAsana para ArUr3ha huA, lekina use bhI khijarakhAna ne rAjyacyuta kara saiyyada vaMza kA varcasva sthApita kiyaa| bAda meM mubAraka zAha, muhammada bina pharIda, AlamazAha ityAdi ne sikke jArI kie| san 1451 I0 meM bahalola lodI ne zAsana kI Dora smbhaalii| usake uttarAdhikArI sikaMdara lodI ibrAhima lodI hue jinhoMne apane sikke pracalita kie| 1526 I0 meM ibrAhima lodI ko pAnIpata ke yuddha meM mArakara bAbara ne mugala sAmrAjya kI nIMva ddaalii| lekina usake uttarAdhikArI humAyUM ko zerazAha sUrI ne 1540 I0 meM haTAkara sUrI zAsana sthApita kiyaa| usane cAMdI tathA tAMbe ke kaI sikke kaI jagahoM se prasArita kie| isake uttarAdhikArI zAsakoM- islAma zAha (1545-1552 I0), muhammada Adila zAha (1552-1553 I0), ibrAhima (1553 I0), sikaMdara sUra (1554 I0) ne kramaza: sikke jArI kie| zerazAha ne hI sarvaprathama cAMdI ke sikkoM kA nAma rupayA rakhA jo Aja bhI pracalita hai| uparyukta dillI sulatAnoM ke uccAdhikArI jo vibhinna kSetroM meM niyukta kie jAte the jaba kabhI kendrIya zAsana meM zithilatA kA AbhAsa pAte apane Apako svataMtra ghoSita kara apane sikke pracArita karane lgte| isa taraha ke sikke hameM baMgAla, gujarAta, mAlavA aura jaunapura kSetroM ke vibhinna padAdhikAriyoM dvArA jArI kie milate haiN| inake atirikta kazmIra kSetra se hameM svataMtra rAjAoM ke sikke bhI isa samaya meM milate - pAnIpata ke yuddha meM san 1526 I0 meM ibrAhima lodI ko parAsta kara jaharUddIna bAbara ne bhArata meM mugala sAmrAjya kI nIMva DAlI thI lekina usake uttarAdhikArI humAyUM ko san 1542 I0 meM zerazAha sUrI ne padacyuta kara diyA thaa| parantu usane puna: dillI ko hastagata kara liyaa| san 1556 I0 meM usake putra akabara ne zAsana bhAra smbhaalaa| ina tInoM mugalazAsakoM ke vibhinna prakAra ke sikke hameM prApta hote haiN| inake pazcAt kramaza: hameM jahAMgIra (1605-1627 I0), dAvara bakhza (1627 I0), zAhajahAM (1628-1658 I0) murAda bakhza (1658 I0), zAhasUjA (1657-1660 I0, auraMgajeba (1658-1707 I0), AjamazAha (1707 I0), kAmabakhsa (1707-1708 I0), zAha Alama bahAdura (1707-1712 I0), ajimusAna (1712 I0), jahAMdArazAha (1712 I0), phArukhasiyara (1713-1719 I0), nikusiyara (1719 I0), raphUdarajAta (1719 I0), zAhajahAM dvitIya (raphUdaulA, 1719 I0), muhammada ibrAhima (1720 I0), muhammada zAha (1719-1748 I0) ahamadazAha bahAdura (1748-1754 I0), AlamagIra dvitIya (1754-1759 I0), zAhajahAM tRtIya (1759-1760 I0), zAha Alama dvitIya (1759-1806 I0), bedAra bakhta (1788 I0), muhammada akabara dvitIya (1806-1837 I0) tathA bahAdura zAha dvitIya (1837-1858 I0) ke sikke vibhinna AkAra, dhAtuoM aura sthAnoM se mudrita milate haiN| uparyukta muslima evaM mugala zAsakoM ke bar3hate hue varcasva ke phalasvarUpa caudahavIM aura solahavIM sadI ke madhya yadyapi hindU zAsana kA bane rahanA dUbhara ho gayA thA tathApi hameM katipaya hindU rAjAoM dvArA mudrita sikke isa samaya ke kAMgar3A, madhya bhArata ke goMr3a zAsakoM, mithilA, AsAma Adi sthAnoM se prApta hote haiN| ____ mugala sAmrAjya ke patana ke uparAMta hameM marAThA zakti ke udaya kI jhalaka milatI hai| jaba satrahavIM zatI meM mahAn zivAjI dvArA koMkaNa kSetra meM apanA rAjya sthApita kiyA gyaa| unhoMne tathA unake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne rAjya ke kSetraphala ko atyadhika vistRta kiyaa| marAThA zakti ko pezavAoM ke padArpaNa se aura adhika UrjA milii| inake vibhinna prakAra ke sikke hameM milate haiN| udhara uttara-pazcimI kSetra meM san 1739 meM nAdirazAha ne AkramaNa kara dillI taka ke kSetra ko apane adhIna kara liyA thaa| nAdirazAha kA katla usI ke eka adhikArI ahamadazAha dvArA in 1747 meM kara diyA gyaa| ina durrAnI zAsakoM ne bhI apane sikke isa samaya meM prasArita kie| udhara ahamadazAha durrAnI ke paMjAba kSetra meM lagAtAra hue hamaloM ke phalasvarUpa sikkhoM kI lIga 'khAlasA' kA udaya huA aura unhoMne 1710 I0 meM ahamadazAha kI rAjadhAnI sarahinda ko tahasa-nahasa kara diyaa| inake netA 'baMdA' (saccA bAdazAha) dvArA sikke pracalita kie ge| san 1777 I0 ke AsapAsa nAnaka zAhI sikkoM kA pracalana amRtasara se kiyA gyaa| isake pazcAt rAjA raNajIta siMha dvArA bhI sikke mudrita kie ge| mAlerakoTalA, jiMda, nAbhA, kaitAla aura kazmIra ke DogarA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 98

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rAjAoM ne bhI raNajIta siMha ke sikkoM kA anusaraNa kiyaa| san 1727 I0 meM avadha ke navAboM dvArA banArasa se sikke mudrita kie jAne lge| IsTa iMDiyA kaMpanI dvArA banArasa kSetra ko hastagata kara lie jAne ke uparAMta asaphauddaulA aura usake uttarAdhikAriyoM ne lakhanaU se sikke prasArita kie| rohila khaMDa ke avadha zAsana meM mila jAne ke pazcAt vahAM se bhI inake sikke jArI hue| bAda meM gAjIuddIna haidara, nasirUddIna haidara, muhammada alI, amajada alI, vAjida alI ne kramaza: sikke mudrita kie| 1857 I0 meM jaba bhArata varSa meM aMgrejoM ke viruddha bagAvata kA Arambha huA taba avadha meM brijisa kAdira ko navAba vajIra banAyA gayA aura usake dvArA pracalita kucha sikke hameM isa avadhi meM prApta hue haiN| udhara maisUra kSetra meM san 1761 I0 meM haidaraalI dvArA sattA sambhAla lie jAne ke pazcAt hama vibhinna prakAra ke sikke vahAM se pracalita hue dekhate haiN| usake putra TIpU sultAna ne bhI bahuta sI dhAtuoM meM vibhinna prakAra ke sikkoM kA pracalana kiyaa| TIpU sultAna kI mRtyu ke uparAMta san 1799 I0 meM maisUra kI sattA cha: varSIya kRSNa rAjA vADiyAra ko hastAntarita kI gii| usake nAma se bhI sikkoM kA pracalana huaa| paMdrahavIM zatAbdI se hama purtagAlI, Daca, Denisa, aMgrejoM evaM phrAMsisiyoM kA bhAratavarSa meM praveza dekhate haiN| vyApAra ke sAtha-sAtha inhoMne sthAnIya rAjanIti meM bhI sakriya bhAga liyA tathA bhAratIya bhUbhAga ko hathiyA kara vibhinna sthAnoM se apane vyApArika saMsthAnoM ke nAma se sikkoM kA pracalana kiyaa| ina vyApArika saMsthAnoM meM purtagAliyoM ne sarvaprathama vAskoDigAmA ke netRtva meM san 1498 meM kAlIkaTa meM praveza kiyA aura unhoMne bAda meM DyU, damana, salaseta, besina, cola aura muMbaI meM tathA sAna thoma, hugalI meM apane upaniveza sthApita kie| dhIre-dhIre ye kSetra unake hAthoM se nikalate gae aura aMtata: 1961 I0 meM da.yU. damana aura goA ko bhI svataMtra bhAratavarSa meM sammilita kara liyA gyaa| Daca logoM dvArA prathama vyAvasAyika saMsthAna pulikara meMsana 1609 meM kholA gayA tathA san 1616 taka unhoMne sUrata meM bhI saMsthAna sthApita kiyaa| mAlAbAra kSetra, machalIpattana, hugalI, kAsima bAjAra, DhAkA, paTanA tathA sUrata, lagAtAra karanA pdd'aa| isa avadhi ke madhya unhoMne vibhinna prakAra kI mudrAeM vibhinna AkAra-prakAra evaM dhAtuoM meM pracalita kii| san 1613 I0 meM aMgrejoM ko jahAMgIra dvArA sUrata meM vyAvasAyika pratiSThAna prArambha karane kI anumati die jAne ke sAtha hI unakA bhAratIya rAjanaitika kSetra meM praveza hotA hai| dhIre-dhIre aMgrejoM ne apane vyApArika saMsthAna AgarA, ahamadAbAda aura bharoca meM bhI sthApita kie| san 1668 I0 meM aMgrejoM ne purtagAliyoM se muMbaI ko cArlsa dvitIya kI ketharIna ke sAtha vivAhopalakSa meM daheja ke rUpa meM prApta kiyaa| dhIre-dhIre unhoMne vibhinna jagahoM meM vyApArika saMsthAna khole aura sattarahavIM sadI ke pUrvArddha taka apane vyavasAya ko sarvatra bhArata meM phailaayaa| lekina satrahavIM zatAbdi ke uttarArddha se unhoMne rAjanaitika evaM sAmarika hastakSepa karanA Arambha kara diyA aura 1834 I0 taka unhoMne samasta bhAratavarSa para apanA kabjA sthApita kara liyaa| yadyapi 1857 meM bhAratIya logoM ne unake viruddha AMdolana zurU kara diyA thA parantu hameM svataMtratA san 1947 meM jAkara milI tathA aMgrejI sAmrAjya kA aMta huaa| isa lambI avadhi meM aMgrejoM ne bhI vibhinna AkAra-prakAra ke sikkoM kA mudraNa kiyaa| svAdhIna bhArata ne san 1950 taka kisI bhI prakAra ke sikke nahIM pracalita kie| 1950 ke 15 agasta ke dina pahalA bhAratIya sikkA jArI kiyA gyaa| san 1957 meM bhArata varSa meM dasamalava praNAlI ke sikke pracalita kie gae jinheM "nayA paisA' kahA jAtA thaa| ye sikke / jUna, 1964 taka nirantara pracalana meM rhe| isake bAda se "nayA paisA" zabda ko sikkoM se haTA diyA gyaa| inake atirikta bahuta se mahatvapUrNa vyaktiyoM tathA viSayoM para vizeSa prakAra ke sikke bhI pracalita hue| isa taraha nirantara bhAratIya sikkoM kA pracalana vibhinna AkAra-prakAra aura ikAiyoM meM ho rahA hai aura bhAratIya sikkoM kI kahAnI apanI tAratamyatA banAe rakha pA rahI haiN| sandarbha 1. koyansa oNpha ensiyeMTa iMDiyA - e. kaniMghama 2. koyansa - sI. je. brAuna 3. koyansa - paramezvarIlAla guptA 4. keTaloga oNpha kaoNyansa ina da briTiza myUjiyama - je. elana, esa. lenapUla ityaadi| 5. keTaloga oNpha kaoNyansa ina da paMjAba myUjiyama - Ara. bI. vhAiheDa 6. keTaloga oNpha kaoNyansa ina da iNDiyana myUjiyama - vI. smitha evaM enarAiTa 1. da kAyaneja eMDa meTrolojI oNpha da sultAnasa oNpha delhI - eca. ena. rAiTa 8. keTaloga oNpha kAyansa oNpha da sulatAnsa oNpha delhI - lakhanaU myUjiyama, prayAga dayAla 9. sTaDIja ina mugala nyumisameTiksa - esa. eca. hoDIvAlA 10. koyansa oNpha mIDiyevala iMDiyA - e0 kaniMghama 11. keTaloga oNpha da kaoNyansa ina AsAma myUjiyama - e0 DablyU) bothama 12. da sTeMDarDa gAiDa TU sAutha esIyana koyansa - kolina Ara brusa, je. esa. DAyala ityaadi| kI gaIM tathA 1759 meM cinasurA ke yuddha meM klAiva dvArA harAe jAne taka unhoMne vibhinna jagahoM se apanI kaMpanI ke sikke prasArita kie| isI taraha san 1620 meM Denisa logoM ne nAyaka zAsakoM se TraMkebAra ko prApta kiyA tathA bAda meM porTonovo aura baMgAla meM zrIrAmapura aura bAlAsora meM bhI apane upaniveza sthApita kie| lagabhaga do zatAbdiyoM taka ina sthAnoM se Denisa logoM dvArA sikke pracalita kie jAte rhe| phrAMsIsI logoM dvArA lI gaI apanI prathama audyogika ikAI san 1668 meM sUrata meM sthApita kI tathA san 1669 meM anya ikAI machalIpattana meM sthApita kii| 1673 I0 meM unhoMne vAlikoMDipurama ke gavarnara se eka gAMva prApta kara pAMDIcerI kI sthApanA kii| baMgAla meM bhI unhoMne san 1690 meM caMdananagara meM audyogika ikAI kI sthApanA kii| san 1725 meM unhoMne mAhe ko tathA 1734 meM kArIkala ko adhigrahita kara liyaa| lekina 1815 I0 taka phrAMsisiyoM ko aMgrejoM ke hAthoM rAjanaitika asaphalatAoM kA sAmanA hIraka jayantI smArikA vidvat khaNDa / 99