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________________ bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma pro. kRSNadatta vAjapeyI bhArata kA prAcIna itihAsa samanvayAtmaka bhAvanA se otaprota thaa| isa deza meM aneka bhaugolika, janapadIya vibhinnatAoM ke hone para bhI sAMskRtika dRSTi se yaha deza eka thaa| isa saMzliSTa saMskRti ke nirmANa meM bhAratIya dhArmika-sAmAjika praNetAoM tathA AcAryoM kA prabhUta yogadAna rahA hai / hamAre manISI saMskRti-nirmAtAoM ne deza ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM vicaraNa kara sacce jIvana-darzana kA saMdeza phailaayaa| dhIre-dhIre bhArata aura usake bAhara aneka saMskRti kendroM kI sthApanA huii| ina kendroM para samaya-samaya para vibhinna matAvalambI loga milakara vicAra-vimarza karate the| sAMskRtika vikAsa meM ina kendroM kA bar3A yogadAna thaa| bhArata meM takSazilA, mathurA, vArANasI, nAlandA, vidizA, vikramazilA, devagar3ha, valabhI, pratiSThAna, kAMcI, zravaNavelagola Adi aneka sAMskRtika kendra sthApita hue| IsA se kaI zatAbdI pUrva mathurA meM eka bar3e jaina stUpa kA nirmANa huaa| jisa bhUmi para vaha stUpa banAyA gayA vaha aba 'kaMkAlI TIlA' kahalAtA hai| isa TIle ke eka bar3e bhAga kI khudAI pichalI zatAbdI ke antima bhAga meM huI thI, jisake phalasvarUpa eka hajAra se Upara vividha pASANa mUrtiyA~ miliiN| hindU aura bauddha dharmasambandhI kucha inI-ginI mUrtiyoM ko chor3akara isa khudAI meM prApta zeSa sabhI mUrtiyA~ jaina dharma se sambandhita haiN| unake nirmANa kA samaya I. pU. prathama zatI se lekara 1100 I. taka hai| kaMkAlI TIlA tathA braja kSetra ke anya sthAnoM se prApta bahusaMkhyaka jaina mandiroM evaM mUrtiyoM ke avazeSa isa bAta ke sUcaka haiM ki vahA~ eka lambe samaya taka jaina dharma kA vikAsa hotA rahA / bauddhoM ne bhI mathurA meM apane kaI kendra banAye, jinameM cAra mukhya the--sabase bar3A kendra usa sthAna ke Asa-pAsa thA, jahA~ Ajakala kalakTarI kacaharI hai| dUsarA zahara ke uttara meM yamunA kinAre gaukarNezvara aura usake uttara kI bhUmi para thA / tIsarA yamunA taTa para, dhruvaghATa ke Asa-pAsa thaa| cauthA kendra zrIkRSNa janmasthAna ke pAsa govindanagara kSetra meM thaa| hAla meM vahA~ se bahusaMkhyaka kalAkRtiyoM tathA abhilekhoM kI parisaMvAda-4
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________________ bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma prApti huI hai, jo rAjya saMgrahAlaya mathurA meM surakSita haiN| aneka hindU devatAoM kI pratimAoM kI taraha bhagavAn buddha kI mUrti kA nirmANa sabase pahale mathurA meM huaa| bhArata ke pramukha cAra dharma-bhAgavat, zaiva, jaina tathA bauddha-braja kI pAvana bhUmi para zatAbdiyoM taka sAtha-sAtha pallavita-puSpita hote rhe| unake bIca aikya ke aneka sUtroM kA prAdurbhAva lalita kalAoM ke mAdhyama se huA, jisase samanvaya tathA sahiSNutA kI bhAvanAoM meM vRddhi huii| ina cAroM dharmoM ke kendra prAyaH eka-dUsare ke samIpa the / binA pArasparika dveSabhAva ke ve kArya karate rhe| . __bhArata kA eka pramukha dhArmika kalA kA kendra hone ke nAte mathurA ko prAcIna sabhya saMsAra meM bar3I khyAti prApta huii| IrAna, yUnAna aura madhya eziyA ke sAtha mathurA kA sAMskRtika samparka bahuta samaya taka rhaa| uttara-pazcima meM gaMdhAra pradeza kI rAjadhAnI takSazilA kI taraha mathurA nagara vibhinna saMskRtiyoM ke pArasparika milana kA eka bar3A kendra banA / isake phalasvarUpa videzI kalA kI aneka vizeSatAoM ko yahA~ ke kalAkAroM ne grahaNa kiyA aura unheM dezI tattvoM ke sAtha samanvita karane meM kuzalatA kA paricaya diyaa| tatkAlIna eziyA tathA yUropa kI saMskRti ke aneka upAdAnoM ko AtmasAt kara unheM bhAratIya tattvoM ke sAtha ekarasa kara diyA gayA / zakoM tathA kuSANoM ke zAsanakAla meM mathurA meM jisa mUrtikalA kA bahumukhI vikAsa huA usameM samanvaya kI yaha bhAvanA spaSTa rUpa se dekhane ko milatI hai| ___vaidika paurANika dharma ke vikAsa ko jAnane tathA vizeSa rUpa se smArta-paurANika devI-devatAoM ke mUrtivijJAna ko samajhane ke lie braja kI kalA meM bar3I sAmagrI upalabdha hai| brahmA, ziva, vAsudeva, viSNu, devI Adi kI aneka mUrtiyA~ braja meM milI haiM, jinakA samaya IsvI prathama zatI se lekara bArahavIM zatI taka hai| viSNu kI kaI guptakAlIna pratimAe~ atyanta kalApUrNa haiN| kRSNa, balarAma kI bhI kaI prAcIna mUrtiyA~ milI haiN| balarAma kI sabase purAnI mUrti I. pUrva dUsarI zatI kI hai, jisameM ve hala aura masala dhAraNa kiye dikhAye gaye haiN| anya hindU devatA jinakI mUrtiyA~ mathurA kalA meM milI haiM, kArtikeya, gaNeza, indra, agni, sUrya, kAmadeva, hanumAna Adi haiM / deviyoM meM lakSmI, sarasvatI, pArvatI, mahiSamardinI, siMhavAhinI, durgA, saptamAtRkA, vasudhArA, gaMgA-yamunA Adi ke mUrtarUpa mile haiN| ziva tathA pArvatI ke samanvita rUpa ardhanArIzvara kI bhI kaI pratimAe~ prApta huI haiN| braja meM prApta jaina avazeSoM ko tIna mukhya bhAgoM meM bA~TA jA sakatA hai-tIrthakara pratimAe~, deviyoM kI mUrtiyA~ aura AyAgapaTTa / caubIsa tIrthaMkaroM meM se adhikAMza parisaMvAda-4
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________________ jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana kI mUrtiyA~ braja kI kalA meM upalabdha haiN| neminAtha kI yakSiNI ambikA tathA RSabhanAtha kI yakSiNI cakrezvarI kI mUrtiyA~ ullekhanIya haiN| AyAgapaTTa prAyaH vargAkAra zilApaTTa hote the, jo pUjA meM prayukta hote the| una para tIrthaMkara, stUpa, svastika, naMdyAvarta Adi pUjanIya cihna utkIrNa kiye jAte the| mathurA saMgrahAlaya meM eka sundara AyAgapaTTa hai jise usa para likhe hue lekha ke anusAra lavaNasomikA nAmaka eka gaNikA kI putrI vasuM ne banavAyA thaa| isa AyAgapaTTa para eka vizAla stUpa kA aMkana hai tathA vedikAoM sahita toraNadvAra banA hai| mathurA kalA ke kaI utkRSTa AyAgapaTTa lakhanaU saMgrahAlaya meM hai| raMgavallI kA prArambhika sajjA-alaMkaraNa ina AyAgapaTToM meM darzanIya hai| ___ mathurA ke samAna bhArata kA eka bar3A sAMskRtika kendra vidizA-sA~cI kSetra thaa| vahA~ vaidika-paurANika, jaina tathA bauddha dharma sAtha-sAtha zatAbdiyoM taka vikasita hote rhe| vidizA ke samIpa durjanapura nAmaka sthAna se kucha samaya pUrva meM tIna abhilikhita tIrthaMkara pratimAe~ milI haiN| una para likhe hue brAhmI lekhoM se jJAta huA hai ki I. cauthI zatI ke anta meM isa sthala para vaiSNava dharmAnuyAyI gupta vaMza ke zAsaka rAmagupta ne kalApUrNa tIrthaMkara pratimAoM kI pratiSThApanA karAyI / sambhavataH kula pratimAoM kI saMkhyA caubIsa thii| vidizA nagara ke nikaTa eka ora udayagiri kI pahAr3I meM vaiSNava dharma kA kendra thA, dUsarI ora pAsa hI sA~cI meM bauddha kendra thA / jaina-dharma ke samatA-bhAva kA isa samasta kSetra meM prabhAva par3A / binA kisI dveSa ke sabhI dharma yahA~ saMvaddhita hote rahe / isa prakAra ke udAharaNa kauzAmbI, devagar3ha, (jilA lalitapura, u. pra.) khajurAho, malhAra (jilA vilAsapura ma. pra.), elorA Adi meM mile haiN| dakSiNa bhArata meM vanavAsI, kA~cI, mUDabidrI, dharmasthala, kArakala Adi aise bahusaMkhyaka sthAnoM meM vibhinna dharmoM ke jo smAraka vidyamAna haiM unase isa bAta kA patA calatA hai ki samavAya tathA sahiSNutA ko hamArI vikAsazIla saMskRti meM pramukhatA dI gayI thii| vibhinna dharmoM ke AcAryoM ne samavAya bhAvanA ko vikasita tathA pracArita karane meM ullekhanIya kArya kie| jaina-dharma meM AcArya kAlaka, kundakunda, samantabhadra, hemacandra, devakIti Adi ne isa dizA meM bar3e saphala prayatna kie| janasAdhAraNa meM hI nahIM, samudra-vyavasAyI varga tathA rAjavarga meM ina tathA anya AcAryoM kA prabhUta prabhAva thA / pArasparika vivAdoM ko dUra karane tathA rASTrIya bhAvanA ke vikAsa meM parisaMvAda-4
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________________ bhAratIya saMskRti meM jainadharma unake kArya sadA smaraNIya raheMge / jaina dharmAcAryoM ne dakSiNa bhArata ke do prasiddha rAjavaMzoM - rASTrakUTa tathA gaMga vaMza - ke tIvra vivAdoM ko dUra kara unameM mela karAyA / aneka AcArya mArga kI kaThinAiyoM kI paravAha na kara dUra dezoM meM jAte the / kAlakAcArya, kumArajIva dIpaMkara, atizA Adi ke udAharaNa hamAre sAmane haiM / pazcimI eziyA, madhya eziyA, cIna, tibbata tathA dakSiNa-pUrva eziyA ke aneka dezoM meM ina vidvAnoM ne bhAratIya saMskRti kA saMdeza phailAne meM bar3A kArya kiyA / unakA sandeza samasta jIvoM ke kalyANa hetu thA / dIpaMkara ke bAre meM prasiddha hai ki jaba unheM jJAta huA ki bhArata para videzI AkramaNoM kI ghaTA umar3anevAlI hai taba ve tibbata ko (jahA~ ve usa samaya the) chor3akara bhArata Aye / yahA~ ve baMgAla ke pAla zAsaka nayapAla se mile aura phira kalcari-zAsaka lakSmIkarNa ke pAsa gae / ina donoM pramukha bhAratIya zAsakoM ko unhoMne samajhAyA ki ApasI jhagar3e bhUlakara donoM zAsaka zatru kA pUrI taraha mukAbalA kareM, jisase deza para videzI adhikAra na hone pAye / isa yAtrA meM AcArya dIpaMkara ko lambe mArga kI aneka kaThinAiyoM kA sAmanA karanA par3A / parantu rASTra hita ke sAmane ye saba kaSTa unake lie nagaNya the / zravaNabelagola ke lekhoM se jJAta huA hai ki vahA~ vibhinna kAloM meM aneka prasiddha vidvAn the / ye vidvAn jaina-zAstroM ke atirikta anya dharmoM ke zAstroM meM bhI pravINa the / anya dharmAcAryoM ke sAtha unake zAstrArtha hote the, parantu ve kaTutA aura dveSa bhAvanA se na hokara bauddhika stara ke hote the / 31 gupta-yuga ke pazcAt bhArata meM bauddha dharma kA prabhAva atyanta sImita kSetra para raha gayA / isameM pUrvI bhArata tathA dakSiNa kauzala evaM ur3IsA ke hI kucha bhAga the / dUsarI ora jaina-dharma kA vyApaka prasAra prAyaH sampUrNa deza meM vyApta ho gyaa| idhara vaiSNavoM, zaivoM ne apane dharmoM meM anya vicAradhArAoM ke kalyANakArI tattvoM ko antarbhukta kara udA tA kA paricaya diyA / madhyakAla meM uttara tathA dakSiNa bhArata meM vaiSNava tathA zaiva dharmoM kA pracAra bahuta bar3hA | jaina-dharmAvalambiyoM ne unake udAra dRSTikoNa ke saMvardhana meM yoga diyA / jainAcAryoM ne apane dharma ke aneka kalyANaprada tattvoM ko una dharmoM meM samanvita karane kA mahattvapUrNa kArya sampanna kiyA / yahA~ yaha bAta vicAraNIya hai ki bhAratIya itihAsa ke madhyakAla meM aneka rAjanItika tathA sAmAjika parivartana hue / aba vaidika paurANika dharma ne eka nayA rUpa grahaNa kiyA / pazu bali vAle yajJa tathA tatsaMbaMdhI jaTila kriyA-kalApa prAyaH samApta parisaMvAda-4
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________________ jainadharma evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana kara diye gye| naye smArta dharma ne deza-kAla ke anurUpa dharma-darzana ke naye AyAma sthApita kiye| jainadharma ke ahiMsA tathA samatA bhAva ne ina AyAmoM ke nirmANa ko protsAhana diyA / varNAzrama, saMskAra, prazAsana, arthanIti Adi kI tatkAlIna vyavasthA kA jaina dharma ne virodha nahIM kiyA, anyathA aneka sAmAjika jaTilatAe~ upasthita hotIM / jaina zAsakoM, vyApAriyoM tathA anya jaina dharmAvalaMbiyoM ne una sabhI kalyANakArI parivartanoM ko preraNA dI tathA unakA nirmANa pUrA karAyA jo rASTrIya bhAvanA ke vikAsa meM sahAyaka the| bhArata kI vyApaka sArvajanIna saMskRti ke nirmANa meM jaina dharma kA nissaMdeha asAdhAraNa yogadAna hai| padmAkara nagara, sAgara, madhyapradeza / parisaMvAda-4