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________________ bhAratIya saMgItazAstra meM mArga aura dezI kA vibhAjana bhAratIya saMgItazAstra ke adhyetA ke sammukha mArga aura dezI-saMgIta kA yaha dvividha vibhAjana, adhyayana ke pravezadvAra para hI upasthita ho jAtA hai| kintu Ajakala saMgItazAstra kA adhyayana jisa rIti se, jisa cittavRtti se ho rahA hai, tadanusAra isa vibhAjana ko kucha bhI mahatva nahIM diyA jAtA aura ise atIta kA anupayogI avazeSa mAtra mAna kara isakI upekSA kara dI jAtI hai, 'lakSaNa' meM jo sthiti hai, vahI 'lakSya' meM bhI hai, vahA~ bhI Aja isa vibhAjana kA koI sthAna nahIM samajhA jaataa| kintu vAstava meM yaha vibhAjana hamAre saMgItazAstra meM maulika mahatva rakhatA hai| isa vibhAjana ke marma ko samajhe binA yaha kahate rahanA ki bhAratIya saMgIta AdhyAtmika sAdhanA kA sazakta aGga hai, korA arthavAda bana kara raha jAtA . hai aura usase satya darzana ke sthAna para bhramajAla ko hI poSaNa milatA hai| 'mArga' zabda mRg dhAtu se banA hai, jisakA artha hai anveSaNa (mRga mArgaNe) / 'dezI' zabda kI / niSpatti diz dhAtu se hai jisakA artha hai denA yA bAhara pheMkanA ( diza atisarjane) / mArga meM anveSaNa kA artha spaSTa hai, kintu vaha anveSaNa kisa kA ? isa prazna para hama kucha Age cala kara vicAra kareMge / itanA to ApAtataH spaSTa hai ki anveSaNa 'bhUmA' kA hI abhipreta ho sakatA hai, 'alpa' kA nahIM / dezI meM bhItara se bAhara atisarjana karane kA bhAva hai isaliye isameM jana raMjana kA prayojana antarnihita hai 'deza' se 'dezI' kA sambandha jor3A jAya to usa meM khaNDabodha kA artha anusyUta mAnanA hogaa| ina donoM zabdoM kA saMgItazAstra meM kyA sthAna hai, yahI prastuta prabandha meM pAlocya hai| bhAratIya saMgIta kA zAstrIya vivecana sarvaprathama bharata ke nATyazAstra meM milatA hai, kintu vahA~ saMgIta kA mArga aura dezI yaha dvividha vibhAjana kahIM bhI spaSTa rUpa se nahIM milatA, yadyapi hama kucha Age cala kara dekheMge ki isa vibhAjana kA bIja sUkSma rUpa se nATyAzAstra meM avazya prApta hai / isa vibhAjana kA sarvaprathama spaSTa ullekha mataMga ke bRhaddazI meM milatA hai| isa grantha ke nAma meM hI 'dezI' pada hai, isaliye aisA samajhA jA sakatA hai ki isa grantha ke racanA-kAla (100-600 I. ke madhya) taka mArga aura dezI kA vibhAjana bahata spaSTa rUpa se svIkRta ho cukA hogA, aura isameM dezI ke nirUpaNa ke prati adhika abhi niveza rahA hogA / saMpUrNa grantha upalabdha na hone se aura upalabdhAMza kA pATha bahuta khaMDita hone se ukta anumAna kI pUrNa puSTi karanA to saMbhava nahIM hai, kintu grantha ke prAraMbha meM hI dezI aura mArga kA jo ullekha milatA hai, vaha avazya hI sUcaka hai| ___'bRhaddezI' ke bAda prAya : 15 vIM zatAbdI taka yaha vibhAjana saMgItazAstra ke sabhI pramukha granthoM meM maulika sthAna pAtA rahA / kintu 15 vIM zatAbdI ke bAda isakA mahatva ghaTane lagA, yA to isakA
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________________ premalatA zarmA 277 ] kevala nAmollekha hI granthoM meM raha pAyA aura yA usakA bhI lopa ho gayA / 'bRhaddazI' ke paravartI granthoM ko mArga-dezI-vibhAjana kI dRSTi se nimnalikhita cAra zreNiyoM meM rakhA jA sakatA hai| 1. mArga aura dezI vibhAjana kA spaSTa ullekha evaM pUrNa nirvAha karane vAle grantha isa zreNI ke antargata granthoM meM gIta, vAdya aura nRtya / saMgIta ke ina tInoM agoM kA mArga aura dezI ke rUpa meM dvividha vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai| gIta ke prasaMga meM rAga kA grAmarAga aura dezIrAga ke rUpa meM evaM gIta prabandha kA zUddha gItaka aura (dezI) prabandha ke rUpa meM dvidhA vibhAjana huaA hai / vAdya ke prasaMga meM mArga aura dezI kA vibhAjana kahIM bhI spaSTa rUpa se nahIM kiyA gayA hai, isakA kAraNa yahI ho sakatA hai ki bhAratIya paramparA meM vAdya gIta kA anuvartI-mAtra hai, isaliye gIta ke prasaMga meM rAgoM kA jo dvidhA vibhAjana huA hai, vahI tata aura suSira vAdyoM ko bhI avikala rUpa se lAgU ho jAtA hai / tAla prakaraNa meM mArga-tAla aura dezI-tAla aisA vibhAjana kiyA gayA hai / isakA sambandha parokSa rUpa se ghana aura avanaddha vAdyoM ke sAtha samajhA jA sakatA hai| jahAM taka vAdya yantroM kA sambandha hai, aisA koI nirdeza kahIM nahIM milatA ki amuka vAdya mArga saMgIta ke upayogI hai aura amuka dezI saMgIta ke / vAstava meM aisA nirdeza Avazyaka bhI nahIM hai| kevala mArgapaTaha aura dezIpaTaha isa prakAra paTaha (avanaddha vAdya vizeSa) ke do savizeSaNa bheda kahe gaye haiN| (dRSTavya saMgAtaratnAkara vAdyAdhyAya, zloka 805) / nRtya ke prakaraNa meM mArga nRtya aura dezI nRtya yaha do bheda svIkRta haiN| prastuta zreNI ke antargata nimnalikhita granthoM ke nAma pramukha haiN| (1) nAnyadeva kA bharatabhASya (12 vIM zatI I0) isakA prArambhika graMza hI abhI prakAzita huA hai| pUre grantha kI pANDulipi upalabdha nahIM hai| jo kucha upalabdha hai, usameM dezI rAgoM kA pRthaka nirUparaNa nahIM hai, mArga rAgoM kI bhASAoM ke sAtha-sAtha hI kucha aise rAgoM kA varNana milatA hai jo anya granthoM meM dezI kahe gaye haiN| dezI tAloM kA varNana bhI nahIM miltaa| kevala dezI prabandhoM kA sAGgopAGga nirUpaNa milatA hai| nRtya prakaraNa isameM hai hI nhiiN| (2) zAGga deva kA saMgIta ratnAkara' (13 vIM zatI I0) isameM rAga, tAla, prabandha aura nRtyasabhI prakaraNoM meM mArga dezI kA vibhAjana prApta hai| (3) paNDitamaNDalI kA 'saMgIta ziromaNi' (15vIM zatI I0)-yaha grantha aprakAzita hai aura pANDulipiyA~ bahuta hI khaNDita haiM / (4) rANA kumbhakarNa (kumbhA) kA 'saMgItarAja' (15vIM zatI0 I.)-isameM viSaya pratipAdana saMgItaratnAkara kI apekSA kahIM adhika vistRta hai, ataH mArga-dezI kA Upara likhe sabhI prakaraNoM meM vibhAjana adhikatara spaSTa hai| 2. mArga aura dezI ke vibhAjana kA apUrNa nirvAha karane vAle granya (1) zrIkaNTha kI 'rasakaumudI' (16vIM zatI) kevala tAla prakaraNa meM yaha vibhAjana spaSTa milatA hai| (2) raghunAtha bhUpa kI 'saMgItasudhA' (17vIM zatI) kevala rAga-prakaraNa meM grAma-rAgoM aura dezI ragoM kA paramparAgata nirUpaNa milatA hai| tAla prakaraNa kI pratijJA meM to mArga dezI kA spaSTa ullekha hai, para vaha adhyAya upalabdha nahIM hai|
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________________ 278 ] bhAratIya saMgItazAstra meM mArga aura dezI kA vibhAjana 3. mArga aura dezI kA kevala nAmollekha karane vAle grantha (1) vAcanAcArya sudhAkalaza kA 'saMgItopaniSAtsAroddhAra' (14vIM zatI I0) (2) rAmAmAtya kA svaramelakalAnidhi' (16vIM zatI I0) (3) dAmodara paNDita kA 'saMgItadarpaNa' (17vIM zatI I0) (4) tulajAdhipa kA 'saMgItasArAmRta' (17vIM zatI I0) (5) ahobala kA 'saMgItapArijAta' (17vIM zatI I0) (5) somanAtha kA 'rAgavibodha' (17vIM zatI I0) 4. mArga-dezI kA nAmollekha taka na karane vAle grantha (1) puNDarIka viTThala kA 'sadAgacandrodaya' (16vIM zatI I0) inake 'rAgamAlA' tathA 'rAga bhaJjarI' grantha bhI isI zreNI meM Ate haiM, kintu ve saMgItazAstra ke kevala eka deza rAga ke hI pratipAdaka grantha haiM, isaliye unakA yahAM pRthaka ullekha nahIM kiyA gayA hai| (2) zubhaGkara kA 'saMgItadAmodara' (16vIM zatI) (3) zrInivAsa kA 'rAgatattvavibodha' (17vIM zatI) mArga-dezI kA lakSaNa pramukha granthakAroM ne isa prakAra diyA hai :(1) nAnAvidheSu dezeSu jantUnAM sukhado bhavet / tataH prabhRti lokAnAM narendrANAM yadRcchayA / / 1 / / xxxx deze deze pravRtto'sau dhvanirdezIti sajJitaH / / 2 / / dhvanistu dvividhaH prokto vyaktAvyaktavibhAgataH / vargopalambhanAd vyakto dezImukhamupAgataH / / 12 / / abalA bAlagopAlaiH kSitipAnijecchayA / gIyate sA'nurAgeNa svadeze dezirucyate / / 13 / / nibaddhAzcAnibaddhazca mArgo'yaM dvividho mataH / prAplA (lA) pAdinibandhoya: sa ca mArgaH prakIttitaH / / 14 / / pAlApAdivihInastu sa ca dezI prakIttitaH / (bRhadde zI pR0 1, 2) isa uddharaNa kI antima paMkti bRhadde zI ke mUlapATha meM nahIM hai, somanAtha ne apane rAga-vibodha ke prathama adhyAya ke zloka 7 para TIkA meM mataMga ke nAma se jo uddharaNa diyA hai, usameM se yaha paMkti lI (2) gItaM vAdya tathA nRttaM trayaM saMgItamucyate / mArgo dezIti tadvadhA tatra mArgaH sa ucyate / / yo mAgito viriJcyAdyaH prayukto bharatAdibhiH / devasya purataH zambhoniyatAbhyudayapradaH / /
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________________ premalatA zarmA 276 ] deze deze janAnAM yad rucyA hRdayaraJjakam / gItaM ca vAdanaM nRttaM taddezItyabhidhIyate / / (saMgItaratnAkara 1/1/21-24) (3) sAmavedAtsamuddha tya yadgItamRSibhiH puraa| sadbhirAcarito mArgastena mArgo'bhidhIyate / / saMskRtAtprAkRtaM tadvat prAkRtAdezikA yathA / tadvan mArgAtsvabudhdyAnyairvAgdezIyaM samuddha tA / / (bharatabhASya 11/2) ina tInoM uddharaNoM kA sammilita sArAMza mArga aura dezI-vibhAjana ke nimnalikhita do AdhAra prastuta karatA hai| 1-prayojanagata-jisake anusAra dezI kA prayojana janaraMjana hai aura mArga kA abhyudaya / * 2-svaparUpagata-isake anusAra 'mArga' zuddha aura niyamabaddha hai aura dezI apekSAkRta azuddha aura niyamarahita hai| isa prasaMga meM prayojanagata aura svarUpagata bheda kI kucha sAmAnya carcA asthAnIya na hogii| sabhI padArthoM ke do pahalU hote haiM / eka vastugata dharma jo prayoktA athavA grAhaka kI niSThA se nirapekSa haiM, dUsare prayojanagata dharma jo grAhaka athavA prayoktA kI niSThA ke sApekSa hai, arthAt usI ke anustara prakAzita hote haiN| kisI padArtha meM prathama pahalU prabala hotA hai to kisI meM dUsarA / udAharaNa ke liye, viSa kA mAraka dharma vastugata hai| viSa kA sevanakArI use mAraka samajhe athavA saMjIvaka, viSa kA mAraka dharma donoM avasthAoM meM samAna rUpa se kArya kregaa| (mIrA jaise bhaktajanoM ko viSa se bhI saMjIvanI prApta hone ke alaukika udAharaNa isa sAmAnya niyama kI paridhi ke bAhara haiN)| dUsarI ora auSadhi kA vastugata dharma jo bhI ho, usakA prakAza sevanakartA kI niSThA para kAphI mAtrA meM nirbhara rahatA hai| sAmAnya bhojya padArthoM kA vastugata dharma bhI bhojana karAne vAle aura karane vAle kI bhAvanA ke anusAra bahuta kucha svataMtra rUpa se prakaTa hotA hai / hoTala meM prApta parama pauSTika bhojana bhI puSTi aura tuSTi ke vidhAna meM mAtA ke diye hue rUkhe-sUkhe bhojana kI samatA nahIM kara sakatA / isa prakAra sabhI sthUla laukika padArthoM meM vastugata dharma prabala hone para bhI usakA prakAzana sarvatra ekasA nahIM hotaa| jo kucha sthUla padArthoM ke viSaya meM kahA gayA vaha sUkSma viSayoM meM aura bhI adhika lAgU hotA hai| lalita kalAoM ko hI le leM, unake dvArA saundaryabodha, bhAvabodha athavA rasabodha grAhaka ke saMskAra, zikSA, bhAvanAtmaka stara ityAdi aneka Azrayagata tattvoM para nirbhara rahatA hai jinheM viSayagata dharma se nirapekSa mAnA jA sakatA hai| kAvya, saMgIta, citra athavA mUrti-ina kalAoM kI eka hI kRti bhinna bhinna stara kI anubhUti jagAtI hai| una kalAkRtiyoM meM viSayagata starabheda na ho aisI bAta nahIM hai, kintu grAhaka gata starabheda hI yahAM prastuta hai| jisa prakAra kalAjagat meM grAhaka kA starabheda vastugata dharma ke prakAzana meM * 'abhyudaya' se yahA~ AdhyAtmika unnati kA hI grahaNa karanA cAhiye, anyathA dezI se mArga kA kucha vaiziSTya sthApita na ho skegaa| jahAM 'niHzreyasa' aura 'abhyudaya' ko paraspara bhinna kahA jAtA hai vahAM 'abhyudaya' laukika unnati kA vAcaka mAnA jAtA hai| kintu yahAM vaha artha lenA ucita nahIM jAna pdd'taa|
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________________ 280 ] bhAratIya saMgItazAstra meM mArga aura dezI kA vibhAjana sAdhaka athavA bAdhaka hotA hai, usI prakAra prayoktA yAnI sraSTA kA manaHpUta prayojana bhI kalAkRti ke vastugata starabheda kA niyAmaka hotA hai| artha, yaza, kAmanA-pUtti Adi laukika prayojanoM se kI gaI kalA-sAdhanA athavA kalAsRSTi preyomArga meM hI pragati karA sakegI, yadyapi kalA ke vastugata dharma meM zreyaH pradatva sarvamAnya hai| isa vastugata dharma kA prakAzana tabhI ho sakatA hai jaba prayokta kI bhI usa prayojana meM niSThA ho arthAt preyaH se vairAgya aura niHzreyas ke prati anurAga ho| isa niSThA ke abhAva meM alaukika prayojana kI siddhi karane kA vastugata dharma kalA meM prakAzita nahIM ho sktaa| Upara kI carcA ke anusAra mArga aura dezI ke lakSaNa para vicAra kareM to pahale prayojanagata bheda upasthita hotA hai aura bAda meM svarUpagata / jana-mana-raMjana kA prayojana dezI meM aura niHzreyasa kA prayojana mArga meM hai, sAtha hI donoM ke vastugata dharma athavA svarUpa kI vibhinnatA kahI gayI hai, jisake anusAra mArga zuddha aura niyamita hai evaM dezI azuddha athavA mizra aura aniymit| isa prasaMga meM bharata bhASya kA Upara diyA hA uddharaNa vicAraNIya hai| usake anusAra mArga ke zUddha svarUpa se dezI kA AvirbhAva hayA hai| Aja-kala vijJAna ke vikAsavAda ke siddhAnta ke prabhAva se pratyeka kSetra meM nimna stara se ucca stara kI ora abhiyAna hI svAbhAvika krama mAnA jAne lagA hai| tadanusAra yadi mArga zuddha evaM niyama sahita hai to svayaM usakA vikAsa azuddha aura aniyamita dezI ke AdhAra para honA caahie| kintu bhAratIya darzana ke anusAra zuddha kI vikRti se azuddha yA mizra kA AvirbhAva mAnA jAtA hai| tadanusAra dezI ko mArga kA azuddha rUpa mAnane meM kucha bhI Apatti nahIM ho sktii| cetanA ke uccatama stara para jo AvirbhAva hotA hai, usI meM nAnA prakAra kI upAdhiyoM ke mizraNa se azuddha rUpa prakaTa hote haiM, yaha avaroha-mArgIya vicAradhArA hai / dUsarI ora Aroha-mArgIya vicAradhArA ke anusAra azuddha stara para se azuddhi kA nirAsa karate hae kramazaH zuddha stara taka vikAsa hotA hai| sthUla buddhi se bhale hI Aroha-mArgIya vicAra hI saMgata jAna par3e, kintu vAstava meM sabhI vikRtiyoM, azuddhiyoM ke mUla meM parama vizuddha avikRta tattva mAne binA gati nahIM hai / tadanusAra saMskRta se prAkRta kA aura mArga se dezI kA AvirbhAva mAnanA pUrNatayA saMgata hai| Upara hamane jina tIna uddharaNoM para vicAra kiye unake atirikta kucha anya uddharaNa bhI yahA~ prasaMga prApta haiM1-gAndharva aura gona ke prakaraNa meM pratyarthamiSTaM devAnAM tathA prItikaraM punaH / gandharvANAJca yasmAddhi tasmAd gAndharvamucyate // asya yonirbhaveda gAnaM vINAvaMzastathaiva c| (nATya zAstra 28 / 6,10) sAmamyo gItamiti kathitaM sAmAni cAtra kAraNakAraNAni / gAndharva hi sAmabhyastasmAd bhavaM gAnaM na tulye svarAdyAtmakatve gAnaM gAndharve'ntarbhUtamiti kA bhaassaa| viparyayo'pi kasmAnna bhavati, tAdAtmyameva vA kathaM na syAdityAzaMkAM zamayitumAha atyartha miSTaM devAnAmiti / anenAditvaM sUcitam / devAhi kathamiSTaM vija hya : / tatheti tena devatAparitoSadvAreNa prItiM dadAtItyadRSTaphalatvaM darzitam / ................" tathA tena prakAreNa pratIterapavargocitAnanda svabhAvavizeSaNAvajita mityapavargaphalatvaM darzitam / tathA'tikrAMtaM dhanAdinirapekSa cedaM devAnAM yajanaM yathA pUrAgayogAdibhyo'dhikA prItirgAndharvAcchaGkarasyeti / gandharvAraNAmiti
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________________ premalatA zarmA . [ 281 prayoktrapalakSaNaM. tena hatyantaM saMvitapravezalAbhena tu gAtuH phalayogo gndhtvaat|" iti prayoktRgatamatra mukhyaM phalam / na tu gAnamiva mukhyatayA zrotRniSTham / gAnaM hi kevalaM prItikArye vartate (abhinava bhAratI) pUrvaraGgAdAvadRSThasiddhau saMyatagItakavaddha mAnAdi prayujyate / dhuvAgAne tu dRSTaphale gAyanasyeva so'stu vyApAraH / (abhinava bhAratI nATya zAstra caturtha khaMDa pR. 152) nATya zAstra meM mArga-dezI kA ullekha nahIM hai, kintu saMgIta ke liye 'gAndharva' saMjJA hai jo bAda meM cala kara gIta-prabandha ke prakaraNa meM mArga kI paryAyavAcI bana gaI thI (dRSTavya saMgIta-ratnAkara kA nimna uddharaNa) / 'gAndharva' ko devatAoM kA atyanta iSTa arthAt priya batAyA gayA hai| abhinavagupta ne use dRSTAdRSTa-phalaprada kahA hai aura usa ke phala ko mukhyatayA prayoktRgata batAyA hai| dUsarI ora 'gAna' kA phala mukhyatayA zrotRniSTha kahA hai| yahIM para mArga aura dezI kA mUla tatva mila jAtA hai / mArga prAtmaniSTha hone se usameM mukhya. phala prayoktA ko hI milatA hai aura dezI meM zrotA ke prati lakSya rahane ke kAraNa usakA phala mukhyatayA zrotRniSTha arthAt zrotAoM kA raMjanamAtra hotA hai / punaH 31 veM adhyAya meM jahA~ bharata ne zuddha gItakoM ke prakAra kahe haiM vahA~ bhI abhinavagupta ne varddha mAnAdi zuddha gItakoM ko adRSTa-phala-prada batAyA hai aura dhruvAgAna ko dRSTa-phala-prada / bharata ke paravartI kAla meM zuddha gItaka mArga kA aMga mAne gaye aura dhra vAoM ke AdhAra para dezI prabandhoM kA vikAsa hA / isa prakaraNa meM bhI mArga aura dezI ke bIja nATyazAstra meM mila hI jAte haiN| 2-gIta-prabandha prakaraNa meM rajakaH svarasaMdarbho gItamityabhidhIyate / gAndharva gAnamityasya bhedadvayamudIritam // 1 // anAdisampradAyaM yadgAndharvaiH saMprayujyate / niyataM zreyaso hetustadgAndharva jagurbudhAH / / 2 / yatta vAggeyakAreNa racitaM lakSaNAnvitam / dezIrAgAdiSu prokta tadgAnaM janaraJjanam / / 3 / / (saMgItaratnAkara 4/1-3) 3-rAga-prakaraNa meM dezItvaM nAma kAmacArapravartitatvam / tadatra mArgarAgeSu niyamaH yaH puroditaH / sa dezirAgamASAdAvanyathApi kvacid bhavet / / (vahI, 2/2/2 para kallinAtha kI TIkA) 4-nRtya-prakaraNa meM nATya mArgaJca dezIyamuttamaM madhyamaM tathA adhama kramato jJeyaM nRtyatritayamuttamaiH / / 286 / /
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________________ 282 ] bhAratIya saMgItazAstra meM mArga aura dezI kA vibhAjana nRteH kyap pratyaye nRtyazabdaH karma vivakSayA / bhAvopasarjano yatra raso mukhyaH prakAzate ||445 / / tannATyapUrvakaM nRtyaM mArganRtyaM taducyate / rasopasarjanIbhUto yatra bhAvaH prakAzate // 446 / / mArgI mAvAbhighastasmAnmRgyate'tra raso pataH / nATyAbhinnaM dvidhA nRtyamudIritam // 447 / / nRteH ktapratyaye rUpaM dezInRttamihoditam ||448 / / nanvatra pratyayaikArthe mArga dezIti kA bhidA / ucyate'tra tadaikye'pi yo yatra viniyujyate / vivakSAvato brUte sa tamarthamiti sthitam ||446 // paMkajatve samAne'pi loke padma tadIritam / vivakSA cAtra zobhAyAM haste hastaikadezavat // 450 // nRtye nRtyaikadeze'pi nRtyazabdAd dvayorgrahaH || 451 / / ( saMgIta rAja, nRtyaratna koza, ullAsa 1, parIkSaNa 1 ) Upara dvitIya uddharaNa meM 'gAndharva' ko mArga kA paryAyavAcI mAna kara use apauruSeya kahA gayA hai, aura 'gAna' ko dezI kA paryAyavAcI mAna kara usakA pauruSeyatva batAyA gayA hai| gIta - prabandhaka ke prakaraNa meM mArga- dezI kI yaha vibhAjaka rekhA ucita bhI hai / tIsarA uddharaNa rAga ke prasaMga kA hai| isa meM mArga se saMbaddha grAma- rAgoM meM niyamoM kI aparivartanIyatA kahI gaI hai / yahA~ yaha bhI ullekhanIya hai ki grAmarAgoM kA nATya ke prasaMga meM hI prayoga vihita hai, kintu dezI rAgoM kA prayoga nATya se svatantra kahA gayA hai / cauthA uddharaNa nRtya saMbandho hai, aura usa para vizeSa vicAra apekSita hai / nRtya kA mArga ke sAtha evaM nRtta kA dezI ke sAtha sambandha jor3A gayA hai nATya ko ina donoM ke Upara sarvocca sthAna diyA gayA hai| isa stara nirdhAraNa kA prAdhAra hai- - nATya meM rasa kI mukhyatA evaM nRtya meM bhAva kI mukhyatA ke sAtha-sAtha rasa kA mArgaNa athavA anveSaNa / nRtta ko dezI kyoM kahA hai, isa kI koI spaSTatA nahIM dI gaI hai, kintu usa meM tAla layAzrita gAtravikSepa mAtra aura abhinaya kA prabhAva batAyA gayA hai / isIliye usameM rasa aura bhAva donoM kI apekSA chor3a kara kevala tAla, laya kA hI prAdhAnya rakhA jAtA hai / yathA nATyazabdo rase mukhyo rasAbhivyaktikAraNam / caturdhAbhinayopetaM lakSaNAvRttito budhaiH // 17 // prAGgikAbhinayaireva bhAvAneva vyanakti yat / tannRtyaM mArgazabdena prasiddha nRtyavedinAm ||26|| gAtra vikSepamAtra tu sarvAbhinayavajitam 1 prAGgikoktaprakAreNa nRttaM nRttavido viduH ||27|| (saMgItaratnAkara nRtyAdhyAya )
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________________ premalatA zarmA 283 ] anyabhAvAzraya nRtya, nRtta tAlalayAzrayam / Adya padArthAbhinayo mArgoM, dezI tathA'param / / (dazarUpaka 1 / 6) abhinayarahita evaM kevala tAlalayAzrita hone ke kAraNa nRtta ko tRtIya zreNI meM sthAna diyA gayA hai, aura isa nimna kakSA ke kAraNa hI use dezI kahA hai / Adima jAtiyoM ke nAcane meM Aja bhI kevala tAla layAzrita gAtra-vikSepa kA darzana hotA hai / nATya meM rasa mukhya hone ke kAraNa AMgika, vAcika, sAttvika aura pAhAyaM cAroM prakAra ke abhinaya kA usa meM sthAna hotA hai / nRtya meM kevala AMgika abhinaya se hI bhAvAbhivyakti kI jAtI hai aura rasa utane spaSTa rUpa se abhivyakta nahIM ho pAtA jitanA ki nATya meM / isIliye usa meM rasa kA mArgaraNa kahA gayA hai| nRtta meM to abhinaya kA koI sthAna hI nahIM hai, isaliye vaha dezI hai| nRtya ke rasa prasaMga meM mArga aura dezI kA artha ApAtataH sAmAnya artha se kucha bhinna dikhAI detA hai, kyoMki na to yahA~ niyamoM kI kaThoratA athavA zithilatA se abhiprAya hai, na apauruSeya aura pauruSeya kA bheda hai, na dRSTA-dRSTa-phala kA vicAra hai aura na hI niHzreyas athavA janaraMjana ke prayojana ke prati lakSya haiN| kintu yadi gambhIratA se vicAra kiyA jAya to yaha samajhA jA sakatA hai ki rasa kI alaukikatA ke kAraNa usakA mArgaraNa nRtya ke mArgatva kA prayojaka hai aura usa mArga ke abhAva meM kevala laukika manoraMjana nRtta ke dezItva kA prayojaka hai| nATya ko mArga se bhI Upara rakhA gayA hai| isakA AdhAra avazya vicAraNIya hai| abhinava gupta ne jaise sAma se gAndharva aura gAndharva se gAna kI utpatti batAI hai tadvat nATya ko sAma ke, nRtya ko gAndharva ke aura nRtta ko gAna ke samAnAntara samajhA jA sakatA hai| sAmagAyana meM sAmarasya kI pUrNa upalabdhi rahane ke kAraNa usameM mArgaNa vyApAra kA koI sthAna nahIM ho sktaa| usase eka stara nIce utara kara gAndharva athavA mArga kA astitva hai, evaM usase bhI nimna stara dezI kA hai| mArga meM anveSaNa kisa tattva kA hai ? isa prasaga meM yAjJavalkya-smRti ke nimnoddha ta aMza aura una kI TIkA mananIya hai| ananyaviSayaM kRtvA manobuddhismRtIndriyam / dhyeya prAtmA sthito yo'sau hRdaye dIpavat prabhuH / / yasya punarasmin savitarke samAdhI nirAlambanatayA bahirmukhAvabhAsatiraskAreNa cittavRttinAbhiramate tasya zabdabrahmopAsanena brahmajJAnAbhyAsAt parabrahmAdhigamopAyamAha yathAvadhAnena paThan sAma gAyatyavisvaram / sAvadhAnastathAbhyAsAt paraM brahmAdhigacchati / / brahmajJAnAbhyAsopAyavizeSamAha aparAntakamullopyaM madrakaM prakarI tathA / auveNukaM tu rovindamunara gItakAni tu / / RggAthA pAriekA dakSavihitA brahmagItikAH / gAyannetattadabhyAsa kAraNAnmokSa saMjJitam / /
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________________ 284 ] bhAratIya saMgItazAstra meM mArga aura dezI kA vibhAjana . aparAntikAdayo bharatazAstroktagIta prakAra vizeSAH brahmajJAnAbhyAsahetojJeyAH / eteSu gIyamAneSu nAdasya yata udayo yatra ca layastadavagantavyam / tadeva brahma, tatazca tajjJA nAbhyAsAya te geyA iti yujyate vaktum / api ca, vINAvAdanatattvajJaH zrutijAtivizAradaH / tAlajJazcaprayAsena mokSamArga nigacchati / / tattvato yo vetti so'nAyAsena mokSamArga mokSopAyabhUtaMmanasa aikAMgra yabrahmAjJAhetu nigacchati / yastu vINAdinAdAnAM yata udayo yatra ca layastatrAntarebhyo viviktatayA na samyagvetti taM pratyAha gItajJo yadi yogena nApnoti paramaM padam / rudrasyAnucaro bhUtvA tenaiva saha modate / / (yAjJavalkyasmRti, adhyAya 3, prakaraNa 4, zlo. 110-15 evaM aparAditya viracitA aparApirA TIkA) Upara uddha ta vacanoM kA sArAMza isa prakAra hai :-(1) jo vyakti vAhya pAlambana ke abhAva meM citta ko samAdhi meM sthira nahIM kara pAte, unake lie sAmagAna kA vidhAna hai, kyoMki usameM parama avadhAnayukta gAyana se parabrahma kI prApti ho sakatI hai| (2) sAmagAna ke hI samakakSa eka anya abhyAsa hai aura vaha hai aparAntaka, ullopyaka Adi gItoM kA gAyana / smaraNIya hai ki yahI bharatokta zuddha gItaka hai+| (3) sAma athavA gItakoM ke gAyana meM anveSaNa kA viSaya yahI hai ki nAda kA udaya kahAM se hotA hai aura laya kahA~ hotA hai yaha ullekha bahuta mahatvapUrNa hai / nAda kA udaya aura laya donoM hI kA prAdhAra brahma hai, isaliye vahI mArga ke anveSaNa kA viSaya hai| isa para vizeSa vicAra apekSita haiN| (4) yadi nAda ke udaya aura laya ke AdhAra ko tattvata: jAne binA sAma athavA (devastUtiparaka) gItaka kA gAna kiyA jAtA hai to prayoktA parama pada ko prApta nahIM hotA, apitu rudra kA anucara bana kara usI ke sAtha harSa ko prApta hotA hai| yAjJavalkya kI isI ukti ko abhinavagupta ne nATya zAstra 28 // 11 kI TIkA meM yaha kaha kara uddhata kiyA hai ki yoga rUpa avadhAna gItaka ke gAyana meM Avazyaka athavA upayogo nahIM hotaa| yAjJavalkya aura abhinavagupta kA aisA abhiprAya jAna par3atA hai ki paramapada-prApti ke liye gAyana ke sAtha yoga-rUpa avadhAna anivArya hai, kintu devatAparitoSa usake binA bhI ho sakatA hai| devatAparitoSa se yahA~ saMbhavataH sAma athavA gItaka ke gAyana ke vastugata dharma ke anusAra hone vAlA adRSTa phala hI abhipreta hai| kahanA na hogA ki isa adRSTa phala kI siddhi ke liye bhI prayoktA meM tadanukUla vAsanA rahanA anivArya hai| nAda kA udaya aura laya kahA~ hai isa sambandha meM Adhunika dhvanivijJAna kI jo sthApanAyeM haiM unameM tIna nyUnatAyeM dikhAI detI haiN| 1-dhvani ke grAhaka ke viSaya meM / yaha mAnA jAtA hai ki manuSya ke kAna kI + yahA~ sAma se gItakoM ko pRthak kahA gayA hai, kintu bAda meM cala kara sAma bhI gItakoM kA hI eka bhedamAtra raha gayA / (dRSTavya saMgItaratnAkara, saMgItarAja Adi meM nirUpita 14 gItaka bheda / ) ___X avadhAnaM yoMgarUpaM taccAtra nopayogi / parivartake'vanaddha-pUrvaraGga, tatra hi devatAparitoSAdeva siddhiH / tadetaduktam-"gIta jJo yadi......." ityAdi /
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________________ premalatA zarmA [ 285 sravaNazakti maryAdita hai, aAndolanoM kI kucha nyUnatama aura adhikatama sImA ke bhItara hI manuSya kA zrotra kAma karatA hai / isa maryAdA ke bAhara asIma kSetra hai kintu vaha manuSya ke liye agama mAnA jAtA hai| 2-vAhaka mAdhyama ke sambandha meM / dhvanivijJAna dvArA pratipAdya dhvani pRthvI (Solid) jala (Liquid) athavA vAyu (gas) ke mAdhyama ke binA cala nahIM sktii| vAhanahIna Andolana zravya nahIM hotA aura vAhana hInatA zUnya (Vacuum) meM hI ho sakatI hai| bhAratIya darzana ke anusAra sapUrNa zUnyatA asaMbhava hai kyoMki tathAkathita zUnyatA meM bhI zakti kA bahuta prabala aura sUkSma rUpa nihita rahatA hai| hamAre darzana meM prAkAza athavA vyoma 'zUnya' meM hI rahatA hai| vaha sUkSmatama bhUta hai jo sAre vizva meM vyApta hai tathA jo Solid, Liquid tathA gas se bhI sUkSma hai / 3-dhvani kA laya kahA~ hotA hai isa kA koI uttara dhvani vijJAna ke pAsa nahIM hai| vijJAna adhika se adhika yahI kaha sakatA hai ki dhvani kI zakti (energy) kisI anya zakti meM parivartita ho gaI, kintu vaha parivartana kaise kaba aura kisa rUpa meM hotA hai ina praznoM kA koI uttara vijJAna ke pAsa nahIM hai| bhAratIya darzana ke anusAra dhvani kA udaya aura laya AkAza yA vyoma meM hI hai, aura usI meM saba dhvaniyA~ amara rUpa meM saMgRhIta rahatI haiM / isI sUkSma vyoma ke anusandhAna se parabrahma kI prApti kI sugamatA hI mArga saMgIta kA AdhAra hai| isa anusandhAna ke liye nAda kA mAdhyama sarvAdhika sulabha mAnA gayA hai| isI liye saMgIta ko nAdayoga kahA gayA hai| kintu isa anusandhAna ke abhAva meM saMgIta sAdhanA eka laukika karma mAtra hai| isa nAdaanusandhAna ke prasaMga meM nimnalikhita uddharaNa vizeSa upayogI hogaa| " hamAre samasta nAdoccAraNa kA koI eka AdhAra avazya hai, aura vaha hai brahmAkAza meM jJAnamaya po rUpa mUla spanda / yaha mUla spanda apane ko nAda athavA dhvani ke rUpa meM vyakta kara rahA hai / avazya hI yaha dhvani sAdhAraNa zravya dhvani nahIM hai| yaha dhvani rUpA sura-dhunI dhra vA va sanAtanI hai / 'tada viSNoH paramaM padam'-yaha hai isa dhvani kA parAbhAva / brahmaloka meM jo kuNThAhIna divya anubhUti hai, vaha hai pazyantI bhAvA hara ke jaTA jAla meM avaguThita hone para madhyamA aura anta meM bhagIratha ke zaMkha-ninAda se gomukha se niHsRtA hone para vaikharI hotI hai| hamArA saba vAgvyavahAra rasa dhra va-dhArA ke vakSa: sthala para vIcivat uTha kara punaH usI meM lIna ho jAtA hai, isaliye sAdhaka ko mUla-spanda rUpA usa dhvani-suradhunI dhra vA kA sandhAna karanA hotA hai|" (svAmI pratyagAtmAnanda sarasvatI kRta japasUtram, bhAga 2, pariziSTa, zloka 4-10) dezI kA sambandha vaikharI se hI hai| kintu mArga meM madhyamA pazyantI aura parA kA kramazaH anusandhAna Avazyaka haiN| isa prasaMga meM eka bhrAnta dhAraNA kA nirAkaraNa Avazyaka hai| kucha logoM kA yaha vicAra hai ki mArga-saMgIta kA mAdhyama anAhata nAda hai| kintu vAstava meM mArga usI saMgIta kI saMjJA hai jo indriyajanya vyApAra ke stara para pAhata nAda ko pAlambana banA kara niHzreyas prApti meM samartha hotA hai| yadi aisA na hotA to to saMgIta zAstra ke antargata usakA varNana hI na ho paataa| phira to vaha anAhata nAda kI bhAMti kevala yoga-zAstra kA hI viSaya raha jAtA / - upasaMhAra meM kucha viSayoM kA saMketa-mAtra prastuta kiyA jAtA hai kyoMki sthAnAbhAva se unakA pratipAdana nahIM kiyA jA sakA hai|
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________________ 286 ] bhAratIya saMgItazAstra meM mArga aura dezo kA vibhAjana (1) mArga-saMgIta ke antargata grAma-rAga, mArga-tAla aura zuddha gItaka-ina viSayoM kA jo bhI nirUpaNa zAstra-granthoM meM milatA hai, usase yaha spaSTa hai ki 30 athavA 32 grAmarAga 5 mArgatAla aura 14 . zuddhagItaka-ina kI saMkhyA athavA lakSaNa meM kahIM koI parivartana nahIM pAyA jaataa| dezI rAgoM, tAloM, aura prabandhoM ke bhedoM kI saMkhyA ina se kahIM adhika hai aura usameM bahuta kucha nyUnAdhikatA deza-kAla-krama se pAyI jAtI hai| mArga kI isa aparivartanIyatA kI pRSThabhUmi meM darzanazAstra tathA AdhyAtmika sAdhanA ke kauna se gUDha tattva haiM, yaha anusandhAna kA viSaya hai| (2) madhyayuga meM mArga-dezI ke vibhAjana kI jo upekSA athavA lopa huA, tadanusAra dezI kA hI varNana granthoM meM milatA rahA aisA mAnane meM koI bAdhA nahIM hai| mArga kA yaha lopa alaukika prayojana kI dRSTi se samajhA jAya athavA niyamoM kI kaThoratA kI dRSTi se dekhA jAya ? sabhavataH donoM dRSTiyoM ko yathAyogya sthAna denA ucita hogA, arthAt yaha bhI satya hai ki una granthoM meM variNata saMgIta laukika prayojana mAtra kA sAdhaka hai, aura sAtha hI yaha bhI satya hai ki vaha saMgIta pradeza-vizeSa aura kAla-vizeSa dvArA sImita hai, yAnI lakSya-pradhAna hai / mArga ko jo lakSaNapradhAna kahA gayA hai usakA abhiprAya yahI hai ki vaha sArvabhauma aura sArvakAlika hai| (3) Adhunika zAstrIya saMgIta ko mArga samajhA jAya yA dezI ? prayojana kI dRSTi se to ise vahA~ bhI jisa aMza taka gharAnoM athavA prAdezika paramparAoM ke bheda se niyamoM meM bheda pAyA jAtA hai. vahAM taka usake mArgatva kI hAni hI hai| niHzreyasa sAdhana kI yogyatA kA mukhya AdhAra to prayoktA kI apanI manobhUmikA hai| apekSita manobhUmikA yadi kisI sAdhaka ke pAsa ho to Aja bhI saMgIta kA mArgatva siddha ho hI sakatA hai| itanA avazya hai ki vizeSa anusaMdhAna ke binA, paramparAgata saMgIta zAstra meM se, niHzreyas sAdhaka saMgIta kI adhyAtmazAstrIya vyAkhyA prApta karanA asaMbhava sA hai| jisa prakAra anya AdhyAtmika sAdhanAmoM ke zAstra haiM, jinameM sAdhaka kI kramazaH unnati kA, patra kI bAdhAoM kA tathA bAdhAoM se nirAkaraNa ke upAya kA nirUpAya milatA hai, vaisA kucha aAja saMgItazAstra meM dikhAI nahIM detaa| isaliye aisA lagatA hai ki saMgIta-sAdhanA ko citta kI ekAgratA kA sulabha aura sugama upAya jAna kara hI ise niHzreyas janaka kaha diyA gayA hai, aura yaha mAna liyA gayA hai ki usake sAtha-sAtha nAda yoga athavA bhakti kI sAdhanA anivArya rUpa se rahegI hii| saMgIta ke sAdhaka santajanoM athavA bhakti-rasikoM ke carita se bhI yahI niSkarSa nikalatA hai|