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________________ bhAratIya kalA meM purANa-kathAeM pro. kRSNavatta vAjapeyI purANa kathAoM (mithako) kI paraMparA bahuta purAnI hai| bhArata tathA anya prAcIna dezoM ke sAhitya tathA purAtatvIya abazeSoM meM isa paraMparA ko dekhA jA sakatA hai| sabhyatA kI Adima avasthA meM bhaugolika sthiti tathA rahana-sahana kI praNAlI ne aneka bhAvanAoM kA sRjana kiyA / ye bhAvanAeM dhIre-dhIre mAnyatAoM yA AsthAoM ke rUpa meM pariNita haI aura ve logoM ke jIvana ko prabhAvita karane lagIM / katipaya dhArmika vizvAsoM ne kAlAMtara meM dRr3hatA prApta kI aura unake AdhAra para deva yA purANa kathAoM kA sRjana huaa| ina mithakoM meM pratyakSa se kahIM adhika kalpanA mukharita huI usameM aihika tathA pAralaukika jIvana ke prati logoM kI vicAradhArA ko prabhAvita kiyA / bhAratIya vaidika evaM avaidika sAhitya meM aneka mithakoM kI carcA milatI hai| unheM purANoM meM adhika vyApakatA dI gaI aura aneka rUpoM meM unakI vyAkhyA kI gyii| paurANika sAhitya ko par3hane se patA calatA hai ki logoM kI dainika caryA aura vicAradhArA meM purANa kathAoM ne prabhAvazAlI sthAna banA liyaa| bhAratIya samAja ke vikAsa ke sAtha ye mithaka bhI pRSTa hote gae / vaidika, paurANika, jaina, bauddha Adi vicAradhArAoM meM aneka mithakoM ko kevala svIkArA hI nahIM gayA apitu unake AdhAra para apane dharmo ko pracArita-prasArita karane kI vidhiyAM DhUMDha lI gyii| sAhitya ke atirikta loka kalA kI aneka vidhAoM--yathA mUrtiyoM, citroM, gItoM aura nATakoM meM bhI ina mithakoM ko rUpAMkita kiyA gyaa| bhAratIya kalA meM devI-devatAoM tathA unase saMbaMdhita kathAoM ko hama pracura rUpa meM aMkita pAte haiM / kalA ko lokaraMjanI banAne ke lie yaha bahuta Avazyaka thA / pUjya devoM ke atirikta yakSa, kinnara, gaMdharva, suparNa, apsarAoM Adi kA citraNa loka kalA meM bahuta milatA hai| bhArata kI aneka prAcIna kalAkRtiyoM meM vividha dhArmika kriyAoM evaM tyauhAroM meM utsAha ke sAtha bhAga lete hue strI-puruSa dikhAe gae haiN| aneka lokapriya paurANika kathAoM ko matiyoM tathA citroM ke mAdhyama se urehane kI paraMparA Aja taka isa deza meM jIvita hai / loka kalA kA sarva sulabha mAdhyama miTTI kI mUrtiyAM evaM khilaune the / bhArata meM sabase purAnI mUrtiyAM hAtha se gar3hI huI milI haiM / sAMce kA prayoga unameM nahIM huA / hAtha se gar3hakara banAyI gayI mUrtiyoM meM mAtRdevI kI pratimAyeM bar3e mahatva kI haiM / bhUmi ko mAtA ke rUpa meM mAnane kI bhAvanA vedoM tathA itara sAhitya meM milatI hai| mAtRdevI yA mahImAtA kI ye mUrtiyAM usI bhAvanA ko abhivyakta karatI hai / ina pratimAoM ke gale, kamara aura kAna meM bhArI AbhUSaNa cipakAye hue milate haiN| kabhIkabhI cehare kA AkAra cir3iyoM jaisA hotA hai / kaI khilaune aise bhI mile haiM jinameM per3a kI DAla pakar3e hue zAla-bhaMjikA striyoM ko AkarSaka madrA meM dikhAyA gayA hai| kAmadeva kI eka ullekhanIya mUrti milI hai, jisa para unheM zUrpaka nAma ke machuve ko padadalita karate hue dikhAyA gayA hai / eka loka kathA ke anusAra kumadavatI nAma eka rAjakumArI zUrpaka nAma machuve para Asakta ho gaI / zUrpaka ne usake prema ko ThukarA diyA / anta meM rAjakanyA ne kAmadeva kI sahAyatA se usa para vijaya prApta kii| isI kathA kA Alekhana ukta khilaune meM hai| miTTI kI banI huI guptakAlIna aneka mUtiyAM milI haiM / inakA pichalA bhAga bilakula sAdA hotA thA, para sAmane devI, devatAoM, yakSa-gaMdharvo, pazu-pakSiyoM Adi kI mUrtiyAM rahatI thiiN| mathurA se prApta kArtikeya kI eka bar3I miTTI kI mUrti guptakAla vI. ni.saM. 2503 123 Jain Education Intemational
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________________ kI ullekhanIya pratimA hai| isameM mayUra para baiThe hue deva-senApati kArtikeya kA vIra bhAva bar3A prabhAvotpAdaka hai| eka dUsarI marti para AkarSaka mudrA meM khar3I huI gaMgA dikhAI gaI hai, jo hAtha meM maMgala ghaTa liye hai| nadI devatAoM kA citraNa loka kalA meM bahata pracalita huA, vizeSa kara gaMgA aura yamunA kA / gupta kAla kI anya bar3I mUrtiyAM milI haiM, jisameM eka sundarI eka puruSa ke gale meM dupaTTA DAlakara use khIMca rahI hai| puruSa ke veza ko dekhate hue aisA pratIta hotA hai ki vaha koI vidUSaka hai| isa kalA kRti ko dekhakara saMskRta ke vidvAna lekhaka bANabhaTTa ke usa varNana kA smaraNa ho AtA hai jisameM unhoMne antaHpura kI striyoM ke vividha manovinodoM kI carcA kI hai / eka sthAna para unhoMne likhA hai ki anta pura nivAsa kI striyAM buDDhe kaMcukiyoM ke gale meM vastra DAlakara unheM khijhAtI thii| pramukha bhAratIya devI ke rUpa meM lakSmI kI mAnyatA hone ke kAraNa usakI pUjA ke aneka vidhAna milate haiM / jaina kalpasUtra meM lakSmI kA abhiSeka vistAra se varNita hai| use himAlaya ke sarovara meM kamala-vAhinI kahA gayA hai aura diggajoM dvArA jala se lakSmI kA abhiSeka karane kI carcA kI gaI hai / bhUdevI ke rUpa meM lakSmI kA gajAbhiSeka isa bAta kA pratIka hai ki megha-devatA dvArA jala vRSTi karake bhUmi ko urvarA banAyA jAtA hai| jaina sAhitya meM lakSmI ko saubhAgya aura samRddhi kI devI ke rUpa meM mAnA gayA / aneka sthaloM para dhana aura sukha kI prApti ke lie usakI pUjA evaM abhiSeka kI carcA milatI hai| nacanA (jilA pannA) tathA devagar3ha (jilA lalitapura) ke zilApaTToM meM rUpAyita pAte haiM / isake bAda uttara tathA dakSiNa bhArata hI nahIM, apitu kaMbodiyA, jAvA, sumAtrA Adi dezoM kI kathA meM rAmakathA kA pramukha aMkana dekhane ko milatA hai| bhArata aura eziyA ke aneka dezoM meM rAmakathA ko nATya rUpa meM pradarzita kiyA jAtA hai aura yaha paraMparA Aja bhI jIvita hai| rAmalIlA kI taraha kRSNa kathA ke prAcIna citraNa uttara bhArata meM mathurA, bhaMDora (jilA jodhapura), sUratagar3ha (jilA bikAnera), pahAr3apura (baMgAlI deza)tathA bhuvanezvara kI kalA meM mile haiN| uttara kI taraha dakSiNa bhArata meM bhI kRSNa-lIlA ke aneka vitraNa mile hai / ye prAya: prAcIna maMdiroM, guphAoM Adi meM utkIrNa haiM / bAdAmI ke pahAr3I kile para kRSNalIlA ke vividha citra dekhane ko milate haiN| unameM janma, pUtanA-vadha, zakaTa-bhaMjana, pralaMba-dhenuka-ariSTa Adi kA vadha, kaMsa-vadha Adi kitane hI dRzya haiN| ina kRtiyoM kA nirmANa kAla I. chaThI-sAtavIM zatI hai / prAcIna bhArata meM nAgoM kI pUjA bhI vividha rUpoM meM pracalita thii| bhagavAna kRSNa ke bhAI balarAma ko zeSanAga kA avatAra mAnA jAtA hai / viSNu kI zayyA ananta nAgoM kI banI huI kahI gayI hai| jaina tIrthaMkara pArzvanAtha tathA supArzva ke cihna nAga haiN| bauddha dharma ke anusAra muculiMda nAmaka eka nAga ne bhagavAna buddha ke Upara chAyA kI thI, nanda aura upananda nAgoM ne snAna karAyA thA / rAmagrAma ke stUpa kI rakSA kA kArya bhI nAgoM dvArA saMpanna huA thA / isa prakAra bhArata ke sabhI pramukha dharmoM meM nAgoM kA mahatvapUrNa sthAna rahA aura unase saMbaMdhita aneka loka kathAeM milatI haiN| nAgoM kI prAcIna mUrtiyAM puruSAkAra tathA sarpAkAra donoM rUpoM meM milatI haiM / pahale prakAra ko puruSa-vigraha aura dUsare ko sarpa-vigraha nAgakala kahate haiM / pahale meM nAga-nAgI ko puruSa-strI ke rUpa meM dikhAte haiN| unake sira para pAMca yA sAta phana rahate haiN| dUsare prakAra kI mUrtiyoM ko prAyaH santAna kI icchA rakhane vAlI striyAM pUjatI haiN| yaha pUjA Aja taka bhArata ke vibhinna bhAgoM meM pracalita hai| balarAma kI bahusaMkhyaka pratimAoM ke atirikta mAnavAkAra rUpoM meM nAgoM kI anya vividha matiyAM kalA meM milI haiM, uttara-zuMgakAlIna eka zilApaTTa para atItatva nAmaka jhIla meM snAna karate hue nAgarAja pUrNaka, unake sAthI, nAtha tathA kaI nAgiyAM dikhAI gaI haiN| bauddha sAhitya meM anotatva bhIla vAlI kathA milatI hai| nAgarAjJI kI eka aisI pratimA milI hai jisake zarIra se nikalatI huI pAMca strI mUrtiyAM dikhAI gayI haiM / ye saMbhavataH pAMca jJAnendriyoM kI sUcaka hai| durbhAgya se cAra laghu pratimAoM ke UparI bhAga khaMDita haiN| pAMcavIM jo pUrNa hai, apane donoM hAthoM meM prajjvalita dIpa lie hae hai| bauddha pratimAoM meM bhI nAgoM kA vividha rUpoM meM citraNa milatA hai| mathurA kI bhAratIya mUrti kalA aura citrakalA meM lakSmI kA citraNa bahuta prAcIna kAla se milatA hai| sAMcI aura bharahuta kI bauddha kalA meM padmasthitA lakSmI kI aneka sundara pratimAeM upalabdha haiN| kahIM para lakSmI ko puSpita kamala vana ke madhya avasthita dikhAyA gayA hai aura kahIM use tribhaMgI bhAva meM lIlA-kamala hAtha meM grahaNa kiye hue pradarzita kiyA gayA hai| baiThI yA khar3I huI lakSmI ke agala-bagala sUMDa meM maMgalaghaTa lie hue hAthI atyanta kalAtmaka DhaMga se, sAMcI, mathurA, amarAvatI Adi kI kalA meM aMkita milate haiM / bhArata ke bAhara laMkA, hindacIna, hiMdeziyA, nepAla, tibbata tathA madhya eziyA meM bhI lakSmI kI aneka kalAtmaka mUrtiyAM milI haiN| durbhAgya tathA daridra ko dUra karane vAlI zrI lakSmI kI kalpanA dIpalakSmI rUpa meM kI gii| dakSiNa bhArata meM dIpalakSmI kI vividha kalAtmaka kRtiyAM milatI haiN| ye prAyaH dhAtu, hAthIdAMta yA lakar3I kI nirmita haiM / dIpa ko kabhI devI ke hAthoM meM to kabhI sira ke Upara dikhAyA jAtA hai / dIpa lakSmI kI mUrtiyAM Aja bhI loka kalA meM pUjI jAtI haiN| rAma aura kRSNa ke caritra bhI loka-kathAoM kA mAdhyama bar3e rUpa meM bane / rAma kathA ko hama IsavIM cauthI zatI meM 124 rAjendra-jyoti Jain Education Intemational Jain Education Intermational
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________________ haiN| yahAM do jAtaka kathAoM kI carcA paryApta hogii| pahalI kathA ulUka jAtaka kI hai, jo isa prakAra hai--jaMgala ke pakSiyoM ne eka bAra milakara ullU ko bahamata se apanA rAjA ghoSita kiyaa| use rAjasiMhAsana para baiThAyA gyaa| para kauve ne ulla kA rAjatilaka karane kA virodha kiyaa| kauve ko yaha Apatti thI ki ullU kA ceharA bhayAvanA hone ke kAraNa rAjA ke yogya vaha na thA / kauve kI Apatti para ullU usa para jhpttaa| jAna lekara kauvA bhAgA aura ulla ur3ate hue usakA pIchA karane lgaa| rAjasiMhAsana khAlI dekhakara usa para haMsa ko biThA diyA gayA aura aMtataH vahI pakSiyoM kA rAjA cuna liyA gyaa| tAlAba ke sUkhane para usake sabhI jantu anya jalAzayoM meM cale ge| durbhAgyavaza eka kachuA kahIM na jA skaa| eka dina usane eka kalAkRti para naMda upananda nAmaka nAgoM dvArA bAlaka siddhArtha kA abhiSeka bar3e kalAtmaka DhaMga se dikhAyA gayA hai| rAmagrAma ke stUpa kI rakSA karate hue nAgoM kA citraNa bhI mathurA kalA meM upalabdha hai / jaina tIrthakara pArzvanAtha aura supArzva kI kaI ullekhanIya pratimAeM prApta huI haiN| kalAkAroM ne jalamAnavoM tathA samudra kanyAoM ko apanI kRtiyoM meM sthAna diyA hai / nyunAna, laghu eziyA tathA bhArata kI prAcIna kalA meM narasiMha, sapakSasiMha. jalaMbha, mAnavabhrakara Adi kI taraha jalamAnavoM ke bhI citraNa milate haiN| jalapariyoM yA samudra kanyAoM ko imAratI pattharoM meM prAyaH alaMkaraNoM ke rUpa meM dikhAyA jAtA thaa| mathurA se I0 pUrva prathama zatI kA eka laMbA siradala prApta huA hai / usa para eka ora bhagavAna buddha ke mukhya cihnoM kI pUjA dikhAI gaI hai| dUsarI ora indra apanI apsarAoM Adi ke sAtha guphA meM sthita buddha ke prati sammAna prakaTa karane ke lie jA rahe haiM / siradala para kamalapuSpoM se susajjita (maMgalapaTa) bhI dikhAe gae haiN| kone para sumukhI kanyAoM kA Alekhana hai| unakA makha se lekara vakSa taka kA bhAga strI kA hai aura zeSa machalI kA / unakA aMlakRta zrRMgAra darzanIya hai| ve karNakuMDala, ekAvalI Adi AbhUSaNa dhAraNa kie hue dikhAI gaI haiN| jaina tathA bauddha dharma ke sAhitya meM bhI aneka rocaka kathAeM upalabdha haiN| inameM aneka camatkArika ghaTanAoM ko manorama DhaMga se piroyA gayA hai / tIrthakaroM tathA buddha kI mahAnatA ko siddha karane ke lie aneka kathAnaka upaMvRhita kie gae haiM / unheM zilpiyoM ne apanI kalA meM amara kiyaa| jaina dharma ke mUla tatvoM ahiMsA tathA anekAMtavAda ke pracArArtha aneka purANa kathAoM kI sRSTi huI / una para na kevala sAhityika kRtiyAM likhI gaI apitu zilpiyoM, citrakAroM, nATyakAroM Adi ne bhI una rocaka kathAoM ko apanI kathAoM meM sthAna diyaa| gautama buddha ke pUrvajanmoM kI jAtaka kathAeM bhI isa dRSTi se ullekhanIya haiN| unameM se aneka kathAeM prAcIna martikalA tathA citra kalA meM aMkita kareM tathA kisI jalAzaya meM use pahuMcA deN| haMsoM ko dayA aaii| ve eka moTI lakar3I le aae| unhoMne kachuoM se kahA ki lakar3I ke madhya bhAga ko dRr3hatA se dAMtoM se dabA lo, unhoMne muMha nahIM kholegaa| kachuve ne yaha svIkAra kara liyaa| haMsa lakar3I ko apanI cocoM se dabAkara kachuve ko le udd'e| kucha dUra jAne para baccoM ne zora macAyA, ki dekho cir3iyA kachuve ko bhagAe lie jA rahI hai| yaha sunakara kachuvA Ape se bAhara ho gyaa| vaha bola uThA maiM ur3A jA rahA hUM to tuma logoM kA galA kyoM phaTA jA rahA hai| itanA kahanA thA ki kachuvA dama se bhUmi para gira par3A aura baccoM ne DaNDoM se usakI khUba piTAI kii| bodhagayA, mathurA, malhAra Adi kI loka kathA meM ukta donoM jAtaka kathAoM ke manoraMjaka citraNa upalabdha haiN| mithakoM ko bahulatA tathA sAhitya evaM loka kalA meM unake rocaka Alekhana se spaSTa hai ki bhAratIya saMskRti meM unakA vizeSa dhyAna rakhA hai aura loka jIvana ko prabhAvita karane meM unakA yogadAna mahatvapUrNa rahA hai| abhimAna, durbhAvanA, viSayAzA, IrSyA, lobha Adi durgaNoM ko nAza karane ke lie hI zAstrAbhyAsa karake pANDitya prApta kiyA jAtA hai / yadi paNDita hokara bhI hRdaya-bhavana meM ye durguNa bane rahe to paNDita aura murkha meM koI bheda nahIM hai, donoM ko samAna hI jAnanA cAhie / paNDita, vidvAn yA vizeSajJa bananA hai to hRdaya se abhimAnAdi durguNoM ko haTA denA hI sarvazreSTha hai| -rAjendra sUri vI. ni. saM. 2503 125 Jain Education Interational