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________________ bhagavAn mahAvIra kA aparigraha siddhAnta aura usakI upAdeyatA 319 32. pramattayogAt prANavyaparopaNaM hiMsA-tattvArthasUtra 7/8 33. abhidhAnarAjendra, khaNDa 7, pRSTha 1231 39. je ya pamatto puriso, tassa ya joga paDucca je sttaa| 34. udake bahavaH prANAH pRthivyAM ca phaleSu c| vAvajjate niyamA, tesiM so hiMsao hoii||| na ca kazcinna tAn hanti kimanyat praannyaapnaat| je vi na vAvajjaMtI, niyamA tesiM pi hiMsao sou| sUkSmayonIni bhUtAni tarkagamyAni kaanicit| sAvajjo u paogeNa, savvabhAveNa so jmhaa|| pakSmaNo'pi nipAtena yeSAM syAt skndhpryyH|| -oghaniyukti 752-53 / - mahAbhArata zAntiparva 15/25-26 / 40. na ya hiMsAmetteNaM, sAvajjeNAvi hiMsao hoii| -oghaniyukti 758 35. ajjhattha visohIe jIvanikAehiM saMthaDe loe| 41. maradu va jiyadu va jIvo, ayadAcArassaNicchidA hiNsaa| desiyamahiMsagaMtta jinnehiNtiloydrisiihiN|| -ogha niyukti, 747 / payadassa natthi baMdho hisAmetteNa smidss|| -pravacanasAra 217 36. smnnovaagssnnNbhte| puvvAmeva tasa pANa samArambhe paccakhAe bhavaI, 42. yuktAcaraNasya sato raagaadyaavshmntrennaa'pi| puDhavI samArambheNa paccakhAe bhavai, se ya puDhavi khaNamANe aNNayaraM na hi bhavati jAtu hiMsA praannvypropnnaadev|| tasapANaM vihiMsejjA seNaM bhaMte taM vayaM aticarita? no iNaDhe samaDhe -puruSArthasiddhyupAya 45 no khalu se tasa aivAyAe aautttthii| -bhagavatI 7/1 43. sati pANAtivAe appamatto avahago bhvti| 37. uccAliyaMmi pAe, IriyAsamiyassa sNkmtttthaae| evaM asati pANAtivAe pammattAe vahago bhvti|| vAvajjejja kuliMgI, marijja taM jogmaasjj| -nizIthacUrNi 92 / na ya tassa tannimitto, baMdho suhumo vi desio sme| 44. dekhie-darzana aura cintana, khaNDa 2, pRSTha 414 aNAvajjo u paogeNa, savvabhAveNa so jmhaa|| 45. yasya nAhaMkRto bhAvo buddhiryasya na lipyte| -oghaniyukti 748-49 hatvApi sa imAllokAnna hanti na nibdhyte|| -gItA 18/17 38. jA jayamANassa bhave, virAhaNA suttvihismggss| ___46. mAtaraM pitaraM hantvA rAjAno dve ca khttiye| sA hoI nijjaraphalA, ajjhtthvisohijuttss|| raTuM sAnucaraM hantvA anidho yAti braahmnno| -dhammapada 294 - oghaniyukti 559 / bhagavAn mahAvIra kA aparigraha-siddhAnta aura usakI upAdeyatA saMgrahavRtti kA udbhava evaM vikAsa vicAra hI utpanna nahIM huA thA kyoMki usa yuga meM na to sampatti hI aparigraha kA prazna sampatti ke svAmitva se jur3A huA hai aura thI aura na usake svAmitva kA vicAra hI thaa| mAnava udAra prakRti sampatti kI avadhAraNA kA vikAsa mAnava jAti ke vikAsa kA sahagAmI kI goda meM palatA aura poSita hotA thaa| jaina paramparA meM ise yaugalika hai| mAnava isa pRthvI para kaise aura kaba astitva meM AyA? yaha prazna yuga (akarma-yuga) kahA jAtA hai| sAmyavAdI vicAradhArA kI dRSTi se Aja bhI vaijJAnikoM ke lie eka gUr3ha pahelI banA huA hai| vikAsavAdI yaha prArambhika sAmyavAda(PrimitiveSocialism) kI avasthA thii| sAmAnyatayA dArzanika mAnava-sRSTi ko vikAsa kI prakriyA kA hI eka aMga mAnate isa yuga meM mAnava kI AkAkSAyeM itanI bar3hI-car3hI nahIM thIM, aura eka haiM aura amIbA jaise eka koSIya prANI se prANiyoM kI vibhinna jAtiyoM dRSTi se vaha sukhI aura santuSTa thaa| kI vikAsa prakriyA ke mAdhyama se manuSya kI utpatti kI vyAkhyA karate kintu dhIre-dhIre eka ora janasaMkhyA bar3hI tathA dUsarI ora prakRti haiM, jabaki jaina darzana sRSTi ko Aroha aura avaroha kI eka satata kI samRddhitA kama hone lagI; ata: jIvana jInA jaTila hone lagA, prakriyA (kanTInyUiMga prosesa) batAtA hai aura mAnava jAti ke astitva yahIM se zrama kI udbhAvanA huii| jaina-paramparA ke anusAra aisI avasthA ko bhI isa Aroha aura avaroha-krama ke sandarbha meM hI vivecita karatA meM sarvaprathama bhagavAn RSabhadeva ne mAnava jAti ko kRSi kI zikSA hai| phira bhI nRtatvavijJAna, vikAsavAdI darzana aura jaina darzana isa dii| kRSi meM jahA~ eka ora mAnava-zrama lagane lagA vahIM dUsarI ora sambandha meM eka mata haiM ki mAnava kI vartamAna sabhyatA kA vikAsa usa zrama ke pariNAma svarUpa utpanna anna-sAmagrI ke saMcayana aura svAmitva usake prAkRtika jIvana se huA hai| eka samaya thA jabaki manuSya vizuddha kA prazna bhI uTha khar3A huaa| vastutaH kRSi se utpanna sAmagrI aisI rUpa se eka prAkRtika jIvana jItA thA aura prakRti bhI itanI samRddha nahIM, jo varSa meM hara samaya sulabha ho sake, kevala varSA para Azrita thI ki use apanI AvazyakatAoM kI pUrti ke lie na to koI viziSTa vaha kRSi niyata samaya para hI apanI upaja de pAtI thI aura isalie zrama karanA hotA thA aura na saMgraha hii| ata: usa yuga meM parigraha kA sampUrNa varSa bhara ke liye anna kA saMcayana Avazyaka thaa| jIvana-rakSaNa .
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________________ 320 ke liye saMcayana kI isa vRtti se parigraha kA vicAra vikasita huA hai manuSya kI yaha saMgraha vRtti kRSi utpAdana ke saMcayana aura svAmitva taka hI sImita nahIM rahI apitu kRSi bhUmi aura kRSi meM sahayogI pazuoM ke svAmitva kA prazna bhI sAmane aayaa| ho sakatA hai ki kucha samaya taka mAnava ne samUha ke sAmUhika svAmitva kI dhAraNA ke AdhAra para kArya calAyA ho, kintu saMcayana aura svAmitva kI vRtti ke pariNAmasvarUpa svArtha kA udbhava svAbhAvika hI thaa| mAnava kI isa svAmitva kI bhUkha aura svArtha- lipsA ne sAmantavAda ko janma diyaa| rAjya evaM unake svAmI rAjA, mahArAjA aura sAmanta astitva meM Aye aura pariNAma svarUpa mAnava jAti svAmI aura dAsa varga meM vibhAjita ho gii| mAnava ke zoSaNa pIr3ana aura atyAcAra ke eka naye yuga kA sUtrapAta huaa| bhagavAn RSabha ke dvArA pravartita vahI kRSi krAMti jo mAnava jAti kI sukha-suvidhA aura zAMti kA saMdeza lekara AyI thI, bhagavAna mahAvIra ke yuga taka Ate-Ate svArthalipsA se yukta hAthoM meM pahu~cakara na kevala mAnava jAti meM dAsa aura svAmI kA, tathA zoSita aura zoSaka kA varga bheda khar3A kara rahI thI, apitu mAnava samAja ke eka bahuta bar3e bhAga ke saMtApa aura pIr3A kA kAraNa bhI bana gaI thii| jaina vidyA ke AyAma khaNDa 6 mahAvIra ke yuga kI sAmAjika aura Arthika sthiti bhagavAn mahAvIra ke yuga meM tatkAlIna samAja vyavasthA kaisI thI ? usameM Arthika vaiSamya - janya dveSa, IrSyA, zoSaNa aura pIr3ana Adi vidyamAna the yA nahIM? yaha mahatvapUrNa prazna kaI vicArakoM ke sammukha hai| tatkAlIna samAja vyavasthA kA jo citra jaina AgamoM meM vidyamAna hai, usase yaha ni:saMkoca kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa yuga meM bhI ArthikaviSamatA aura tajjanya dveSa, IrSyA Adi saba kucha the| tatkAlIna samAja-vyavasthA kA jo zabda-citra lagabhaga 2500 varSa ke pazcAt Aja bhI upalabdha hai, usase yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa samaya samAja ke sadasyoM meM saMgrahavRtti bhI thii| isa kAraNa jahA~ taka eka vyakti bahuta adhika dhanI thA vahA~ dUsarA vyakti atyadhika abhAvagrasta thA / eka ora zAlibhadra jaise zreSTha the to dUsarI ora puNiyA jaise nirdhana zrAvaka / bar3e-bar3e sAmanta aura seTha apane yahA~ naukara-cAkara rakhate the, kevala yahI nahIM apitu dAsa prathA taka vidyamAna thii| DaoN0 jagadIzacandra ne apanI pustaka "jaina Agama sAhitya meM bhAratIya samAja" meM 'RNadAsa', durbhikSadAsa Adi kA ullekha karate hue yaha bhI batAyA hai ki isa prakAra ke dAsoM kI mukti kisa prakAra huA karatI thI ? tAtparya yaha hai ki tatkAlIna samAja vyavasthA meM artha ke sadbhAva tathA abhAva (Haves and Haves not) kI samasyA thii| nizcita rUpa meM isa kAraNa viSamatA, dveSa, IrSyA saba huA karatI hogii| yadi hama jaina Agama upAsakadazAMga' kA avalokana kareM to hameM yaha spaSTa ho jAyegA ki kucha logoM ke pAsa kitanI pracura mAtrA meM sampatti thii| kevala yahI nahIM, apitu dhana ke utpAdana ke mukhya sAdhana (bhUmi, zrama, pUMjI evaM prabandha) para unakA adhikAra (cAhe ekAdhikAra na ho) thaa| saMkSepa meM yaha kahA jA sakatA hai ki usa yuga meM eka ora samAja ke kucha sadasyoM ke pAsa vipula sampatti tathA arthopArjana ke pramukha sAdhana vipula mAtrA meM the to dUsarI ora kucha loga abhAva aura garIbI kA jIvana jI rahe the| mahAvIra ne samAja meM upasthita isa Arthika vaiSamya ke kAraNa kI khoja kI aura mAnava kI tRSNA ko isakA mUla kAraNa maanaa| saMgrahavRtti yA parigraha kA mUla kAraNa 'tRSNA' bhagavAn mahAvIra ne 'uttarAdhyayana sUtra' meM Arthika vaiSamya tathA tajjanita sabhI duHkhoM kA kAraNa tRSNA kI vRtti ko mAnA / ve kahate haiM ki jisakI tRSNA samApta ho jAtI hai, usake duHkha bhI samApta ho jAte haiN| vastutaH tRSNA kA hI dUsarA nAma lobha hai aura isI lobha se saMgrahavRtti kA udaya hotA hai 'dazavaikAlikasUtra' meM lobha ko samasta sadgoM kA vinAzaka mAnA gayA hai| jaina vicAradhArA ke anusAra tRSNA eka aisI duSpUra khAIM hai jisakA kabhI anta nahIM aataa| 'uttarAdhyayanasUtra' meM isI bAta ko spaSTa karate hue bhagavAn mahAvIra ne kahA hai ki yadi sone aura cA~dI ke kailAza ke samAna asaMkhya parvata bhI khar3e kara diye jAe to bhI yaha tRSNA zAnta nahIM ho sakatI, kyoMki dhana cAhe kitanA bhI ho vaha sImita hai aura tRSNA ananta (asIma) hai ataH sImita sAdhanoM se asIma tRSNA kI pUrti nahIM kI jA sktii| 3 vastutaH tRSNA ke kAraNa saMgrahavRtti kA udaya hotA hai aura yaha saMgrahavRtti Asakti ke rUpa meM badala jAtI hai aura yahI Asakti parigraha kA mUla hai| 'dazavaikAlikasUtra' ke anusAra Asakti hI vAstavika parigraha hai|" bhAratIya RSiyoM ke dvArA anubhUta yaha satya Aja bhI utanA hI yathArtha hai, jitanA ki usa yuga meM thA jabaki isakA kathana kiyA gayA hogaa| na kevala jaina darzana meM apitu bauddha aura vaidika darzanoM meM bhI tRSNA ko samasta sAmAjika vaiSamya aura vaiyaktika duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| kyoMki tRSNA se saMgrahavRtti utpanna hotI haisaMgraha zoSaNa ko janma detA hai aura zoSaNa se anyAya kA cakra calatA hai| bhagavAn buddha kA bhI kahanA hai ki yaha tRSNA duSpUra hai aura jaba taka tRSNA naSTa nahIM hotI taba taka duHkha bhI naSTa nahIM hotaa| 'dhammapada' meM ve kahate haiM ki jise yaha viSailI nIca tRSNA ghera letI hai usake duHkha usI prakAra bar3hate haiM jisa prakAra khetoM meM vIraNa ghAsa bar3hatI hai|" bhagavAn buddha ne isa tRSNA ko tIna prakAra kA mAnA hai- (1) bhava tRSNA (2) vibhava tRSNA aura (3) kAma tRSNA bhava tRSNA astitva yA bane rahane kI hai, yaha rAga sthAnIya hai| vibhava tRSNA samApta ho jAne yA naSTa ho jAne kI tRSNA hai, yaha dveSasthAnIya hai| kAmatRSNA bhogoM kI upalabdhi kI tRSNA hai aura yahI parigraha kA mUla hai| gItA meM bhI Asakti ko hI jAgatika duHkhoM kA mUla kAraNa mAnA gayA hai| 'gItA' meM yaha spaSTa kiyA gayA hai ki Asakti kA tatva hI vyakti ko saMgraha aura bhogavAsanA ke liye prerita karatA hai| 'gItA' yaha bhI spaSTa rUpa se kahatI hai ki Asakti meM baMdhA huA vyakti kAma bhogoM kI pUrti ke liye anyAyapUrvaka saMgraha karatA hai| isa prakAra sampUrNa bhAratIya cintana saMgrahavRtti ke mUla kAraNa ke rUpa meM tRSNA ko svIkAra .
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________________ bhagavAn mahAvIra kA aparigraha siddhAnta aura usakI upAdeyatA 321 karatA hai| santa sundaradAsa jI ne isa tathya kA eka sundara citra khIMcA rUpa dene ke liye gRhastha jIvana meM parigraha-maryAdA aura zramaNa jIvana hai| ve batAte haiM ki kisa prakAra yaha tRSNA saMgraha kI uddAma vRttiyoM meM samagra parigraha ke tyAga kA nirdeza diyA gayA hai| digambara jaina muni ko janma de detI hai| ve likhate haiM ke aparigrahI jIvana kA Adarza anAsakta dRSTi kA eka jIvita pramANa jo dasa bIsa pacAsa bhaye, zata hoi hajAra tu lAkha mNgegii| hai| yadyapi yaha saMbhava hai ki aparigrahI hote hue bhI vyakti ke mana koTi arabba kharabba asaMkhya, dharApati hone kI cAha jgegii| meM Asakti kA tattva raha sakatA hai lekina isa AdhAra para yaha mAnanA svarga patAla ko rAja karo, tisanA adhikI ati Aga lgegii| ki vipula saMgraha ko rakhate hue bhI anAsakta vRtti kA pUrI taraha nirvAha 'sundara' eka saMtoSa binA, zaTha terI to bhUkha kabahU~ na bhgegii| ho sakatA hai, samucita nahIM hai| pAzcAtya vicAraka mahAtmA TAlasTAya ne bhI How Much bhagavAn mahAvIra ne Arthika vaiSamya, bhoga-vRtti aura zoSaNa kI Land Does A Man Need nAmaka kahAnI meM eka aisA hI sundara citra samApti ke lie mAnava jAti ko aparigraha kA sandeza diyaa| unhoMne khIMcA hai| kahAnI kA sArAMza yaha hai ki kathA-nAyaka bhUmi kI asIma batAyA ki icchA AkAza ke samAna ananta hotI hai (icchA hu AgAsatRSNA ke pIche apane jIvana ko samApta kara detA hai aura usake dvArA samA aNaMtayA) aura yadi vyakti apanI icchaoM para niyaMtraNa nahIM rakhe upalabdha kiye gaye vistRta bhU-bhAga meM kevala usake zava ko daphanAne to vaha zoSaka bana jAtA hai| ata: bhagavAn mahAvIra ne icchAoM ke jitanA bhU-bhAga hI usake upayoga meM AtA hai| niyaMtraNa para bala diyaa| jaina-darzana meM jisa aparigraha siddhAnta ko isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mAnava meM saMgrahavRtti yA parigraha kI prastuta kiyA gayA hai usakA eka nAma 'icchA-parimANa vrata' bhI hai| dhAraNA kA vikAsa usakI tRSNA ke kAraNa hI huA hai| manuSya ke bhagavAn mahAvIra ne mAnava kI saMgrahavRtti ko aparigraha vrata evaM andara rahI huI tRSNA yA Asakti mukhyata: do rUpoM meM prakaTa hotI icchA-parimANa vrata ke dvArA niyantrita karane kA upadeza diyA hai, sAtha hai-(1) saMgraha bhAvanA aura (2) bhog-bhaavnaa| saMgraha-bhAvanA aura hI usakI bhoga vAsanA aura zoSaNa kI vRtti ke niyantraNa ke liye bhoga-bhAvanA se prerita hokara hI manuSya dUsare vyaktiyoM ke adhikAra brahmacarya, upabhoga-paribhoga parimANa vrata tathA asteya vrata kA vidhAna kI vastuoM kA apaharaNa karatA hai| isa prakAra Asakti kA bAhya kiyA gayA hai| manuSya apanI saMgraha vRtti ko icchA-parimANa vrata ke prakaTana nimnalikhita tIna rUpoM meM hotA hai-(1) apaharaNa (zoSaNa), dvArA yA parigraha- parimANa vrata ke dvArA niyaMtrita kre| isa prakAra apanI (2) bhoga aura (3) sNgrh| bhoga-vRtti evaM vAsanAoM ko upabhoga paribhoga-parimANa vrata evaM brahmacarya vrata ke dvArA niyaMtrita kare, sAtha hI samAja ko zoSaNa se bacAne ke saMgrahavRtti evaM parigrahajanya samasyAoM ke nirAkaraNa ke upAya lie asteya vrata aura ahiMsA vrata kA pAlana kre| ___ bhagavAna mahAvIra ne saMgrahavRtti ke kAraNa utpanna samasyAoM ke isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mahAvIra ne mAnava jAti ko Arthika samAdhAna kI dizA meM vicAra karate hue yaha batAyA ki saMgrahavRtti pApa vaiSamya aura tajjanita pariNAmoM se bacAne ke liye eka mahattvapUrNa dRSTi hai| yadi manuSya AvazyakatA se adhika vastuoM kA saMgraha karatA hai pradAna kI hai| mAtra itanA hI nahIM, mahAvIra ne una logoM ko jinake to vaha samAja meM apavitratA kA sUtrapAta karatA hai| saMgraha phira cAhe pAsa saMgraha thA, dAna kA upadeza bhI diyaa| abhAva pIr3ita samAja ke dhana kA ho yA anya kisI vastu kA, vaha samAja ke anya sadasyoM sadasyoM ke prati vyakti ke dAyitva ko spaSTa karate huye mahAvIra ne ko unake upabhoga ke lAbha se vaMcita kara detA hai| parigraha yA saMgraha- zrAvaka ke eka Avazyaka kartavyoM meM dAna kA vidhAna bhI kiyA hai| vRtti eka prakAra kI sAmAjika hiMsA hai| jaina AcAryoM kI dRSTi meM yadyapi hameM yaha dhyAna rakhanA cAhiye ki jaina-darzana aura anya bhAratIya samagra parigraha hiMsA se pratyutpanna hai| vyakti saMgraha ke dvArA dUsaroM ke darzanoM meM dAna abhAvagrasta para koI anugraha nahIM hai apitu unakA adhikAra hitoM kA hanana karatA hai aura isa rUpa meM saMgraha yA parigraha hiMsA kA hai| dAna ke liye saMvibhAga zabda kA prayoga kiyA gayA hai| bhagavAn hI eka rUpa bana jAtA hai| ahiMsA ke siddhAnta ko jIvana meM utArane mahAvIra ne spaSTa rUpa se yaha kahA ki jo vyakti samavibhAga aura ke liye jaina AcAryoM ne yaha Avazyaka mAnA ki vyakti bAhya parigraha sama-vitaraNa nahIM karatA, usakI mukti sambhava nahIM hai| aisA vyakti kA bhI visarjana kre| parigrahatyAga anAsakta dRSTi kA bAhya jIvana meM pApI hai| sama-vibhAga aura samavitaraNa sAmAjika nyAya evaM AdhyAtmika diyA gayA pramANa hai| eka ora vipula saMgraha aura dUsarI ora anAsakti vikAsa ke anivArya aMga mAne gaye haiN| jaba taka jIvana meM samavibhAga kA siddhAnta, ina donoM meM koI mela nahIM ho sakatA, yadi mana meM aura samavitaraNa kI vRtti nahIM AtI hai aura apane saMgraha kA visarjana anAsakti kI bhAvanA kA udaya hai to usakA bAhya vyavahAra meM anivArya nahIM kiyA jAtA, taba taka AdhyAtmika jIvana yA samatva kI upalabdhi rUpa se prakaTana honA caahiye| anAsakti kI dhAraNA ko vyAvahArika bhI sambhava nahIM hotii| saMdarbha : 1. uttarAdhyayana, 32/8 / 2. uttarAdhyayana, 9/48 / 3. dazavaikAlika, 6/21 // 4. dhammapada, 335 / 5. uttarAdhyayana sUtra 17/11, prazna vyAkaraNa 2/3 /