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________________ ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA udbhava evaM vikAsa ___pro. sAgaramala jaina bhAratIya sAhitya ke prAcIna grantha saMskRta, prAkRta evaM pAli bhASA meM pAye jAte haiM / vaidika paramparA kA sAhitya vizeSa rUpa se veda, upaniSada Adi saMskRta bhASA meM nibaddha hai, kintu vedoM kI saMskRta ArSa saMskRta hai, jisakI prAkRta evaM pAli se adhika nikaTatA dekhI jAtI hai / mUlataH saMskRta eka saMskArita bhASA hai / usa yuga meM pracalita vividha boliyoM (DAyalekTsa) kA saMskAra karake sabhyajanoM ke pArasparika saMvAda ke lie eka Adarza sAhityika bhASA kI racanA kI gaI, jo saMskRta kahalAyI / saMskRta sabhya varga kI bhASA banI / bhinna-bhinna boliyoM ko bolane vAle sabhya varga ke madhya apane vicAroM ke AdAna-pradAna kA yahI mAdhyama thI / isa prakAra saMskRta bhASA kI saMracanA vibhinna boliyoM ke madhya eka sAmAnya Adarza bhASA (Common Language) ke rUpa meM huI / udAharaNa ke lie Aja bhI uttara bhArata ke hindIbhASI vividha kSetroM meM apanI-apanI boliyoM kA astitva hote hue bhI unake madhya eka sAmAnya bhASA ke rUpa meM hindI pracalita hai, yahI sthiti prAcIna kAla meM vibhinna prAkRta boliyoM ke madhya saMskRta bhASA kI thii| jaise Aja hindIbhASI kSetra meM sAhityika hindI aura vibhinna kSetrIya boliyA~ sAtha-sAtha astitva meM hai, usI prakAra usa yuga meM saMskRta evaM vibhinna prAkRteM sAtha-sAtha astitva meM rahI haiN| yahA~ sabase mahattvapUrNa tathya yaha hai ki mUlataH prAkRteM boliyA~ haiM aura saMskRta unake saMskAra se nirmita sAhityika bhASA hai| bhArata meM boliyoM kI apekSA prAkRteM aura saMyojaka saMskArita sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM saMskRta prAcIna hai, isameM kisI kA vaimatya nahIM hai / prAkRteM saMskRta ko apabhraSTa karake banI, yaha eka bhrAnta avadhAraNA hai / / punaH kAlakrama meM ina kSetrIya boliyoM yA prAkRtoM ne bhI sAhityika bhASA kA svarUpa grahaNa kiyA / isameM sarvaprathama abhilekhIya prAkRta astitva meM AI / cUMki abhI taka paThita abhilekhoM meM azoka ke abhilekha hI prAcInatama mAne jAte haiM, - inakI jo bhASA hai vahI abhilekhIya prAkRta hai|
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________________ mArca 2010 inakI bhASA mukhyataH mAgadhI prAkRta ke nikaTa hai, kintu azoka ke abhilekhoM kI prAkRta mAgadhI ke nikaTa hote hue bhI, ve abhilekha jina-jina kSetroM meM khudavAye gaye, unameM vahAM kI kSetrIya prAkRta boliyoM ke zabdarUpa bhI kvacita rUpa se A gaye haiM, yaha mAgadhI ke ardhamAgadhI banane ke itihAsa kA prArambhika caraNa thaa| jina-jina lokaboliyoM kA rUpAntara sAhityika prAkRta meM huA unameM mAgadhI kA sthAna prathama hai kyoMki usameM na kevala azoka ke abhilekha likhe gaye apitu vaha bauddha tripiTakoM kI pAlI aura jaina AgamoM kI ardhamAgadhI kA AdhAra bhI rahI hai / 85 abhilekhIya prAkRta meM dUsarA sthAna khAravela ke abhilekha (I.pU. prathama zatI) kA aura tIsarA sthAna mathurA ke jaina abhilekhoM (I.kI. 1-3rI zatI) kA AtA hai / Azcarya yaha hai ki IsvI san kI tIsarI zatI taka kA koI bhI abhilekha saMskRta bhASA meM nahIM likhA gayA / mathurA ke 'kucha jaina abhilekhoM meM kvacita saMskRta zabda rUpa dekhe jA sakate haiM, kintu koI bhI abhilekha na to zuddha saMskRta meM hai aura na madhyavartI 'ta' ke sthAna para 'da' ko pradhAnatA dene vAlI zaurasenI prAkRta meM milA hai| unameM zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta meM pracalita 'na' ke sthAna para sarvatra 'Na' kA bhI abhAva parilakSita hotA hai aura na mahArASTrI prAkRta kI lopa kI 'ya' zruti hI milatI hai / mukhya bAta yaha hai ki azoka ke kAla meM rAjyabhASA ke rUpa meM mAgadhI prAkRta ko hI pradhAnatA milI thI / ataH usakA prabhAva IsA kI dUsarI tIsarI zatI taka banA rahA / itanA sunizcita hai ki isI mAgadhI ko saMskRta ke sannikaTa lAne ke prayatna meM pAlI kA vikAsa huA jisameM bauddha tripiTaka sAhitya Aja bhI upalabdha hai / usI mAgadhI ke saralIkaraNa ke prayAsa meM AsapAsa kI kSetrIya boliyoM ke zabda-rUpoM ke mizraNa se AcArAMga aura isibhAsiyAiM jaise prAcIna stara ke ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI racanA huI / yahA~ yaha jJAtavya hai ki ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI pATalIputra (nandavaMza kI samApti aura mauryayuga ke prathama caraNa arthAt vIranirvANa ke lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAt) kI aura khAravela kI kumhArI parvata ( I. pU. prathama zatI) kI vAcanA meM unakA ardhamAgadhI svarUpa sthira rahA, kintu IsA kI tRtIya zatI
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________________ 86 anusandhAna 50 (2) meM Arya skandila kI adhyakSatA meM mathurA meM sampanna vAcanA meM vahAM kI kSetrIya bhASA zaurasenI kA prabhAva usa para AyA aura ise mAthurI vAcanA ke nAma se jAnA gayA / jJAtavya hai ki yApanIya aura digambara acela paramparA ke granthoM meM jo bhI Agamika aMza pAye jAte haiM, ve jaina zaurasenI ke nAma se hI jAne jAte haiM kyoMki inameM eka ora ardhamAgadhI kA aura dUsarI ora mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva dekhA jAtA hai| acela paramparA ke Agama tulya granthoM kI bhASA vizuddha zaurasenI na hokara ardhamAgadhI aura mahArASTrI se prabhAvita zaurasenI hai aura isIlie ise jaina zaurasenI kahA jAtA hai / isa prakAra magadha (madhya bihAra) evaM samIpavartI kSetroM kI aura zaurasena pradeza (vartamAna pazcimI uttarapradeza aura hariyANA) kI kSetrIya boliyoM se sAhityika prAkRta bhASA ke rUpa meM kramazaH ardhamAgadhI aura zaurasenI prAkRta kA vikAsa huA | ardhamAgadhI jaba pazcimI bhArata aura saurASTra meM pahu~cI, vaha zaurasena pradeza se hokara hI vahAM taka pahu~cI thI / ata: usameM kvacita zabdarUpa zaurasenI ke A gye| punaH mathurA kI vAcanA ke samakAlika valabhI meM nAgArjuna kI adhyakSatA meM jo vAcanA huI usameM, aura usake lagabhaga 150 varSa pazcAt punaH valabhI meM (vIra nirvANa saMvat 980) meM jo vAcanA hokara AgamoM kA sampAdana evaM lekhana kArya huA, usa samaya unameM, vahAM kI kSetrIya bolI mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva AyA / isa prakAra ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kvacita rUpa se zaurasenI aura adhika rUpa meM mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita huA / phira bhI aisA lagatA hai ki niryukti, bhASya aura cUrNikAla taka (IsA kI dvitIya zatI se sAtavIM zatI taka) usake ardhamAgadhI svarUpa ko surakSita rakhane kA prayatna bhI huA hai / cUrNigata 'pAThoM' meM tathA acela paramparA ke mUlAcAra, bhagavatI ArAdhanA tathA usakI aparAjita sUri kI TIkA, kaSAyapAhuDa, SaTkhaNDAgama Adi aura unakI TIkAoM meM ye ardhamAgadhI rUpa Aja bhI dekhe jAte haiM / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM sUtrakRtAMga kA vartamAna 'rAmagutte' pATha, jo mUla meM 'rAmaputte' thA, cUrNi meM 'rAmAutte' ke rUpa meM surakSita hai / isI prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki mAgadhI kaise ardhamAgadhI banI aura phira usa para zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prabhAva kaise AyA ? ina prAkRta
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________________ mArca 2010 bhASAoM ke kAlakrama kI dRSTi se vicAra kareM to mAgadhI meM AsapAsa kI kSetrIya boliyoM ke prabhAva se sAhityika prAkRta ke rUpa meM ardhamAgadhI kA udbhava evaM vikAsa huA / isake pazcAt zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRteM bhI sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM vikasita huii| jahAM taka mAgadhI yA prArambhika ardhamAgadhI kA prazna hai, usake sAhityika evaM purAtAttvika (abhilekhIya) donoM pramANa upalabdha hai, jo I.pU. tIsarI-cauthI zatAbdI taka jAte haiM, kintu jahA~ zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kA prazna hai, usake mAtra sAhityika pramANa upalabdha haiM, jo adhikatama IsA kI dvitIya zatI se pAMcavI ke madhya ke haiM, usake pUrvavartI nahIM hai / yadyapi bolI ke rUpa meM prAkRteM aneka rahI haiM, unameM saMskRta ke samAna ekarUpatA nahIM hai / saMskRta ke do hI rUpa milate haiM, ArSa aura paravartI sAhityika saMskRta / jabaki prAkRteM apane bolIgata vibhinna rUpoM ke kAraNa aneka prakAra kI haiN| vividha prAkRtoM kA eka acchA saMgraha hameM mRcchakaTika nAmaka nATaka meM milatA hai / kintu prastuta Alekha meM maiMne una sabakA ullekha na karake jaina sAhitya ke sandarbha ko dhyAna meM rakhate hue arddhamAgadhI, jaina zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRta kA hI ullekha kiyA hai aura sAtha hI kAla krama meM unake vikAsakrama kA bhI ullekha kiyA hai / yadyapi kucha abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para uttara pazcimI pAkistAna aura aphagAnistAna kI paizAcI prAkRta bhI prAcIna prAkRta rahI hai / kintu kucha abhilekhoM aura nATakoM meM prayukta usake kucha zabdarUpoM ke atirikta usa sambandha meM adhika sAkSya upalabdha nahIM hai| jahAM taka prAkRta dhammapada kA prazna hai vaha usase prabhAvita avazya lagatA hai, kintu vaha vizuddha paizAcI kA grantha hai, yaha nahIM kahA jA sakatA hai / sAmAnya rUpa se prAkRta bhASA ke kSetra kI carcA karanI ho to samasta yoropIya kSetra eka samaya meM prAkRtabhASI kSetra rahA hai / Aja bhI aMgrejI, phreMca, jarmana, itAlavI Adi vartamAna yUropIya bhASAoM tathA prAcIna grIka, leTina Adi meM apane uccAraNagata zailIbheda ko chor3akara aneka zabdarUpa samAna pAye jAte haiN| maiMne kucha ardhamAgadhI prAkRta zabdarUpoM ko vartamAna aMgrejI meM bhI khojA hai, jaise- boMdI bADI, AuTTe = AuTa, no = no, dAra = Doara, jo donoM meM samAna artha meM prayukta hote haiM / bhAtara bradara Adi = 87 =
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________________ anusandhAna 50 (2) pro. bhAyANI aura anya aneka bhASAvaijJAnikoM ne iNDo-Aryana bhASAoM ko tIna bhAgoM meM bAMTA hai| Old Indo-Aryan Languages, Middle IndoAryan Languages aura Later Indo-Aryan Languages | unake anusAra prAcIna bhAropIya Arya bhASAoM meM mukhyataH Rgveda evaM avestA kI bhASAeM AtI haiN| madhyakAlIna bhAropIya bhASAoM meM vibhinna prAkRteM aura leTina, grIka Adi bhASAeM samAhita haiN| bhASA-vaijJAnikoM ne madhyakAlIna ina bhASAoM ko punaH tIna bhAgoM meM vargIkRta kiyA hai - 1. prAcIna madhyakAlIna bhASAeM, 2. madhya madhyakAlIna bhASAeM aura 3. paravartI madhyakAlIna bhASAeM / inameM prAcIna madhyakAlIna bhASAoM meM azoka evaM khAravela ke abhilekha kI bhASAeM, pAli (pariSkRta mAgadhI), ardhamAgadhI, gAndhArI (prAcIna paizAcI) evaM mathurA ke prAcIna abhilekhoM kI bhASAe~ samAviSTa hotI haiN| jahAM taka madhya madhyakAlIna bhASAoM kA prazna hai, usa varga ke antargata vibhinna nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRteM yathA mAgadhI, zaurasenI, prAcIna mahArASTrI, paravartI sAhityika mahArASTrI tathA paizAcI AtI haiM / jJAtavya hai ki nATakoM kI zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI kI apekSA jaina granthoM kI zaurasenI evaM mahArASTrI paraspara eka dUsare se aura kisI sImA taka paravartI arddhamAgadhI se prabhAvita hai| jaba maiM yahA~ paravartI ardhamAgadhI kI bAta karatA hU~ to merA tAtparya kvacit zaurasenI evaM adhikAMzataH mahArASTrI prAkRta se prabhAvita ardhamAgadhI se hai, jo kucha prAcIna stara ke Agama granthoM yathA AcArAMga, isibhAsiyAiM Adi ke prAcIna pAThoM ko chor3akara vartamAna meM upalabdha adhikAMza ardhamAgadhI AgamoM evaM unakI prAkRta vyAkhyAoM tathA paumacariyaM Adi meM upalabdha hai / yadyapi ardhamAgadhI ke kucha prAcIna pATha 11vIM-12vIM zatI taka kI hastapratoM tathA bhASya yA cUrNi ke mUla pAThoM meM surakSita hai / saMskRta mizrita prAkRta meM racita cUrNiyoM (7vIM zatI) kI bhASA meM bhI kucha prAcIna ardhamAgadhI kA rUpa surakSita hai| pro. ke.Ara.candrA ne prAcIna hastapratoM, cUrNipAThoM tathA azoka aura khAravela ke abhilekhoM ke zabdarUpoM ke AdhAra para AcArAMga ke prathama adhyayana kA prAcIna ardhamAgadhI svarUpa spaSTa kiyA hai| jahAM taka madhyakAlIna paravartI bhAratIya AryabhASAoM kA prazna hai, ve vibhinna apabhraMzoM ke rUpa meM upalabdha haiN| isake pazcAta Adhunika yuga kI bhASAeM AtI haiM, yathA-hindI, gujarAtI, marAThI, paMjAbI, baMgalA, maithila aadi|
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________________ mArca 2010 inakA janma vibhinna prAkRtoM se vikasita vibhinna apabhraMzoM se hI huA hai / __ aba jahAM taka prAcIna ardhamAgadhI ke svarUpa kA prazna hai, usake adhikAMza zabdarUpa azoka evaM khAravela ke zilAlekhoM tathA pAli tripiTaka ke samakAlika haiM / DaoN. zobhanA zAha ne AcArAMgasUtra kI ardhamAgadhI ke zabdarUpoM kI khAravela ke abhilekha se tulanA kI hai| unhoMne batAyA hai ki - madhyavartI 'ta' kA astitva AcArAMga meM 99.5 pratizata hai aura khAravela ke abhilekha meM 100 pratizata hai| madhyavartI 'ta' kA 'ya' (mahArASTrI prAkRta kA lakSaNa) AcArAMga meM mAtra 0.5 pratizata hai| khAravela ke abhilekha meM usakA prAyaH abhAva hai| madhyavartI 'ta' kA 'da' jo ki zaurasenI prAkRta kA pramukha lakSaNa hai - usakA AcArAMga aura khAravela ke abhilekha meM prAyaH abhAva hai, jabaki kundakunda ke pravacanasAra jaise grantha meM vaha 95 pratizata hai| madhyavartI 'dha' kA 'dha' rUpa AcArAMga aura khAravela ke abhilekha meM prAyaH zatapratizata hai| jabaki pravacanasAra meM mAtra 50 pratizata hai| ye aura isa prakAra ke bhASika parivartanoM se yaha siddha hotA hai ki ardhamAgadhI ke prAcIna zabdarUpa prAyaH azoka evaM khAravela ke abhilekhoM meM mila jAte haiM, jabaki zaurasenI prAkRta aura mahArASTrI prAkRta ke zabdarUpoM kA unameM abhAva hai / ataH yaha I.pU. kI abhilekhIya prAkRta aura ardhamAgadhI meM adhika samarUpatA hai| ardhamAgadhI kA vikAsa mAgadhI aura magadha ke samIpavartI kSetrIya boliyoM ke zabdarUpa ke mizraNa se huA hai| zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI prAkRtoM kA vikAsa bhI una kSetroM kI kSetrIya boliyoM se huA hogA, isameM to sandeha nahIM hai, kintu inheM sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM mAnyatA lagabhaga IsA kI 3rI yA cauthI zatI meM mila pAyI hai| kyoMki I.pU. prathama zatI se lekara IsA kI 2rI zatI taka ke mathurA se upalabdha abhilekhoM meM zaurasenI yA mahArASTrI ke lakSaNoM kA prAyaH abhAva hai, jabaki una para saMskRta kA prabhAva spaSTa parilakSita hotA hai / yadi zaurasenI sAhityika prAkRta ke rUpa meM usa kAla meM pratiSThita hotI to usake mukhya lakSaNa madhyavartI 'ta' kA 'da' tathA isI prakAra zaurasenI aura mahArASTrI donoM kA vizeSa lakSaNa 'na' kA sarvatra 'Na' kahIM to milanA thaa| jabaki azoka, khAravela aura mathurA ke abhilekhoM meM 'na' hI milatA hai, 'Na' nahIM / isase yaha pramANita hotA hai ki jaina zaurasenI prAkRta abhilekhIya prAkRta se paravartI mAgadhI (pAli) aura
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________________ 90 anusandhAna 50 (2) arddhamAgadhI ke pazcAt hI astitva meM AI hai / merI dRSTi meM kSetrIya boliyoM kI dRSTi se prAkRteM saMskRta bhASA se prAcIna haiM, kintu sAhityika bhASA ke rUpa meM ve usase paravartI haiM / saMskRta bhASA cAhe vaha ArSagranthoM kI bhASA rahI ho yA paravartI sAhityika granthoM kI bhASA rahI ho, ve vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se baddha hai aura unameM kisI sImA taka ekarUpatA hai, jabaki prAkRteM kSetrIya boliyoM se udbhUta hone ke kAraNa bahuvidha hai / cAhe saMskRta vyAkaraNa ko Adarza yA maoNDala mAnakara unake vyAkaraNoM kI saMracanA huI ho, phira bhI bahuvidhatA ko banAye rakhA gayA hai, ataH vibhinna prAkRtoM ke zabdarUpoM meM AMzika samarUpatA aura AMzika bhinnatA milatI hai / yahAM yaha jJAtavya hai - sAhityika prAkRta granthoM kI racanA pahale huI aura unake zabdarUpoM ko samajhAne ke liye vyAkaraNa grantha bAda meM bane / koI bhI prAkRta vyAkaraNa 5vIM -6TThI zatI se pUrva kA nahIM hai / prAkRtoM ke vyAkaraNa prAkRta granthoM se paravartI kAla ke hI haiM / dUsarI bAta yaha hai ki prAkRta ke zabdarUpoM ko samajhAne ke lie unameM jo niyama banAye gaye ve saMskRta ke zabdarUpoM ko Adarza yA maoNDala mAnakara hI banAye gaye / ata: prAkRta vyAkaraNoM meM 'prakRti: saMskRtam' - isa sUtra kA artha kevala itanA hI hai ki isa prAkRta ke zabdarUpoM ko samajhAne kA AdhAra saMskRta hai| jo loga isa sUtra ke AdhAra para yaha artha lagAte haiM ki saMskRta se vikRta hokara yA usase prAkRta kA janma huA, ve bhrAnti meM haiN| saMskRta aura prAkRta zabda hI isa bAta ke pramANa hai ki kauna pUrvavartI hai / prAkRteM purAkAlIna kSetrIya boliyA~ haiM aura unakA saMskAra karake hI saMskRta bhASA kA vikAsa, mAnavasabhyatA ke vikAsa ke sAtha huA hai / vaijJAnika dRSTi se mAnavasabhyatA kAlakrama meM vikasita huI hai / ata: usakI bhASA bhI vikasita huI hai / aisA nahIM hai ki Adima mAnava zuddha saMskRta bolatA thA aura phira usake zabdarUpoM yA uccAraNa meM vikRti Akara prAkRteM utpanna ho gaI / ataH prAkRta vyAkaraNoM meM jahAM bhI sAmAnya prAkRta ke lie 'prakRtiH saMskRtam' zabda AyA hai - vaha yahI sUcita karatA hai ki saMskRta ko athavA anya kisI prAkRta ko Adarza yA maoNDala mAnakara usa vyAkaraNa kI saMracanA kI gaI hai / isI prakAra vibhinna
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________________ mArca 2010 prAkRtoM ke pArasparika sambandha samajhAne ke lie jaba 'zeSaM zaurasenIvat' Adi sUtra Ate haiM. unakA tAtparya bhI mAtra yahI hai ki usake viziSTa niyama samajhAye jA cuke haiM, zeSa niyama zaurasenI Adi kisI bhI Adarza prAkRta ke samAna hI hai / udAharaNa ke rUpa meM hemacandrAcArya jaba mAgadhI yA ArSaprAkRta ke sambandha meM yaha kahate haiM ki - 'zeSaM prAkRtavat' to usakA tAtparya yaha nahIM hai ki mAgadhI prAkRta mahArASTrI prAkRta yA sAmAnya prAkRta se vikasita huI / kSetrIya boliyoM meM cAhe kAlakrama meM parivartana Aye bhI hoM aura apanI samIpavartI boliyoM se prabhAvita huI ho, kintu koI bhI kisI se utpanna yA vikasita nahIM huI hai / sabhI prAkRteM apanI kSetrIya boliyoM se vikasita huI hai / yadyapi kSetrIya boliyoM ke rUpa meM prAkRtoM kA kAlakrama nizcita karanA kaThina hai / kintu abhilekhoM evaM granthoM ke AdhAra para ina vibhinna prAkRtoM ke kAlakrama ke sambandha meM vicAra kiyA jA sakatA hai : 91 1. azoka ke abhilekhoM kI prAcIna mAgadhI upalabdha prAkRtoM meM sabase prAcIna hai| usase kucha paravartI khAravela ke abhilekha kI bhASA hai / jisameM mAgadhI ke sAtha-sAtha ur3IsA kI tatkAlIna kSetrIya bolI kA prabhAva hai / I.pU. tIsarI zatAbdI se prathama zatI taka inakA kAla hai / 2. ina abhilekhoM ke lagabhaga samakAlIna yA kucha paravartI pAlI tripiTaka evaM ardhamAgadhI ke prAcIna grantha AcArAMga, isibhAsiyAI Adi ke pUrvavartI saMskaraNoM kI bhASA hai / isake pramANa kucha prAcInatama hastapratoM meM Aja bhI adhikAMzataH surakSita haiM / inakA kAla bhI prAyaH pUrvavat I.pU. hI hai / 3. tIsare krama para prajJApanA Adi paravartI ardhamAgadhI AgamoM kI tathA Agamatulya zaurasenI ke granthoM kI evaM mathurA ke prAcIna abhilekhoM kI bhASA hai / paizAcI prAkRta bhI inhIM kI prAya: samakAlika hai / isake atirikta kucha prAcIna nATakoM meM prayukta prAkRteM bhI isI kAla kI hai| isa kAla kA prAcIna Adarza grantha 'paumacariyaM' hai / inakA kAla IsA kI prathama zatI se pAMcavIM zatI ke madhya mAnA jAtA hai /
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________________ anusandhAna 50 (2) kAlakrama kA yaha nirdhAraNa anumAnita hI hai| isako eka-do zatI Age-pIche kiyA jA sakatA hai / mAgadhI evaM ardhamAgadhI kyoM prAcIna haiM ? kyoMki bhagavAna mahAvIra aura bhagavAna buddha ne apane upadeza isI bhASA meM diye the / isa sambandha meM 'ardhamAgadhI Agama' sAhitya se kucha pramANa prastuta kiye jA rahe haiM / yathA :1. bhagavaM ca NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe dhammamAikkhaI / - samavAyAMga, samavAya 34, sUtra 22 2. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre kuNiassa bhaMbhasAraputtassa addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsitA arihA dhammaM parikaheI / - aupapAtika sUtra 1 3. goyamA ! devA NaM addhamAgahIe bhAsAe bhAsaMti sa vi ya NaM addhamAgahA bhAsA bhAsijjamANI visajjati / - bhagavaI, lADanUM, zataka 5, uddezaka 4, sUtra 93 4. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre usabhadattamAhaNassa devANaMdAmAhaNIe tIse ya mahati mahaliyAe isiparisAe muNiparisAe jaiparisAe ... savvabhASANugamiNiya sarassaIe joyaNaNIhAriNAsareNaM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsae dhamma parikaheI / - bhagavaI, lADanUM, zataka 9, uddezaka 33, sUtra 149 5. tae NaM samaNe bhagavaM mahAvIre jAmAlissa khattiyakumArassa ... addhamAgahAe bhAsAe bhAsai dhamma parikahei / - bhagavaI, lADanUM, zataka 9, uddezaka 33, sUtra 163 6. savvasattasamadarisIhiM addhamAgahAe bhAsAe suttaM uvdittuN| - AcArAMgacUrNi, jinadAsagaNi, pR. 255 na kevala zvetAmbara mAnya ardhamAgadhI AgamoM meM apitu digambara paramparA ke zaurasanI granthoM meM bhI yaha ullekha milate haiM ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadeza kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI thI / AcArya kundakunda kI kRti ke rUpa meM mAnya bodhapAhuDa kI 32 vIM gAthA meM tIrthaMkaroM ke atizayoM kI carcA hai| usakI TIkA meM zrIzrutasAgarajI likhate haiM ki - 'sarvA'rdhamAgadhIyA bhASA bhavati' arthAt unakI sampUrNa vANI ardhamAgadhI bhASA rUpa hotI hai| pUjya jinendravarNI jinendra
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________________ mArca 2010 siddhAntakoza bhAga 2 pR. 431 para bhagavAna ke divyadhvani kI carcA karate hue darzana-prAbhRta evaM candraprabhacarita (18 / 1) ke sandarbha dekara likhate haiM ki 'tIrthaMkara kI divyadhvani AdhI magadhadeza kI bhASArUpa aura AdhI sarvabhASArUpa hotI hai' / AcArya prabhAcandra nandIzvara bhakti ke artha meM likhate haiM ki- 'usa divyadhvani kA vistAra mAgadha jAti ke deva karate haiM, ataH ardhamAgadhI devakRta atizaya hai' / zrIvidyAsAgarajI ke ziSya zrIpramANasAgarajI apanI pustaka jainadharma-darzana (prathama saMskaraNa) pR. 50 para likhate haiM ki - 'bhagavAna mahAvIra kA upadeza sarvagrAhya ardhamAgadhI bhASA meM huA' Adi / isa prakAra jaina paramparA samagra rUpa se yaha svIkAra karatI hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI thI / kyoMki unakA vicaraNa kSetra pramukhatayA magadha aura usakA samIpavartI kSetra thA / yahI kAraNa thA ki unakI upadeza kI bhASA AsapAsa ke kSetrIya zabdarUpoM ye yukta mAgadhI arthAt ardhamAgadhI thI / vaktA usI bhASA meM bolatA hai jo usakI mAtRbhASA ho yA zrotA jisa bhASA ko jAnate hoM / ataH bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI bhASA ardhamAgadhI hI rahI hogI / 93 isa prakAra hama dekhate haiM ki ardhamAgadhI bhASA kA udbhava I.pU. pAMcavIM - chaTThI zatI meM bhagavAna mahAvIra ke upadezoM kI bhASA ke rUpa meM huA, jo kAlAntara meM ardhamAgadhI Agama sAhitya kI bhASA bana gaI / jaba hama ardhamAgadhI bhASA ke vikAsa kI bAta karate haiM to usa bhASA ke svarUpa meM kramika parivartana kaise huA aura usameM nirmita sAhitya kauna sA hai, yaha jAnanA Avazyaka hai / merI dRSTi meM yaha eka nirvivAda tathya hai ki vyAkaraNa ke niyamoM se pUrNataH jakar3I huI saMskRta bhASA ko chor3akara koI bhI bhASA dIrghakAla taka ekarUpa nahIM raha pAI / svayaM saMskRta bhI dIrghakAla taka ekarUpa nahIM raha pAI / usake bhI ArSa saMskRta aura paravartI sAhityika saMskRta aise do rUpa milate hI haiM / ve sabhI bhASAeM jo loka boliyoM se vikasita hotI hai / sau-do sau varSa taka bhI ekarUpa nahIM raha pAtI haiM / vartamAna hindI, gujarAtI, marAThI Adi bhASAoM ke sAhityika rUpoM meM kaisA parivartana huA, yaha hama sAmAnya rUpa se jAnate hI haiM / ataH ardhamAgadhI bhI cirakAla taka ekarUpa nahIM raha pAyI / jaise-jaise jaina dharma kA vistAra uttara-pazcimI bhArata meM huA, usa para zaurasenI
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________________ anusandhAna 50 (2) evaM mahArASTrI ke zabdarUpoM kA prabhAva AyA tathA uccAraNa meM zailIgata kucha parivartana bhI hue / ardhamAgadhI ke sAtha sabase durbhAgyapUrNa tathya yaha rahA ki vaha bhagavAna mahAvIra ke kAla se valabhI kI antima vAcanA ke kAla (vIranirvANa 980 varSa / 993 varSa) arthAt eka hajAra varSa taka maukhika rUpa meM hI pracalita rahI / isake kAraNa usake svarUpa meM aneka parivartana Aye aura antatogatvA vaha zaurasenI se gujarakara mahArASTrI prAkRta kI godI meM baiTha gii| vibhinna prAkRtoM ke sahasambandha ko lekara vigata kucha varSoM se yaha bhrAntadhAraNA phailAI jA rahI hai ki amuka prAkRta kA janma amuka prAkRta se huA / vastutaH pratyeka prAkRta kA janma apanI-apanI kSetrIya boliyoM se huA haiM / samIpavartI kSetroM kI boliyoM meM sadaiva AMzika samAnatA aura AMzika asamAnatA svAbhAvika rUpa se hotI hai / yahI kAraNa thA ki acela paramparA ke zaurasenI granthoM meM bhI kucha lakSaNa ardhamAgadhI ke aura kucha lakSaNa mahArASTrI prAkRta ke pAe jAte haiM, kyoMki yaha madhyadezIya bhASA rahI hai| usakA sambandha pUrva aura pazcima donoM se hai, ataH usa para donoM kI bhASAoM kA prabhAva AyA hai / prAkRteM Apasa meM bahaneM haiM - unameM aisA nahIM hai ki eka mAtA hai aura dUsarI putrI hai| jisa prakAra vibhinna bahaneM umra meM choTI-bar3I hotI haiM, vaise hI sAhityika sAkSyoM ke AdhAra para unameM kAlakrama ho sakatA hai / ataH hameM yaha durAgraha chor3anA hogA ki sabhI prAkRteM mAgadhI yA zaurasenI se udbhUta haiN| prAkRteM mUlataH kSetrIya boliyA~ haiM aura unhIM kSetrIya boliyoM ko saMskArita kara jaba unameM grantha likhe gaye to ve bhASAe~ bana gaI / ardhamAgadhI ke udbhava aura vikAsa kI yahI kahAnI hai / C/o. prAcya vidyApITha zAjApura (ma.pra.)