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________________ ca aparAjitapRcchA meM citrita sAmAjika vazA. . DaoN. jayanArAyaNa pANDeya - jaina dharma, bhArata ke dharmoM meM se eka hote hue bhI, Aja bhI eka jIvanta dharma hai| isa dharma kA bhArata ke rAjanItika evaM sAMskRtika jIvana meM eka atyanta mahattvapUrNa sthAna rahA hai aura abhI bhI hai / jaina AcAryoM evaM sUriyoM ne jisa sAhitya kI sarjanA kI hai; yadyapi vaha pradhAnarUpeNa dhArmika evaM dArzanika viSayoM se sambaddha hai, lekina usake samyak anuzIlana aura parizIlana se sAmAjika pravRttiyoM evaM saMsthAoM ke bAre meM bhI samucita prakAza par3atA hai| prastuta nibaMdha meM 'aparAjitapRcchA' nAmaka graMtha ke AdhAra para tatkAlIna sAmAjika-jIvana kA citraNa prastuta karane kA eka vinamra prayatna kara rahA huuN| bhuvanadevakRta aparAjitapRcchA vAstuzAstra kA eka graMtha hai| isa graMtha kA racanA kAla bArahavIM zatAbdI I. se terahavIM zatAbdI I. ke pUrvArddha ke madhya mAnA gayA hai|' isa graMtha meM prApya rAjakIya upAdhiyoM ke AdhAra para yaha saMbhAvanA kI gaI hai ki isakI racanA gujarAta athavA rAjasthAna ke kSetra meM kI gaI hogii| isIlie yaha bhI kahA gayA hai ki graMtha mukhyarUpa se tatkAlIna pazcima bhArata ke jana-jIvana ke bAre meM hI pradhAnarUpeNa prakAza DAlatA hai| isa graMtha kA samyaka anuzIlana honA abhI zeSa hai| yadyapi vibhinna vidvAnoM ne apane-apane viziSTa anusaMdhAnoM ke sandarbha meM tathA zodha-prabaMdhoM meM isake katipaya pakSoM kA vizleSaNa kiyA hai| vivecya graMtha ke racanAkAla taka bhArata ke rAjanItika jIvana meM sAmanta prathA kA lagabhaga pUrNa vikAsa ho cukA thaa| bhArata ke itihAsa meM sAmantavAda ke bAre meM sarvaprathama ullekhanIya kArya karane kA zreya prophesara rAmazaraNa zarmA ko hai, jinhoMne caturtha zatAbdI I. se bArahavIM zatAbdI I. ke madhya uttara bhArata meM sAmanta prathA kA atyanta vidvattApUrNa vizleSaNa apane graMtha inDiyana phyUDalijma : 300-1200 I. (kalakattA 1965) meM kiyA hai| prophesara zarmA kI vicAra paddhati samakAlIna rUsI vidvAn ela. bI. e. alAyepha se bahuta kucha milatI-julatI hai| prophesara dIneza candra 1. mAMkar3a, pI. e. aparAjitapRcchA kI bhUmikA, bar3audA (1950) : XI 2. agravAla, vAsudevazaraNa, "inTroDakzana Tu aparAjitapRcchA" jarnala oNva yU.pI. hisTArikala sosAiTI, vAlyUma XXIV-xxv (1950-51) p. 290 parisaMvAda-4
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________________ aparAjitapRcchA meM citrita sAmAjika dazA 125 sarakAra kI adhyakSatA meM lagabhaga isI samaya kalakattA vizvavidyAlaya ke prAcIna itihAsa vibhAga ke ucca zodha saMsthAna meM 'prAcIna bhArata meM sAmantavAda' viSaya para eka goSThI (seminAra) kA Ayojana kiyA gyaa| isa goSThI kI kAryavAhI kA prakAzana DA. dIneza candra sarakAra ke sampAdana meM laiNDa sisTama enDa phyUDalijma ina eMzyenTa iMDiyA (kalakattA, 1966) nAma se kiyA gayA hai| isa graMtha ke vidvAn sampAdaka sarakAra bhArata meM sAmaMtavAda kA astitva nahIM mAnate haiN| sAmanta-praNAlI evaM jAti prathA-aparAjitapRcchA meM sAmanta praNAlI ke bAre meM apekSAkRta eka vistRta jhalaka dekhane ko milatI hai tathA isakA prabhAva tatkAlIna vaicArika jagata meM anya kSetroM meM bhI dekhane ko milatA hai| lekina aparAjitapRcchA meM prApta sAkSyoM ke vivecana ke pUrva 'sAmanta' zabda ke bAre meM kiMcit vicAra kara lenA aprAsaMgika na hogaa| kauTilya ne apane arthazAstra meM sAmanta zabda kA vyavahAra par3osI rAjA ke artha meM kiyA hai| azoka ke katipaya zilAprajJApanoM meM bhI isa zabda kA isI uparyukta artha meM prayoga kiyA gayA hai; udAharaNArtha kAlasI (2.5), dhaulI (22) tathA jaugar3A (22) zilAprajJApanoM meM / ' manu evaM yAjJavalkya kI smRtiyoM meM isa zabda kA prayoga eka bhinna-artha meM kiyA gayA hai| yahA~ para sAmaMta zabda samIpastha bhUsvAmI ke artha meM AyA hai| smRtiyoM ke TIkAkAroM ne bhI sAmaMta zabda kA isI artha meM prayoga kiyA hai| azvaghoSa ke buddhacarita meM isa zabda kA sarvaprathama prayoga adhInastha karada zAsaka ke artha meM milatA hai / sAhityika evaM abhilekhIya sAkSyoM ke samaveta pramANoM se yahI pratIta hotA hai ki guptakAla (250 I. se 550 I.) aura usake uparAnta isa zabda kA prayoga adhInastha zAsaka ke artha meM hone lagatA hai kAlAntara meM isa zabda kA vyApaka artha meM prayoga to sAmanta ke artha meM hI hotA rahA lekina saMkucita aura viziSTa pariprekSya meM isa zabda kA prayoga sAmantoM ke varga vizeSa ke artha meM hone lagA thaa| 3. sarakAra DI. sI. laiNDa sisTama enDa phyUDalijma ina enzyenTa iMDiyA (kalakattA 1966) pR. 57-62 evaM 124-126 ve sAmaMtavAda zabda ke sthAna para jamIMdArI (laiNDalaoNDijma) zabda ke prayoga ke pakSa meM hai| 4. kAMgale, kauTilyIya arthazAstra e sTaDI, (bhAga 111) bambaI, 1965, pR. 250. 5. pANDeya, rAjabalI, azoka ke abhilekha / 6. zarmA, rAmazaraNa, pAzrvoddharita, 1965 pRSTha 24 / 7. agravAla vAsudevazaraNa, harSacarita / eka sAMskRtika adhyayana (paTanA, 1953) pariziSTa saM0 2 / / ... parisaMvAda-4
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________________ 126 jainavidyA evaM prAkRta : antarazAstrIya adhyayana aparAjita pRcchA meM sAmantoM kA vargIkaraNa isa prakAra milatA haipada nAma grAmasaMkhyA 1. mahAmaMDalezvara 1,00,000 2. mANDalika 50,000 3. mahAsAmanta 20,000 4. sAmanta 10,000 5. laghu sAmanta 5,000 6. caturaMzika 1,000 isake pazcAt 50, 30, 3,2 tathA eka grAma vAle sAmantoM kA sthAna thA / sarasarI taura para dekhane se to yaha krama vibhAjana eka saiddhAntika vivecana mAtra lagatA hai jisakI vAstavikatA se koI sarokAra nahIM thaa| lekina vicAraNIya bAta yaha hai ki aparAjitapRcchA vAstuzAstra se sambaddha eka kRti hai| usameM varNita sthiti yathArtha ke atyanta nikaTa mAnI jA sakatI hai| sAmantavAdI pravRtti kA parokSa rUpa se prabhAva sAmAjika jIvana para bhI parilakSita hotA hai| azvalakSaNa zAlAnAmAzItitaM sUtra meM (80 : 7-13 zloka) azvoM kA vargIkaraNa cAturvaNya vyavasthA ke AdhAra para kiyA gayA hai| ___isa dRSTi se yaha vargIkaraNa anokhA kahA jA sakatA hai, kyoMki anyatra mAnavIya guNoM kA AropaNa pazuoM para nahIM kiyA gayA hai| pratyuta pazuoM ke zArIrika sauSThava kA upayoga manuSyoM ke zArIra-gaThana ke prasaMga meM anekazaH huA hai| azvoM kA vargIkaraNa vipra, kSatriya, vaizya evaM zUdra (viprakSatriyavizadrAH) ina cAra koTiyoM meM kiyA gayA hai| yaha prazna uThanA svAbhAvika hai ki aisA kyoM kiyA gayA hai ? athavA kyA varNa vyavasthA ne samAja ke hara kSetra ko itanI burI taraha se jakar3a liyA thA ki bhuvanadeva jaise kRtI evaM sUri ne bhI anajAne hI isI zabdAvalI kA prayoga kiyA hai ? kyA samAja ke vicAravAn aura ciMtanazIla loga varNa vyavasthA ke 8. yAdava, bRjanAtha siMha sosAiTI enDa kalcara ina nAdarna iMDiyA (ilAhAbAda 1973) pR0 149 evaM 151 / 9. mAMkar3a pI0 e0 pAzvoddharita (1950) pR0 201 / 10. aparAjitapRcchA (saM. mAMkaDa) (bar3audA 1950) pR0 201 sUtra 80; zloka 14 / parisaMvAda-4 ..
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________________ 127 aparAjitapRcchA meM citrita sAmAjika dazA prati apanI svIkRti kA prakAzana kara rahe the ? kAraNa jo bhI rahe hoM, isa sAkSya kA kiMcit ullekha asaMgata na hogaa| viprajAti azva use kahA hai jo atyanta drutagAmI, svAmI yA savAra ke savArI karane para prasanna hone vAlA tathA prajJAcakSu ho / ' kSatriya saMjJaka azva ko atyanta saMvedanazIla, savAra ko pahacAnane vAlA tathA anya vyakti ko laMgI mAra kara girA dene vAlA, saMgrAmadurbhara tathA kAmAtura evaM zUra kahA gayA hai / 12 sthirAsana, sthirakAya tathA madhura zabda karane vAle azva ko vaizya saMjJA dI gaI hai|13 zUdra saMjJaka azva ko nikRSTa koTi kA mAnA gayA hai / jo jalAzaya meM praveza karane se DaratA ho, karkaza svara meM hinahinatAA ho, evaM kSaNAtura evaM kSaNabhara meM svastha hone vAlA ho| ina cAroM vargoM meM bhinna guNoM azvoM ko prakRti jAtaka" kahA gayA hai| aparAjitapRcchA meM citrita sAmAjika sthiti ke vibhinna pakSoM kA adhyayana gambhIra anusandhAna kI apekSA rakhatA hai| AzA karanI cAhie ki bhaviSya meM vidvAn anusandhitsuoM kA dhyAna isa ora avazya jaayegaa| prAcIna itihAsa, saMskRti evaM purAtattva vibhAga, ilAhAbAda vizvavidyAlaya, ilAhAbAda, uttara pradeza 11. aparAjitapRcchA pAzrvoddharita sUtra 80; zloka saMkhyA 4-6 / 12. aparAjitapRcchA, sUtra 80; zloka 7-8, 13. vahI, sUtra 80; zloka 9-11 / 14. vahI, sUtra 80; zloka 11-13, 15. vahI, sUtra 80; zloka 13-14 / parisaMvAda-4