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________________ Agama-sAhitya meM yoga ke bIja muni zrI rAkeza kumAra jI yoga zabda kA vyApaka pracalana saMbhavataH maharSi pataMjali ke yogasUtra ke sAtha huA hai, kintu yoga se jo uddiSTa hai, kisI na kisI rUpa meM usakA astitva pUrvavartI sAdhanA-kSetra tathA loka-jIvana meM bhI rahA hai| adhyAtma para AdhArita usa sAdhanA ke lie tapa zabda kA prayoga adhika hotA thaa| AtmA meM jo asIma zakti, anupama oja mAnyatA prArambha se rahI hai, usake prakaTa ho jAne para AtmA meM chipI zakti udghATita ho jAtI hai, sAdhaka duHkhoM se mukta ho jAtA hai, use yaugika RddhiyAM prApta ho jAtI haiN| inhIM kAraNoM se bhautika suvidhAmaya jIvana ko gauNa mAnakara tapazcaraNa tathA nAnAvidha kaSTa kA jIvana sAdhakoM ko abhipreta huaa| kaSTa sAmAnya vyavahAra kI bhASA hai / jaba koI vyakti vizeSa-lakSya meM prANapaNa se juTa jAtA hai, to usake lie kaSTa kA bhAva vahAM nahIM rhtaa| vaha eka vizeSa bhAvanAmaya Ananda meM nimagna hokara hara sthiti meM lakSya kI ora agrasara hotA hai| isa tapaHpradhAna sAdhanA ke lie dehAtIta sthiti kA vikAsa tathA bAhya jagat kI kriyA-pratikriyA se mukta honA apekSita hai| aisA hone se hI vAsanA kA kSaya ho sakatA hai, bhoga-lipsA apagata ho sakatI hai| samaya-samaya para bar3e-bar3e dhanakubera tathA sattAdhIza bhI isa jIvana ko saharSa apanAte rahe haiN| . aisI ghora tapomayI kRcchasAdhanA meM abhimata sAdhakoM ke lie vaidika-paurANika sAhitya meM avadhUta zabda kA vizeSa rUpa se prayoga huA hai, avadhUta kA zAbdika abhiprAya 'sarvathA kaMpA dene vAlA' yA 'hilA dene vAlA hai / avadhUta zabda ke sAtha prAcIna vAGmaya meM jo bhAva jur3A hai, usameM bhoga-vAsanA ke prakampana kI dRSTi pramukha hai| jisane tapomaya jIvana dvArA eSaNAoM ko jhakajhora diyA, vaha avadhUta hai| bhAgavata meM RSabhadeva kA eka avadhUta sAdhaka ke rUpa meM citrita kiyA gayA hai| bhAgavata ke pAMcaveM skandha ke sAtaveM, AThaveM, naveM tathA dasaveM adhyAya meM bharata kA, jo vaidika-paurANika vAGmaya meM jar3abharata ke nAma se prasiddha haiM, caritra hai| bharata RSabhadeva ke putra the| RSabhadeva unheM rAjya dekara svayaM tapa kI sAdhanA meM samarpita ho gaye the| bharata eka mahAn zAsaka the| ve prajA-pAlana ke sAtha hI dharmArAdhanA, sadAcAra va ziSTAcAra ke parizIlana meM rata the| unheM dharma kI anucintA meM sarvAdhika trAsa thaa| unakI bhakti tathA dharmaniSThA uttarottara itanI sambandhita ho gaI ki unhoMne rAjya, sampatti, parivArAdi kI mamatA ko tyAgakara tathA vaMzakramAgata vaibhava kA yathocita rUpa se putroM meM vibhAjana kara svayaM ko brahmArAdhanA meM jor3a diyaa| Age bharata ke ghora titikSAmaya jIvana kA eka avadhUta sAdhaka ke rUpa meM varNana hai| bhAgavata ke 11veM skandha meM dattAtreya kA eka avadhUta ke rUpa meM vistRta AkhyAna hai| aisA lagatA hai, sAdhanA ke kSetra meM vaha eka tapaHpradhAna yuga thaa| jaisI ghora, kRccha avadhUta-sAdhaka kI caryA kA varNana bhAgavata meM huA hai, bauddha sAhitya meM bhI usI prakAra ke sAdhanAmaya jIvana se sambaddha varNana prApta hote haiM / majjhimanikAya' meM eka sthAna para apane pramukha ziSya sAriputra ko sambodhita kara buddha ne apanI usa tapomaya kaThora sAdhanA kA vistAra se varNana kiyA hai, jo unhoMne bodhi prApta karane se pUrva AcIrNa kI thii| avadhUta sAdhaka kA jisa prakAra kA vivecana bhAgavata meM AyA hai| vaha vaisA hI hai, jaisA majjhimanikAya meM buddha ke tapazcaraNa kA varNana hai| usI saraNi kA saMsparza karatA huA varNana jaina-AgamoM meM prApta hotA hai| jaina-AgamoM meM AcArAMgasUtra kA vizeSa mahatva hai| vaha 1. bhAgavata, 5/3/20 2. vahI, 11/7/25-30, 32-35 3. majjhimanikAya, mahAsIhanAdasuttanta, 1/22 140 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana grantha
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________________ aitihAsika tathA bhASAzAstrIya dRSTi se bhI sabase prAcIna mAnA jAtA hai| usake navama adhyayana meM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI caryA kA varNana hai| ve jaisI kaThora sAdhanA karate the, vaha vahI kara sakatA hai, jo bhautika sukha-suvidhA evaM laukika eSaNA ko mana se sarvathA nikAla cukA ho, jisake lie zarIra bilakula gauNa ho gayA ho, jo AtmabhAva meM hI sampUrNataH apane ko khoye hue ho / bhagavAn mahAvIra kI vaha caryA, atyanta kaThoratA, upasarga-saMkulatA va paramasahiSNutA eka aisA anirvacanIya rUpa lie hue hai jo avadhUta sAdhanA ko smaraNa karA detI hai| - AcArAMga kA chaThA adhyayana dhUtAdhyayana hai| avadhUta meM se ava upasarga nikAla dene para dhUta bacA rahatA hai / visuddhimagga Adi bauddha-granthoM meM bhI dhUtAMgoM ke nAma se tapa:sAdhanA kA varNana hai| bhASA-vijJAna meM prayatnalAghava kI eka prakriyA hai, jisake anusAra zabda kA, pada kA eka aMza luptakara use saMkSipta banA diyA jAtA hai| vyAkaraNa meM yahI prakriyA ekazeSasamAsa ke rUpa meM pracalita hai, jahAM do zabdoM meM se eka hI bacA rahatA hai, para vaha artha donoM kA detA hai / saMbhava hai avadhUta zabda ke sAtha bhI kucha aisA hI ghaTita huA ho aura prayatna-lAghavavaza saMkSiptIkaraNa kI prakriyA meM dhUta hI bacA raha gayA ho| jaina-paramparA meM tapa zabda dvArA sUcita sAdhanA kA apanA eka itihAsa hai / jaina-darzana-sammata nau tatvoM meM eka nirjarA hai, jisakA Azaya Atma-saMpRkta vizeSa anuSThAna, jisase karma nirjIrNa hote haiM, tapa kahalAtA hai / nirjarA-tapasyA ke bAraha bheda haiM --(1) anazana, (2) UnodarI, (3) bhikSAcArI, (4) rasaparityAga, (5) kAyakleza, (6) pratisaMlInatA, (7) prAyazcitta, (8) vinaya, (6) vaiyAvRtya, (10) dhyAna, (11) vyutsrg|| inameM Arambha ke chaH bAhya-tapa tathA antima Abhyantara-tapa kahalAte haiN| ina bAraha bhedoM meM pratisaMlInatA, dhyAna tathA kAyotsarga yA vyutsarga kA yoga-sAdhanA kI dRSTi se bahuta mahatva hai| maharSi paMtajali ne jisa artha meM yoga zabda kA prayoga kiyA, jaina Agama-sAhitya meM sIdhe usa artha meM yoga zabda kA prayoga nahIM rhaa| vahAM yoga mana, vacana tathA zarIra kI pravRtti ke lie prayukta rahA hai| adhyAtmaparaka sAdhanA, caitasika parizuddhi, antaHpariSkAra, vRttisammAjana, vRtti-nirodha jaise artha jaina-paramparA meM yoga ke sAtha jur3e, para bahuta bAda meN| hAM, Agama-sAhitya meM usa Atmonmukha sAdhanA ke, jise jaina-yoga ke nAma se saMbodhita kiyA gayA, bIja rUpa meM pracura sAmagrI prApta hotI hai| yoga ke ATha aMgoM meM dhyAna kA bahuta bar3A mahatva hai / yaha sAtavAM aMga hai / eka ora isake pUrvavartI cha: aMga tathA dUsarI ora kevala yaha sAtavAM aMga dhyAna, yadi inheM tulita kiyA jAya to saMbhavataH dhyAna kA palar3A bhArI rhegaa| isake bAda yoga kA antima AThavAM aMga samAdhi AtA hai, jisake sAtha jIvana kA carama-sAdhya sadha jAtA hai| jaina Agama-sAhitya meM dhyAna ke aneka prasaMga prApta hote haiM, jinameM se kucha ye haiM--- AcArAMgasUtra ke naveM adhyayana meM jahAM bhagavAna mahAvIra kI caryA kA varNana hai, vahAM unakI sAdhanA kA bhI ullekha hai / nitAnta asaMga-bhAva se vividha rUpoM meM unake dhyAna karane ke aneka prasaMga vahAM varNita haiN| eka sthAna para likhA hai--'bhagavAn prahara-prahara taka apanI AMkheM bilakula na TimaTimAte hue tiryak bhitti (tirachI bhIta) para unheM kendrita kara dhyAna karate the| dIrghakAla taka netroM ke ninimeSa rahane se unakI putaliyAM Upara ko car3ha jAtIM, unheM dekhakara bacce bhayabhIta ho jAte, hanta-hanta kahakara cillAne lagate aura dUsare baccoM ko bulA laate|" isa saMdarbha se prakaTa hotA hai ki bhagavAna mahAvIra kA yaha dhyAna vATaka-paddhati se jur3A thaa| eka anya prasaMga meM likhA hai--'bhagavAn apane vihAra-krama ke bIca yadi gRhastha-saMkula sthAna meM hote to bhI apanA mana kisI meM na lagAte hue dhyAna karate / kisI ke pUchane para bhI abhibhASaNa nahIM karate / koI unheM bAdhya karatA to cupacApa dUsare sthAna para cale jAte, apane dhyAna kA atikramaNa nahIM karate / 2 Age likhA hai.--.'bhagavAn apane sAdhanA-kAla meM sAr3he -bAraha varSoM meM jina sthAnoM meM rahe, bar3e prasanna-mana rahate the| rAta-dina yatanAzIla-sthira, apramattapramAdarahita, ekAgra tathA samAhita-zAnta rahate hue dhyAna meM lIna rahate the| eka anya sthAna para ullekha hai-'jaba bhagavAn upavana ke antara-AvAsa meM kabhI dhyAnastha hue taba pratidina vahAM Ane vAle 1. 'adu porisi tiriyaM bhitti, cakkhumAsajja aMtato jhaai| aha cakkhu-bhIyA sahiyA, te 'hatAhatA' bahave karis / / ', AcArAMga, 9/1/5 2. 'je ke imeM agAratthA, mIsIbhAvaM pahAya se jhAti / puTTho vi NAbhibhAsisa, gacchati NAivattaI aMjU |',vhii, 6/1/7 3. 'etehiM muNI sayaNehi, samaNe pAsI paterasa vaase| rAI dina pi jayagANe, appagamatte samahie jhAti // ', vahI, 6/2/4 jaina darzana mImAMsA
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________________ vyaktiyoM ne unheM pUchA--yahAM bhItara kauna hai ? bhagavAn ne uttara diyA-maiM bhikSu huuN|' usake kahane para bhagavAna mahAvIra vahAM se cale gye| zramaNa kA yahI uttama dharma hai| phira mauna hokara dhyAna meM lIna ho ge| sUtrakRtAMga meM bhagavAn mahAvIra ko anuttara sarvazreSTha dhyAna ke ArAdhaka kahA gayA hai tathA unake dhyAna ko haMsa, phena, zaMkha aura indu ke samAna paramazukla-atyanta ujjvala batalAyA hai|' bhagavatIsUtra kA prasaMga hai| bhagavAn mahAvIra gautama se kahate haiM----'maiM chadmastha avasthA meM thA, taba gyAraha varSa kA sAdhu-paryAya pAlatA huA, nirantara do-do dina ke (bele-bele) upavAsa karatA huA, tapa va saMyama se AtmA ko bhAvita karatA huA, grAmAnugrAma viharaNa karatA huA suMsumAra nagara phuNcaa| vahAM azoka vanakhaNDa nAmaka udyAna meM azoka vRkSa ke nIce pRthvI para sthita zilApaTTa ke pAsa AyA, vahAM sthita huA aura tIna dina kA upavAsa svIkAra kiyaa| donoM paira saMhRta kiye-sikor3e, Asanastha huaa| bhujAoM ko lambA kiyA-phailAyA, eka pudgala para dRSTi sthApita kI, netroM ko animeSa rakhA, deha ko thor3A jhukAyA, aMgo koM-indriyoM ko yathAvat Atmakendrita rakhA / eka rAtri kI mahApratimA svIkAra kii| yaha krama Age bihAra-caryA meM cAlU rkhaa| bhagavAn ke tapazcaraNa kA yaha prasaMga unake dhyAna tathA mudrA, avasthiti, Asana Adi para iMgita karatA hai| isake AdhAra para yaha spaSTa hai ki unake dhyAna kA apanA koI vizeSa krama avazya thA, yadyapi usakA vistRta varNana jaina-AgamoM meM hameM prApta nahIM hotaa| jaina-paramparA kI jaisI sthiti Aja hai, bhagavAna ke samaya meM sambhavataH sarvathA vaisI nahIM thii| Aja anazana, lambe upavAsa Adi para jitanA jora diyA jAtA hai, usakI tulanA meM mAnasika ekAgratA cittavRttiyoM kA niyantraNa, sammAna, dhyAna, samAdhi Adi thor3e gauNa ho gaye haiN| pariNAmataH dhyAna sambandhI aneka tathyoM tathA paddhatiyoM kA lopa ho gayA hai| Agama-sAhitya meM dhyAna Adi kA kahIM saMkSepa meM kahIM vistAra se aneka sthAnoM para vizleSaNa huA hai| sthAnAMgasUtra meM dhyAna kA saMkSepa meM vivecana huA hai|vhaaN Arta, raudra, dharma tathA zukla ke rUpa meM dhyAna ke cAra bheda batalAe haiN| phira unameM se pratyeka ke cAra-cAra bheda, unake lakSaNa, Alambana tathA anuprekSAoM kI carcA hai|' isI prakAra aupapAtikasUtra meM bhI dhyAna kA varNana huA hai| samavAyAMga meM nAmarUpa meM saMketa haiN| bhagavAn mahAvIra kI sAdhanA ke sandarbha meM dhyAna ke jo prasaMga prApta hote haiM, unameM una dvArA aneka AsanoM meM dhyAna kiye jAne kA ullekha hai| aupapAtikasUtra meM jahAM bhagavAn mahAvIra ke antevAsI zramaNoM ke tapomaya jIvana kA varNana hai, vahAM eka sthAna para ullekha hai'una (zramaNoM) meM kaI apane donoM ghuTanoM ko UMcA kie, mastaka ko nIcA kie, eka vizeSa Asana meM avasthita ho dhyAnarUpa koSTha meM koThe meM praviSTa the, dhyAna meM saMlagna the| aupapAtikasUtra ke isI prasaMga meM kAya-kleza ke vizleSaNa ke antargata AsanoM kI carcA hai / dazAzrutaskandhasUtra kI sAtavIM dazA meM bhikSa-pratimAoM ke varNana meM vibhinna AsanoM meM dhyAna karane kA ullekha hai| Agama saMbaddha uttaravartI sAhitya meM yoga sambandhI viSayoM kI carcA hotI rahI hai| odhaniyuktibhASya meM sthAna yA Asana ke tIna prakAra batalAye gaye haiM-(1) Urdhva-sthAna, (2) niSIdana-sthAna evaM (3) zayana-sthAna / khar3e hokara kie jAne vAle sthAna-Asana urdhva-sthAna kahe gaye haiN| unake sAdhAraNa savicAra, sanniruddha, vyutsarga, samapAda, ekapAda tathA gRdhroDDIna-ye sAta bheda haiN| 1. 'AyamaMtarasi ko ettha, ahamaMsitti bhikkhU AhaTTa / ayamuttame se dhamme, tusiNIe sa kasAie jhAti // ', AcArAMga, 6/2/12 2. 'aNuttaraM dhammamuIraittA aNuttara jhANavara jhiyaai| susukkasukka apagaMDasukka, sakhi duegaMtavadAtasukkaM // ', vahI, 1/6/16 3. 'teNaM kAleNaM samaeNaM ahaM goyamA / chaumatthakA liyAe ekkArasakasariyAe cha8 chaTheNaM aNivikhatteNaM tavAkammeNaM saMjameNaM tavasA appANaM bhAvemANe puvANuSuvi caramANe gAmANu gAma duijjamANe jeNeva susumAranagare jeNeva asoyasaMDe ujjANe jeNeva asoyavarapAyave puDhavI silAvaTTAe, teNeva uvAgacchAmi, uvAgacchittA asogavarapAyavassa heTThA puDhabIsilA vaTTayaMsi aTTamabhattaM pagiNhAmi, do vipAye sahaTu, vagdhAriya pANI, egamoggalaniviTThaviTThI aNimisaNavaNe, IsipabbhAragaeNaM kAega', ahApaNihiehiM gatehi, savidiehiM gattehiM egarAiyaM mahApaDimaM uvasaMpajjattA NaM viharAmi / ' 4. sthAnAMgasUtra, 4/1/60-72 5. aupapAtikasUtra, 30 6. samavAyAMgasUtra, 42 7. 'appegaiyA uDDhajANu ahosirA jhANakoTThovagayA saMjameNaM tavasA appANaM bhAvamANA viharaMti', aupapAtikasUtra, 31 142 AcAryaratna zrI dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja abhinandana granya
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________________ ina uttaravartI ullekhoM se pratIta hotA hai ki kabhI jaina-paramparA meM yaha abhyAsakrama suvyavasthita rUpa meM vidyamAna thA, para Age calakara yoga kA yaha aMga apracalita ho gyaa| phalata: Aja sthiti yaha hai ki Upara jina AsanoM kI carcA kI gaI hai, unameM se kucha ko chor3akara sabako kriyAtmaka rUpa meM upasthApita bhI nahIM kiyA jA sktaa| aupapAtikasUtra meM bAhya evaM Abhyantara tapa kA eka prasaMga hai, jahAM unakI bhedopabheda ke sAtha vistRta vyAkhyA kI gaI hai| vahAM prAyazcitta ke dasa bheda batAye gaye haiN| unameM pAMcavAM vyutsargAhaM nAmaka bheda hai usakA Azaya kAyotsarga se niSpanna hone vAlA prAyazcitta hai| nadI pAra karanA, uccAra-pratiSThApana meM anivArya rUpa meM doSa honA Adi kI zuddhi hetu yaha prAyazcitta hai| bhinna-bhinna doSoM ke lie bhinna pariNAma meM zvAsocchvAsayukta kAyotsarga kA vidhAna hai| isa prasaMga meM sahaja hI anumAna hotA hai ki zvAsa-prazvAsAtmaka prakriyA, jisakA prANAyAma meM samAveza hai, jaina-paramparA meM yathAvazyaka rUpa meM prayukta hotI rahI hai| uparyukta prasaMgoM ke alAvA kAyotsarga, pratisaMlInatA Adi tapa se sambaddha aura bhI aneka viSaya haiM, jo aupapAtika Adi meM vizeSa rUpa se vyAkhyAta hue haiM, jinakA jaina-yoga ke adhyayana kI dRSTi se dhyAna, dhAraNA, pratyAhAra Adi ke sandarbha meM vizeSa mahatva hai| isa prakAra Agama vAGmaya meM vikIrNa rUpa se jaina-yoga ke bIja puSkala mAtrA meM prApya haiM, jinake saMcayana ke lie pracura adhyavasAya va gaveSaNA-buddhi kI AvazyakatA hai| dhyAna cAra prakAra kA hai--ArtadhyAna, raudradhyAna, dharmyadhyAna aura zukladhyAna / ArtadhyAna - iSTa-viyogaja, aniSTa-saMyogaja, nidAna, vedanAjanita--ye cAra bheda ArtadhyAna ke haiM / priyabhra ze'priyaprAptau nidAne vednodye| AttaM kaSAyasaMyuktaM dhyAnamuktaM samAsataH / / tattvArthasAra, 36 raudradhyAna--hiMsAnanda, mRSAnanda, steyAnanda aura viSayasaMrakSaNAnanda-ye cAra raudradhyAna ke bheda haiN| hiMsAyAmante steye tathA viSayarakSaNe / raudra kaSAyasaMyuktaM dhyAnamuktaM smaastH|| tattvArthasAra, 37 ArtadhyAna tathA raudradhyAna meM azubha-pariNati kI hI pradhAnatA hai, ata: ye saMsAra ke kAraNarUpa haiN| dUsare zabdoM meM azubhopayoga kA nAma hI Arta-raudra-dhyAna hai| dharmyadhyAna-azubhapariNati kA parityAga karake prANI jaba zubha pariNati meM AtA hai, taba usakA samyagdarzana ke sAtha hone vAlA zubhopayoga hI dharmyadhyAna kahalAtA hai| yaha AjJAvicaya, apAyavicaya, vipAkavicaya aura saMsthAnavicaya ke bheda se cAra prakAra kA hai / AjJApAyavipAkasaMsthAnavicayAyadharmyam / tattvArthasUtra zukladhyAna-zuddhopayogarUpa dhyAna ko zukladhyAna kahate haiM / zukla kA artha hai-svaccha, zveta jisameM bhI prakAra kA vikAra na ho arthAt isameM ekamAtra vItarAgadazA kA hI cintana hotA hai / dazA se yahAM paryAyavAn dravya tathA usake guNa Adi sabhI vivakSita haiN| isake AgamoM meM cAra bheda mAne gae haiM--pRthaktvavitarkavicAra, ekatvavitarkavicAra, sUkSmakriyApratipatti aura vyuparatakriyAnivRtti / (AcAryaratna dezabhUSaNa jI mahArAja kRta upadezasArasaMgraha, bhAga 5, rAjasthAna, vI0ni0 saM0 2485 se uddhRta) AjJApa 1. 'se kiM taM pAyacchite ? dasavihe paNNatte / taMjahA-(1) pAloyaNArihe, (2) paDikkamaNArihe, (3) tadubhayArihe, (4) vivegArihe, (5) viusaggarihe, (6) tavArihe, (7) chedArihe, (8) mUlArihe, (6) aNavaTTappArihe, (10) paarNciyaarihe|', aupapAtikasUtra, 30 jaina darzana mImAMsA 143