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The Classification of Varieties of Hetu in Jaina Logic
Dr. Dayanand Bhargava
Vidyananda (9th Cent. A.D.) has classified the varieties of hetu into two categories: (i) casual, (ii) non-causal1. There is no doubt about it that since the time of Gautama2 (550 B.C.-300 A.D ?) the importance of such cases where the proban and the probandum stand in cause-effect relation to each other has been recognised with the result that all the five traditions of the Naiyāyikas, Vaišeṣikas, Samkhya, Buddhists and the Jainas begin their discussion of the varieties of hetu with a discussion of cause-effect relationship between the proban and the probandum.
It is perhaps this relationship of cause and effect between the probandum and the proban which has been severely criticised by the Indian logicians throughout the history of Indian logic. The contention that an effect can be inferred from the cause appears to have been accepted by Vätsyāyana3 (300 A.D.) without any discussion. But, the fact that he immediately gave an alternative explanation of purvavat, where the cause-effect relationship was not involved, points
1. Pramāṇaparikṣā, p. 72. 2. Nyāyasutra, 1.1.5.
3. पूर्ववदिति यत्र कारणेन कार्यमनुमीयते । -Bhāṣya on Ibid, 1.1.5 4. अथवा पूर्ववदिति यत्र यथापूर्वं प्रत्यक्षभूतयोरन्यतरदर्शनान्यतरस्याप्रत्यक्षस्यानुमानम्, यथा धूमेनाग्निरिति ।
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- Ibid, 1.1.5.
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