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New Horizons of Research in Indology
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the vikaraṇa śmu, not the verb ci. Hence, it is decided that the negation should apply when an element is followed by an affix which has been introduced to a verb: In the derivation of cinutas, the ending tas replaces lat, introduced after the verb, so that all is in order. 80 As an alternative (athava or, alternatively) to the above, it is suggested that, in accordance with the general prinicple according to which samjñasūtras and paribhaşas take their place with rules they serve to interpret, 1.1.3,5 are brought in together with rules like 7.3.84, 86. This of course means that no modification is required in 1.1.5 and that kniti also need not be taken as a nimittasaptami. Thus, together with the metarules 1.1.3,5 and the headings 6.4.1, Aștādhyāyi 7.3.84 provides that guna substitution applies to the final vowels i and so on of stems that end in these sounds when there follows a sărvadhatuka or an ardhadhatuka suffix, but that this does not apply if the suffix is marked as shown; similarly, 7.3.86 provides that guna substitution also applies to a penultimate light vowel -i- and so on of a stem followed by a sārvadhatuka or ardhadhatuka affix, but that this does not apply if the affix which follows the stem is marked as shown. Another alternative (athava) is brought up: 1.1.5 states kriti, and the negation provided here would lack its full scope of application unless it applied to all possible instances, including those where a vowel i and so on is separated from the appropriately marked affix.82 As a final alternative (athava), Patanjali suggests that Pāṇini's own procedure serve to make known that the negation of guna replacement applies also to penultimate vowels. Thus, he derives gļdhnu'greedy', dhrşnu'daring', kşipnu'one who habitually throws' by introducing an affix marked with k (knu), and he provides that the unaugmented desiderative suffix san is marked with k not only after verbs that end with i and so on but also after verbs in which these vowels precede final consonants.83 Marking these affixes with k would serve no purpose unless 1.1.5 could indeed serve to negate guna substitution also applies to a penultimate vowels. Similarly, 7.3.86 provides that guna substitution also applies to penultimate light vowel -i- and so on of a stem followed by a sarvadhatuka or ardhadhatuka affix, but that this does not apply if the affix is marked as shown.84.
Of course, not all these alternatives are equally good. Thus, since 1.1.4-5 are two separate negative rules complementing 1.1.3, it is not immediately obvious that dhatu- of dhatulope in 1.1.4 should be understood to recur in the following rule and be construed there as denoting a qualificand. In addition, although any - sūtra must, of course, have its proper scope of application, this can indeed be obtained for 1.1.5 if it precludes guna substitution in cases like cita, so that the third alternative is not truly cogent. Moreover, though Panini marking knu directly with k and imposing this marker on san in particular contexts certainly does show that 1.1.5 should serve to deny guna substitution to penultimate vowels, it does not follow that one should have his marking the affixes in this manner serve by itself to show that this is the case, it would be preferable to have this marking required by the application of 1.1.5. Whatever else one might say, then, the second proposal seems most appropriate. For, 1.13-5 are clearly a block of related metarules that serve together with operational rules in order to govern how these shall apply to ensure only desired results. Thus, since 1.1.3 applies with 7.3.84, so that ikahis understood here as a qualifier of the heading angasya, by a general rule of reference, 8s one understands that guna substitution applies to the final sounds of stems that end in vowels denoted by ik. and 1.1.5 comes into play to provide that this does not apply if the affix that follows such a stem is marked with g, k, or n. In effect, the locative kniti is to be construed with sārvadhatukardhadhatukayoh, hence is