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Syntropy 2013 (2): 243-279
ISSN 1825-7968
(Goldsmith 1990, Jones 1990 and Penrose 1990), as they have memory, free will, creativity, tendency to interact strongly with other fellow beings and the environment. Furthermore there are micro controls in the form of thought processes which cannot be easily adjusted in any planned "scientific experiment". They also have a property of infinite amplification because of the thought processes, which makes it difficult to make them study in a strictly scientific way. Expressed in a different way, it is now felt that the standard concepts used in any scientific study like compartmentalization, reductionism, causality, mechanism, induction, empiricism and passivism etc. (Goldsmith, 1990, Jones 1990) cannot be used to strictly study the biological systems and social systems. Not only this the basic parameters used in science like energy, mass, linear momentum and angular momentum are basically defined for closed isolated systems, so they may not be the best choice for describing the biological and social systems (Penrose, 1990 and John Gigch 1978, Pokharna 2012). The final blow to limitations of scientific methodology is being done by Godel's incompleteness theorems (Penrose, 1990) which have virtually shaken the foundation of modern science. Therefore a totally new perspective and new concepts are required to handle the modern problems of the society.
Hence General Systems Theory (GST) is used for better understanding of the whole problem because by its intrinsic nature, GST can give a better picture of the interconnectedness of various components of the Human-Earth-atmosphere system. It is finally a problem of order versus disorder (Pokharna, 1985, Pokharna 1991, Pokharna 1996 and Pokharna 2006, Pokharna 2010 and 2012) at all levels and so when we talk of development and evolution, we should talk aboutthe development of the order and evolution of order for complete understanding of the term development. They will have significant impact on all the problems of the modern life.
It also appears that it will be necessary to explore the concept of consciousness for better handling of the current problems and its connection with the knowledge. It is here that the concept of knowledge as enunciated in Indian philosophy in general and Jainism) in particular needs to be brought into the picture. (For brief description of Jainism, see appendix 1. Actually the Jain concept of knowledge is so extensively discussed with five different types of classes of knowledge that it needs to be further explored in view of modern concepts of knowledge in computer science and the neurosciences. Thus this paper emphasizes that scientific knowledge has limitations and there can be knowledge beyond science and still meaningful. Thus it is mentioned that the concept of knowledge needs to be enlarged further by taking consciousness into account
There is another dimension of this problem and this deal with the direction of development and evolution in general. At the modern time, the concept of development is governed by the ideas of economic development whereas in the case of evolution, we talk about Darwin's principle of evolution. However, in Indian philosophy in general and Jainism in particular, we
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