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A Survey of the plant and Animal Kingdoms as Revealed in Jaina Biology
Each of these genera has many differentiate and they can accordingly be grouped in many ways, but the most illuminating of those as indicated by Jaina Biology is that which depends on the mode of generation-Sammūrochima:** (asexual reproduction or spontaneous generation) and garbhavyutakrāntika 295 (sexual reproduction)-Andaja (oviparous). Jarāyujas and Potaja (viviparous) (placental). The highest types of animals are Jaräyujas and Potajas (vivipara),16 i.e. those which have vital force to reproduce sexually offspring qualitatively like the parents. The next type is that in which an egg is produced.
Lower still come the types of animals which produce asexually (Sammürccbima) a slimy fluid from which they develop, while in others the young simply bud off from the parents.
And finally in all lower types and occasionally even high as the fishes there occurs spontaneous generation (sammürcchima) from lifeless matter such as, sveda (dirt or sweat). 1 o7
It is found in Jaina Biology that the organization of the body 108 of developed animals includes the transport system of the body, i. e. blood and blood vessels that supply all cells with nutrients (rasa)200 and the waste products201 (mutta, etc. of metabolism and the circulatory systems),202 the digestive system, together with metabolism and nutrition, the excretory system, the integumetary and skeletal systems which protect and support the body, the muscular system which moves the various parts of the body one on another, the nervous sytsem, the sense-organs by which animals obtain and process information regarding the external environment, and the endocrine system in brief.203
Enumerating the contents of the human body the Jainācāryas state that usually this body is a collection of blood (Sonita 204 and blood vessels-seven hundred siras (veins ?). twenty four dhamanis (arteries ?) carrying nutrients, eight srotas (currents),205 lungs (phopha-saphephasa)206 including eparterial bronchioles of trachea, gastro-intestinal tract starting from the mouth cavity, Oesophagus up to the column of the large intestine (Thulamta),207 the excretory organs--kidney (Tanuyamta ?)208 and pine orifices (navasoyā) 309 skin (camma)2lo a skeleton"1 1 of three hundred pieces of bones, 112 articulated by one hundred sixty joints213 (sandhis), with six types of joints bound together by nine hundred sinews of ligaments (ņbārus) 21, plastered over with five hundred pieces of muscles (pesis)*15, enclosed with outer cuticle, 1. (camma or ajiņa), with orifices217 (soya) here and there, constantly dribbling and trickling like cracked or perforated pot,218 infested by helminthsi. and always cozing from nine orifices220 (wax from the ears, rheum from the eyes, snot from the nostrils, undigested food, bile, phlegm and blood from the mouth, and faeces from the anus and urine from the urethra through the penis281 and sweating through ninety nine lakh of hair follicles&a five sense-organs 138 (eye, etc.) one hundred seventy sensitive parts of the body (marmas)*24 and some endocrine glands etc.215
Like Buddhaghoşa226 Jaipācāryas give the description of the human body to create a repulsion in the minds of their monk-followers towards it227 and suggest to them to review the different aspects of it. 228 They do not define like Caraka 929 and Buddhaghosa 230 that it is constructed out of five or four primary elements of matter. Nevertheless, they admit that the body is constituted of matter (Pudgala).231
The main aspects of the body as described by Jaina Biology are as follows: blood (sonita238 or Rudhira)aaa had or congealed fat (meda),234 semi-liquid fat (vas.)235 synovia236 (rasiya ?) spittle (Khela a37 snot (singhānaka),838 bile (pitta), 130 phlegm (simbha)240 liver (yakrt)41, spleen (philihā)242 pus (puya or puvva)243 heart (hiyaya)344 blood vassels, (sīrā.dhamanīs)845 lymph vessels (Slesmāśirā)248 lymph (Kaph or simbha) 247 tisue fluid (rasa),248 änapäņa or ucсhvāsa-niņsvāsa (Oxygen and carbon-dioxide ?)24 lungs, (Phopphasa-phephasa) 250 including eparterial bronchioles of trachea 262 mouth cavity (mukh)252, stomach (undara or ämoru)253 duodenum (pakkasaya), small intestine (Taņuyamta), large intestine (thulamta) 254 tongue (Jibā or jihvā) 255 teeth (danta 256 anus or rectum (pāyu)257 genital (upastha),268 Kidney,269 nine orifices (navasoyā,260 urine (mutta)261, faeces (purișa),262 skin (camma)263 outgrowth of skin-hair (Kesä),264 body-hairs (romas)24 and nails (nakha, etc,)268 sweat (seyā)207 skeleton (atthiya)288, bones (ațțhi)200 various
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