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A Survey of the plant and Animal Kingdoms as Revealed in Jaina Biology
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142 Arms of man, wings of birds, fin of fish are homologous, Tattvärtha Sutra II. 34. 143 Wings of bat and bird are analogous structures. Pannavanā, 1. 62-63. 144 Wings of Cammapakkhi and Lomapakkhi, Pannavapā 1.86. 145 Ibid. (wings of bats and birds have the same function). 146 Uttarādhyayana 35. 128: TS. II. 24; Pannavanā 1. 50, 56. 147 Ibid. 148 Ibid. 149 Ibid. 150 Pannavana 1. 56, Tattvārthädhigama Sutra II. 24. 151 It comes under the category of Annelids. See Pannavanā 1. 56; TS., II. 24. 152 Ibid. 153 Ibid. 154 Paņnavanā 1.57. 2; Uttarādhyayana, 36. 137-138; TS., 11. 24 155 Uttaradhyayana 36. 146. 149. Paņņavanā 1.58; Tattvärtbädhigama Sutra II. 34 156 Ibid. 157 Uttaradhyayana, 36. 146-149, Pannavanā, 1.58. 1. Tattvārthādhigama Sutra II. 34. 158 Ibid. 159 Pannavana. 1.57. 1. Uttaradhyayana Sūtra 36. 137-138. TS, II. 24. 160 Ibid. 161 Uttarādhyayana 36. 146-149. Paņņavanā 1. 58. 1. Tattvārthādhigama Sūtra II. 34. 162 Ibid. 163 Pannavanā 1. 57. 1; Uttarādhyayana 56. 137-138; TS., II. 24. 164 Uttarādhyayana 36. 146-149; Pannavanā 1. 58. 1.; Tattvārthādhigama Sutra JI. 34, 165 Ibid. 166 Ibid. 167 Paņņavanā 1. 56. Tattvārthādhigama Sutra II. 24. 168 Ibid. 169 See Pannavanā for four-sensed Jalacarajivas. 170 The animals (man and higher animals) having five sense organs fall under the class of the
phylum Chordata which consists of the subphylum, vertebrate, animals, such as, fish (maccha), amphibia (frogs=manduka, Bhs. 12. 8. 446), reptiles (parisarpas), birds (paksins) and mammals including man (manuşya), see Uttaradhyayana 36, 155, 170, 172, 180, 181,
187, 194, Pannavanā 1.61, 62, 63, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 76, 92; Tattvärthadhigamasutra II. 34. 171 The five-sensed animals of Jaina Biology can be classified into eight classes of the sub
phylum Vertebrata of Modern Biology, viz. (1) the Agnatha--the Jawless fishes, e. g. Saņhamaccha, lamprey sels, etc. (2) the placodermi--the Jawed fishes, (3) the chondrichthyes, e. g. sharks (timi ?) with cartilaginous skeletons, (4) the osteichthyes-the bony fishes, e. g. Rohiyamaccha (Labeo-Rohita), (5) the Amphebia (frogs, Manduka) (6) the Reptilia (parisarpas)-lizards, snakes, the warm blooded fur bearing animals that suckle their youngs (Sthala
caracatuşpada prāņis-Apes and Man. 172 Sharks (timi ?), etc. See Pannavanā, 1.63. 173 Rohita fish found in big pond, river and sea. See Pannavana. 1.73. 174 Bhagavati Vyākhyāparajñapti, 8. 2. 316, 12.8 460. 175 Uttarādhayayana Sūtra 36. 181, Paņpavaya Sutta 1.76., TS., II. 34. 176 Pannavanä 1. 86, Uttarādhyayana 36. 187. Tattvärthädhigama Sutra II. 34. 177 TS., II. 34. 178 Ibid. 179 Ibid. 180 Ibid.
181 Ibid. 182 TS. II. 34. 183 TS. II. 34. 184 Bhs. 12. 8. 460. 185 TS. II. 34., Uttarādhyayana Sutra, 36. 194., Pannavapä 1.92. 186 Pannavanā 1. 72. 187 Ibid. 1. 71. 188 Ibid. 1. 73 189 Pannavanā 1. 63. 190 Bhagavati Vyākhyäprajñapti, 1. 5.49, 2.1.83-84, 9-32-375, 20.1.663, 24. 17. 708-12, Uttarā.
dhyayana Sūtra 36. 127, 136, 150-155. 191 Pannavanā, Jivapannavadā 1. 56, 57, 58, 61-91, 92-138.
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