Survey of the Plan and Animal Kingdom as Revealed in Jaina Biology

SR No.: 250331
Original Sutra Author: N/A
Author: J C Sikdar
Publisher: Z_Pushkarmuni_Abhinandan_Granth_012012.pdf
Total Pages: 20
Language: English
Classification: Article & Biology
File Size: 2 MB

Page 14

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eft gemegfa fuaran nea: agd avs
31 Vrścika (Scorpion), Manduka (frog), uraga (snake) Bhagavati, 8. 7. 376; Ahi (a class of snake), Ajagara (a class of snake), Ibid, 15. 1. 560.
32 Nakula (mongoose), Ibid, 8.3. 325; 15. 1. 1560.
33 Sūtrakṛtānga 11. 3. Bhs. 33.1. 844: 7. 5. 282, etc.; Uttaradhyayana 36. 68-202; Paņṇavanā jīvapanṇavanā 1. 14-138; Gommaṭasāra (Jivakāņḍa), 1. 35, 70, 71, 72, etc.
34 Sütrakṛtānga II. 3. 40-62.
35 Ibid.
36 Ibid.
37 It is suggestive from the study of the world of life in Jaina Biology on the basis of the structures (Samsthāna) of living forms-plants and animals, on the physiological and biochemical similarities and differences between species, etc. and on the analyses of the genetic constitution of present plants and animals, i. e., anatomy, physiology and biochemistry of plants and animals, their embryologic and generic histories as outlined in Jaina Biology and the manner in which they are distributed over the earth's surface. 38 Sūtrakṛtānga II. 3. 43-62; Bhagavati 7, 5. 282.
39 Sūtrakṛtānga II. 3. 43-62
40 Bhagavati 8. 2. 316,
41 Eekendriya, dvindriya, trindiya, caturindriya and Pañcendriya organisms are classified on the basis of natural relationships. Similarly, Jalacara and Khecara organisms are classified according to their natural relationships, as they are closely related in their evolutionary origin.
42 Sūtrakṛtānga II. 3; Jīvābhigama 3. 1. 96; Bhagavati 7. 5. 282 (andaja, potaja and sammürcchima). Uttaradhyayana Sūtra 36, 171 ff.; Jiväbhigama Sūtra 33. 1. 34, 35; Paņņavanā, Jivapanṇavna (Jalacara, Sthalacara and Khecara and Manuṣyaprajñapana) 29-34, Aquatic, terrestrial and aerial organisms have been classified into three single groups as the members of each of them are closely related in their evolutionary origin.
43 Bhagavati 8.3.324, 7.3.277; 7.5.282; Jīvābhigama Sutra, 3.1.91; 1.33, 1.34, 1.35; 1-36.; Uttaradhyayana, 36. 135, 144, 154, 169, 178, 179-186, 193, 202,; Pannavanā, pp-30, 31: TS. 2.24, 34.
44 Ibid.
45 Ibid.
46 Sūtrakṛtānga II.3.
47 Bhagavati 7. 3. 275.
48 Sulphur bacteria (Saugamdhie) (Uttaradhyayana and Sütrakṛanga II.3.61) may be identified with purple bacteria of Biology.
49 Sütrakṛtānga II. 3. 20, 21, 22-28. All animals live at the expense of autotrophs in one way or other except some carnivorous animals.
50 Ibid. II. 3. 16, Fungi and some bacteria feed on the decaying matters, as it is found that some beings born in earth, growing there in particles of earth that are the origin of various things, some issue forth as Aya, Käya, Kuhana (mushworm), etc. from the decomposed things in the earth.
51 Tattvärthadhigama Sutra II. 2.
52 Sūtrakrtänga II. 3. 1-12; 3 (trees), 16 (soil), 17 (water), 18 (trees), 21 (earth), 22 (water), 23 (earth surface), 26 (aerial), 27 (animate or inanimate bodies).
53 Ibid., II. 3.2. (liquid substance) of the particles of earth, the bodies of manifold movable and immovable being, 3-5 (Sap of the trees), 20 (sap of trees), 21 (mother's milk), boiled rice, etc.,) 22 (mother's humours and plants), 23 (both movable and immovable beings), 24 (wind), 27 (the immovable creatures).
54 Sūtrakṛtänga II. 3.2.
55 Ibid. II. 3.3.
56 Bhagavati, 7.3, 275; Sūtrakṛtānga II 3.16 (Kuhana), 18 (Sevāla), etc.