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## 172
**Causes of Binding to the Hellish Realm**
A being binds to the hellish realm in four ways: by excessive initiation, by excessive attachment, by killing five-sensed beings, and by consuming the flesh of the dead.
**From the *Sthānāṅga Sūtra*, Chapter 4, Verse 3013:**
> "Excessive initiation and excessive attachment are the causes of a being's hellish existence."
**From the *Tattvārtha Sūtra*, Chapter 19:**
> "Excessive initiation and excessive attachment are the causes of a being's hellish existence."
## 19
**Causes of Binding to the Animal Realm**
A being binds to the animal realm in four ways: by deceit, by concealing deceit, by false speech, and by cheating in weights and measures.
**From the *Sthānāṅga Sūtra*, Chapter 4, Verse 373:**
> "A being binds to the animal realm through deceit, concealing deceit, false speech, and cheating in weights and measures."
**From the *Tattvārtha Sūtra*, Chapter 19:**
> "Deceit is the cause of a being's animal existence."
## 7
**Causes of Binding to the Human Realm**
A being binds to the human realm in four ways: by pride, by arrogance, by greed, and by bad conduct.
**From the *Sthānāṅga Sūtra*, Chapter 4, Verse 373:**
> "A being binds to the human realm through pride, arrogance, greed, and bad conduct."
**From the *Tattvārtha Sūtra*, Chapter 6, Verse 16:**
> "Pride, arrogance, greed, and bad conduct are the causes of a being's human existence."