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opinion on this point, from which we will see that their doctrine is neither Satkárya like that of the Sankhya and Vedánta, nor Asatkarya like the Vaiseshikas and Nyayas and we may add like the Buddhists. The Jains maintain that in one sense an effect pre-exists in the cause, and in another sense is a new thing, i. e. in one sense they are Satkaryas and in another Asatkáryas. The fact is that they have their own seven modes of expressing existence or non-existence of a thing. The meaning of these seven modes of speaking about the same thing is explained as follows by Mr. Virchand Ghandi, in a paper read by him before the World's Parliament of Religion, held at Chicago. "What is meant by these seven modes is that a thing should not be considered as existing everywhere at all times, in all ways, and in the form of everything. It may exist in one place and not in another at one time. All that is implied is that every assertion which is true is true only
Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat
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