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cause of all pain and misery, is thus to be found in our desires.
In the first two Ratnas or jewels, we have seen the two out of the three essentials for reaching Nirvana, namely right faith and right knowledge. Now we shall go to the third and the last jewel, right conduct. The five vows, which as we saw a Jain ascetic has to take, form, we may say, only the negative element of right conduct. Besides the five vratas or vows, he has to observe five Samitis for the preservation of the vows; and has to restrain his five senses. Besides these he has to realize the three Guptis. Dr. Bhandarkar says "Gupti means the protection of the soul, from desire, hatred, delusion which tie him to the Sansara. They are three :-Manogupti or preventing the mind from wandering in the forest of sensual pleasures, by employing it in contemplation study etc.; 2. Vaggupti i, e. preventing the tongue from saying bad things by a vow
of silence etc.; 3 Kayagupti i.e. putting the Shree Sudharmaswami Gyanbhandar-Umara, Surat
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