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Tattvārthasūtra
deaths and influx (āsrava) and bondage (bandha) are the main causes of transmigration. Stoppage (samvara) and dissociation (nirjarā) are the chief causes of liberation. Hence these are mentioned severally.
The next sūtra is intended to avoid deviation from established conventions while referring to terms like right faith and soul, mentioned earlier.
नामस्थापनाद्रव्यभावतस्तन्यासः ॥५॥
[ नाम स्थापना द्रव्य भावतः] नाम, स्थापना, द्रव्य और भाव से [ तत् न्यासः] उन सात तत्त्वों तथा सम्यग्दर्शनादि का लोक व्यवहार होता है।
These are installed – nyāsa or niksepa – (in four ways) by name - nāma, representation - sthāpanā, substance and its potentiality – dravya, and actual state – bhāva.
Giving a name to an object, irrespective of its qualities, for the sake of social adentity is naming - nāma. Establishing objects in things made of wood, clay, painting, dice, etc. - 'this is that' – is representation - sthāpanā . That, which will be attained by qualities or which will attain qualities, is a substance - dravya. The substance characterized by its present mode (paryāya) is its actual state – bhāva. To explain, the substance of the soul (jīva) is installed in four ways as soul-name (nāma-jīva), soul-representation (sthāpanā-jīva), soul-substance (dravya-jīva) and soul-state (bhāva-jīva). To call something the soul (jīva) irrespective of its qualities is soul-name (nāma-jīva). Representing the soul (jīva) through dice, etc. – as a living being or as a man - is soul-representation (sthāpanā-jīva). Soul-substance (dravyajīva) is of two kinds: āgama dravya-jīva and noāgama dravya-jīva.
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