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A Grammar of Apabhramśā
(a) Sometimes the original roots are recognisable only by the first letter : d-ijja (be given), k-ijja- (be done), etc. These forms, however, had lost their passive force towards the end of Apbb.
(b) The passive base like gheppa- (be taken) presupposes the Vedic gbạp from gặbh through metathesis of aspiration and voicing.
88. The forms, if made from jān (know), base jāņ-iaare; 3. jān-ia-i
jān.ia-hi जाणिअइ
जाणिअहिं 2. jān-ia-hi
jān-ia-hu Erfurstfee
जाणिअहु 1. jān-ia-ũ
jān-ia-hũ जाणिअउँ
जाणिअहुँ (a) In Awadhi the forms like dijjai suffered contraction : dijjā, etc.
(b) The modal forms are rare.
89. In the last days of Apbh the passive base with -ijjahad lost its passive force, so that it had begun to be used as ordinary or simple verb. Thus lajjejja-was not more (or less) than lajj-, rakkh- ejja- was the same as rakkha-, and so on.
90. Simultaneously, we find the beginning of a new passive construction by the Apbh infinitive in -aņaha and the present forms of the verb jā (go): 37FUTE FT FTF (It can not be said), TFFTE FTS (It cannot be eaten), etc.
(a) There is hyper-sanskritisation of this construction in the Purāņic and Buddhist texts written during this period : TOTIE 7 ufa=tera, 11 7 7 fa=n Pud, etc.
91. Still later, the passive construction had started by combining the past participle of the verb in question with jā (go): 2174 FT (It is eaten), etc.
