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COMMON SOURCES OF KNOWLEDGE....
testimony as the three independent sources of knowledge.
Mīmāṁsā
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The Prabhakara Mīmāmsā recognizes that there are five sources of valid knowledge, viz. perception, inference, comparison, testimony and postulation.
The Bhatta Mīmāmsā and Vedanta
They recognize six distinct kinds of knowledge admitting non-perception in addition to the five sources accepted by Prabhākara Mīmāṁsā.
Vaiśeşika
Vaiśesika philosophers generally believe in four kinds of valid knowledge; viz. perception, inference, memory and intuitive experience; however some of them accept only perception and inference as the two independent sources of knowledge.
Nyāya
According to Nyāya, there are four independent sources of knowledge viz. perception, inference, comparison and testimony. They maintain that the other sources of knowledge may be included within these four sources and, therefore, need not be recognized as independent sources of knowledge.
Jainism
According to Jainism, both ordinary and
