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The Yoga of Umāsvāti
N. M. KANSARA
In his account of the fundamental vareity inflow (āsrava), in the beginning of the eighth chapter of his Tattvārthādhigamasūtra, Umāsvāti enumerates the causes of bondage: 'absence of right faith (mithyātva), absence of discipline (avirati), negligence (pramāda), passion (kasāya), activity (yoga)—these five are the causes of bondage'.' In his auto-commentary, Umāsvāti reminds us that he has already defined and elaborated about this yoga',2 and further adds that as regards these four causes of bondage, viz., absence of right faith, etc., the existence of the previous one in the series ensures the presence of the subsequent ones, but not vice versa.In accordance with his reminder in his auto-commentary referred to above, we find that Umāsvāti has defined yoga' in the course of his account of the nature of āsrava in the beginning of the sixth chapter of his TAS, thus: "The activity of body, speech and mind is yoga'.4 Explaining further this aphorism in his autocommentary, Umāsvāti adds that this yoga is of three types in accordance with the fact that activity itself is of three types, viz., physical, oral and mental. And, each of these three types are of two sub-types, viz., auspicious and inauspicious. Elaborating further, he adds that violence, theft, non-abstinence, etc., pertain to the physical aspect of activity which are inauspicious; censure, falsehood, rashness, wickedness, etc., pertain to the oral aspect of activity which are inauspicious; and, desire to betray or to
