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SUBSTANCE AND QUALITY.
From the above classification of Paryayas into Sahabhavi and Kramabhavi, we are constrained to discuss, in brief, qualities and attributes as distinguished from substances. For without having made our ideas and notions about quality and substance pretty clear, it would be difficult for us to understand and appreciate the utility and importance of Naya as applied in the study of the phenomenology of thought and being.
Substance, as we have seen, is what has some degree of independent existence of its own, preserving itself as it does by reacting on and resisting other things. This power of self-preservation constitutes the essence or reality () of the thing and manifests itself in the different effects which it produces by re-acting on other things. And the powers of re-action which thus manifest themselves in producing effects in other things are known as qualities or properties of the thing and are represented in terms of the effects they produce. To illustrate, when a thing has the powers of occasioning in us
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Substance
and quality distinguished
