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SOME JAINA CANONICAL SOTRAS
whole brunt of actions. The road to final deliverance lies in four-fold means of right knowledge, faith, conduct, and austerities. Final deliverance or mukti is the freedom from pain. It is perfection. It is the safe, happy and quiet place which is reached by the great sages. It is the eternal place, difficult of approach.1 Dharma, adharma, space, time, matter and soul are the six substances. They are imperishable and eternal by their very nature. Each of them is a substance but time, matter and souls form an infinite number of substances. The characteristic of dharma is motion. That of adharma is immobility 3 and that of space (ākāśa) is to make room. The characteristic of time is duration, that of soul is the realization of knowledge, faith, conduct, austerities, energy and realization of its developments. Soul (jīva), the inanimate things (ajīvu), the binding of the soul by karma, merit (punya), demerit (apa), that which causes the soul to be affected by sins (ūsrava), the prevention of sins by watchfulness (samvura), annihilation of karma (karma-kşaya) and final deliverance (moksa) are the nine truths. 4 The doctrine of pine terms (navutattva) represents the main system of Jainism.5 Jiva and ajīva comprehend the world of existence as known and experienced. The world of life is represented by six classes of living beings, while the movable things are the fire lives, wind lives, and those with an organic body. Samrara is the principle of
1 Uttarūdhyayana, XXIII, 81-81. 2 Sūtrakrtārigu, I, 1; 1, 15-16.
3 Ibid., 1, 1, 2, 3; I, 1, 4, 2. 4 Ibid., XXVIII. 14. The actions which lead to the good kurma which brings peace of mind are called punya. Punya is of various kinds: annapunya (merit acquired by giving food to the deserving people), pānapunya (merit acquired by giving water to the thirsty), vastrapunya (merit acquired by giving clothes to the poor ospecially to the monks), layunapunya (inerit acquired by building or lending a house to a monk), suyunu-prunya (merit acquired by providing seats and beds), manapunya (merit acquired by thinking good of every one), kāyapunya (incrit acquired by saving a life or rendering service), vacanapunya (inerit acquired by speaking without hurting anybody's feelings) and namaskārupunya (mcrit acquired by reverent salutations). There are various kinds of papa or sin. Jivahimsū (lifo-slaughter) is the most heinous of all the crimes according to Jains. Sins are also acquired by speaking falsehood, dishonesty, unchastity, covotousness, anger, conceit, attachment and avarice.
6 Cf. Uttarādhyayana Sūtra, XXVIII, 14.
The nine main terins of Jainism which became current and widely known as early as the time of the Buddha include nijjarā and mokkha (Devadaha-sutta, Majjhima Nikāga, II, p. 214:
purāņānam kammānam tapasū vyantibhāvā, navānam kammānam ukarunā āyatim anavassavo, āyatin anavassavā kammakkhayo, kammakkhayā dukkhakkhayo, dukkhakkhayā vedanākkhayo,
vedanākkhayā sabbam dukkham nijjinņam bhavissati.' Here the term nijjinnam occurs, which implics the idea of nijjarū.