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composed excellent works explaining the meanings of the principles of the Jaina Religion The people were contented, happy and prosperous.
2. When we come to consider about the condition of India, in the beginning of the Christian era we see that the period commencing with the begining of the Christian era to the establishment of the Mogul Dynasty by Baber in 1526 A D was very bad for North India. The country was divided into one hundred and fifty small kingdoms. There was no unity among them. They were quarrelling and fighting with each other on the slightest pretext. Taking advantage of this state of affairs, Alexander the Great invaded India as early as B. C. 327 Having conquerred Iran ( Persia ) and Afghanistan, he led a large army and having crossed the Sindhu ( Indus ) River, he reached Takshasilla. There was no resistence. The king of Takşasilla was easily conquered Seeing the subjugation of the king, many other kings of Punjab were easily subdued. But the brave king Porus of Central Punjāb offered great resistence He was however made a captive and set free. Becoming much fatigued by great exertions, the army of Alexander the Great was not willing to proceed further for an invasion, and so, he had to leave off his idea of conquering India. Having crossed the river Sindhu ( Indus ) with great difficulty, he reached Irān in B. C. 324. He died in B. C. 323.
After the death of Sabaktgina, his son Mahamud came to the throne of Gijhani in A. D. 997. From the year 1000 A. D. to 1026-a period of twenty-six years he invaded India seventeen times.
During the first invasion in 1000 A. D. Mahamud conquered the northern part of Punjāb and Peshậvar. But before he could proceed further he had a fight with King Jayapāl of Punjāb. Jayapal fought very bravely but was taken a captive. He was
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