________________
INTRODUCTION
TO THE
VINAYA TEXTS FROM THE PÂLI.
In the present MSS. the Vinaya Pitaka is divided into the following books:
1. Pârâgika, Kcalled collectively the Sutta-vibhanga. 2. Pâkittiya, sa 3. Mahâvagga,
called collectively the Khandhakas. 4. Kullavagga, la
5. Parivâra-pâtha. These books constitute that part of the sacred literature of the Buddhists which contains the regulations for the outward life of the members of the Buddhist Samgha-nearly the oldest, and probably the most influential, of all Fraternities of monks.
It is impossible to frame any narrower definition of the Vinaya than this, since the gradual change of circumstances in the Fraternity resulted in a gradual change also in the Vinaya itself. To give any more detailed account of what
the Vinaya is, it will be necessary to trace what can be at · present ascertained of its history; to show—that is, so far as it is yet possible to do so—the causes which led to the establishment of the oldest Rules and Ceremonies of the Order, and to follow step by step the accretions of new literary work around this older nucleus.
For this purpose we propose to consider first the Rules of the work called the Pâtimokkha; for the later texts presuppose its existence. It is one of the oldest, if not the oldest, of all Buddhist text-books; and it has been
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