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SECT. II.
KUNG YUNG.
313
measures in the love of relatives, and the steps in the honour paid to the worthy, are produced by the principle of) propriety. 7. When those in inferior situations do not obtain (the confidence of) their superiors, the people cannot be governed successfully!. 8. Therefore the wise ruler should not neglect the cultivation of his character. Desiring to cultivate his character, he should not neglect to serve his parents. Desiring to serve his parents, he should not neglect to know men. Desiring to know men, he should not neglect to know Heaven. 9. The universal path for all under heaven is fivefold, and the (virtues) by means of which it is trodden are three. There are ruler and minister; father and son; husband and wife; elder brother and younger; and the intercourse of friend and friend:-(the duties belonging to) these five (relationships) constitute the universal path for all. Wisdom, benevolence, and fortitude :-these three are the universal virtues of all. That whereby these are carried into exercise is one thing 10. Some are born with the knowledge of these (duties); some know them by study; and some know them as the result of painful experience. But the knowledge being possessed, it comes to one and the same thing. 11. Some practise them with the ease of nature; some for the sake of their advantage; and some by
· This short sentence is evidently out of place. It is found again farther on in its proper place. It has slipped in here by mistake. There is a consent of opinion, ancient and modern, on this point
. One thing;' literally .one,' which might be translated 'singleness,' meaning, probably, the solitariness' of chapter i, or the sincerity' of which we read so often in the sequel.
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