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I, 174. WITNESSES; CIRCUMSTANTIAL EVIDENCE.
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if a man can write, he should write (his name) himself; if he cannot (write himself), he should cause it to be written by another man.
*168. (The deposition of) a witness who has been reminded (of the transaction) remains valid in this world up to the eighth year, that of a casual witness remains valid up to the fifth year.
*169. (The deposition of) a secret witness remains valid up to the third year; (the deposition of) an indirect witness is declared to remain valid for one year only.
*170. Or no definite period is fixed for judging a witness ; for those acquainted with law have declared that testimony depends upon memory.
*171. A witness whose understanding, memory, and hearing have never been deranged, may give evidence even after a very considerable lapse of time. 13. Six Cases where Witnesses are
unnecessary. *172. However, six different kinds of proceedings have been indicated in which witnesses are not required. (Other) indications of the crime committed are substituted for the evidence of witnesses in these cases by the learned.
*173. It should be known that one carrying a firebrand in his hand is an incendiary; that one taken with a weapon in his hand is a murderer; and that, where a man and the wife of another man seize one another by the hair, the man must be an adulterer.
*174. One who goes about with a hatchet in his
170, 171. Under this rule, the validity of any testimony is declared independent of length of time, and to depend on the competence of the witness alone. A.
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