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(a) Bahya Tapa (external austerities), referring to food and physical activities. The 'Tattavartha Sutra' and 'Dash Bhakti' categorize the external penance thus;
Anshnavamodryvritiparisa nkhyanrsprityagviviktshyasankayklaisha bahim tapa
The Bahaya Tapa - six external austerities - are as follows;
Aikantai shyanopvaishan kriti santapnam tan vam Sankyo vriti nibhandana manshanam vishvanr madhodarm Tyagam chaindrya dantino madyata svado rasyanisham Shodha bahya maham stuvay shiv gati praptyabhiyupayam tapa
- Charitra bhakti
i) Vivikta-Shayyasana - sitting and sleeping in a secluded place devoid of animate beings;
i)
Kayaklesha - mortification of the body so long as the mind is not disturbed;
iii) Vritti-Parisamkhyana - taking a mental vow to accept food from a house-holder only if certain conditions are fulfilled without letting anyone know about the vow;
iv) Anashana - fasting, to give up all the four types of food for the sake of meditation.
v) Avamodarya - eating less than one's fill or less than one has appetite for; and,
vi) Rasa-Parityaga - daily renunciation of one or more of six kinds of delicacies namely, ghee (clarified butter), milk, curd, sugar, salt and oil.
(b) Abhyantara Tapa (internal austerities); referring to spiritual discipline. The internal penance has been categorized as below
"Prayshchitvinyaveyavrityasvadhyayavyutsargdhyanantutram"
The Abhyantara Tapa - six kinds of internal austerities are:
Svadhiyeya shubhkarmnrshchyutvata samprtyavsthapanam Dhyanam vyapritiramyavini guro vridhay ch balai yato Kayotsarjan satkriya vinay itayvam tapa shadvidham Vandayabhayantarmantrangbalvadhidvaishi vidhvasnam
- Charitra bhakti
i) Svadhyaya - study of scriptures for getting rid of the ambition for name and fame, for 'Fame is the last infirmity of noble minds.
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| SR No. | 007610 |
| Book Title | Ten Universal Virtues |
| Original Sutra Author | N/A |
| Author | Ram Kumar Nandi |
| Publisher | Ram Kumar Nandi |
| Publication Year | 1994 |
| Total Pages | 114 |
| Language | English |
| Classification | Book_English |
| File Size | 2 MB |