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Dictionary of Sanskrit on Historical Principles
423
the locative case of the noun (P. i. 4.84-97). The remaining indeclinables are called nipāta by Yäska (Nir. 1. 4-11) and are classified into three groups according to their meanings, those expressing comparison (upamārtha), those expressing some other meaning (karmopasangrahārtha) and those merely filling in the metrical line without any significance of their own (padapūrana). These are overlapping groups and Yāska already notes the difference of usage between the Vedic and the later language for some of them. His list runs as follows: iva, na, cid, nu, ca, ā, vā, aha, ha, kila, mā, khalu, śaśvat, nūnam, sim, eva, tvad, kam, im, id and u and further combinations of these like na, kila, nanu kila, net, na, cet are also mentioned. Most of them are included in the cādigana of Pānini (i. 4. 57) while ā, na, mā, sasvat and kam are included in both the cadigana and svarādigaņa (P. i. 1. 37); cid, hi, tva, and id are lacking in Pāṇini's Ganapātha though he knows the use of hi and cid; tva and tvat are included by him among sarvanāman. Obviously Yāska's list is not exhaustive and he himself is doubtful about the status of tva.
Pāṇini's analysis of Sanskrit makes use of classification of two types of elements, morphemes and words. The second alone corresponds to the parts of speech of Western tradition. The basic elements of Sanskrit, according to him, consist of dhātu, pratyaya and prātipadika. He uses either enumeration or mutual exclusion as his method for defining these elements. The roots (dhātus) are enumerated which he can do for Sanskrit because of the extreme transparency of its formations. The prātipadikas coming under the scope of unādi (P. ii. 3.1.) are generally considered by his followers as avyutpanna although an ancient school tries to derive them from roots. These are the primitive nominal stems. The roots have given rise to derivative roots with the addition of suffixes called san and others (P. iii. 1.32). To the dhātus are added two types of terminations called tin which give rise to finite verbal forms and krt (P. III. 1. 93) which give rise to nominal stems or nonfinite verbal forms. To the nominal stems are further added secondary suffixes called taddhita (P.iv.1.76) which do not include the feminine suffixes. The stems other than the roots with primary and secondary suffixes are called prātipadikas to which are added the suffixes called sup giving rise to nominal forms (P. iv. 1. 1-2).
The scheme of formation or derivation gives Pānini the basis for classifying all the words in the language which he call padas. The main division is between subanta and tiñanta (i. 4.14). The second group includes all the finite forms of verbs and are called ākhyātas. The first group includes every other word in the language and can be called a nominal form.