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6. The Doctrine of Nayas: Infinite Modes and Infinite Approaches Synthetic & Analytic Viewpoint (Samgraha & Vyavahar Naya) Existence is a generic attribute of a substance. There is no substance which is not existent. From the attribute of existence the non-dualistic nature of a substance follows. The consummation of such non-dualism is pure existence or absolute existence. From the standpoint of such existence the nature of the universe would find expression in such proposition as – the universe is one because existence is an allpervading feature of it. This non-dualistic approach to element is the viewpoint called synthetic (samgraha naya). The propounders of nonabsolutism have attempted at reconciling the thoughts of the systems like Vedānta and the Sāmkhya. But this does not mean that they borrowed this non-dualistic or generic viewpoint from the Vedānta or the Sāmkhya systems. On the contrary, they have made a critical estimate of the systems that believed in absolutistic non-dualism. The ultimacy of the universal (existence) and the unelement of the particulars is a pseudo-synthetic viewpoint. The universe can be a unity viewed as existence, but there are attributes other than existence in a substance. Particularity is one such attribute of
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