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Bhagavat 5:9:248-254 and half continents---the suns and moons are stationary there, so there is no division of time.
The division of time is for human beings. It is the human being who describes the limit of the life-spans of the infernals, sub-humans and gods on the basis of his own concept of measurement of time.
Time is of two kinds-metaphysical and practical. The nature of metaphysical time is vartana. This is the characteristic of time given in the Uttaradhyayana Sutra.' In the Tattvärtha Sutra, characteristics of time are given, viz., becoming (vartanā), change (pariņāma), motion (kriyā) the state of being before (paratva) and the state of being after (apartva). Among these vartana and parināma are related to metaphysical time. Kriyä, paratva and aparatva are related with practical time. In the Thanam, the practical time has been described both as jiva and ajīva.'
According to Akalanka, the determination of karma-sthiti, bhavasthiti and käyasthiti (i.c., durations of karma, bhāva and käyä) etc. of all souls is made by samaya, avalika etc. of the human world. The practical time is also the basis of measurement of time-units as the numerable, innumerable and infinite.4
1. Uttara. 28.10-vattaṇā lakkhaṇo kālo.
2. Ta. Su. 5.22-vartanā pariṇāmaḥ kriyā paratvāparatve ca kālasya.
3. Thāṇam 2.387-389-samayāti vā āvaliyāti vā jīvāti ya ajīvāti yā pavuccati. āṇāpāṇāṇūti vā thoviti vājīvāti yā ajīvāti yā pacuvvati. khaṇāti vā lavāti vājīvāti ya ajīvāti ya pavuccati. evam muhuttāti vā pakkhāti vā māsāti vā uūti vā ayaṇāti vā samvaccharāti vā jugāti vā vāsasayāti vā vāsasahassāi vā vāsasatasahassai vā vāsakoḍīi vā puvvamgāti vā puvvāti vā tuḍiyamgati va tuḍiyati va addamgāti vā addāti vā avavamgāti vā avavāti vā hūhūargāti vā hūhūyāti vā uppalamgāti vā uppalāti vā paumamgati vā paumāti vā ṇaliņamgāti vā ṇalināti vā atthanikuramgāti vā atthaṇikurāti vā auamgāti vā auāti vā nauamgāti vā nauäti vä pautamgäti vä pautati vă culiyangāti vā cüliyāti vā sīsapaheliyamgāti vā sisapaheliyāti vā paliovamāti vā sāgarovamāti vā osappiṇīti vā ussappiņīti vä-jīvāti ya ajīvāti ya pavuccati.
4. Ta. Ră. Vă. 5.22-manusyakṣetrasamutthena jyotirgatisamayävalikädinä paricchinnena kriyäkaläpena kālavartanayā kālākhyena ūrdhvamadhastiryak ca präninām samkhyeya samkhyeya'nantänantakalagaṇanaprabhedena karmabhavakāyasthitiparicchedaḥ sarvatra jaghanyamadhyamotkrstävasthah kriyate.
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Päsävaccijja-padam
5.254 teṇam kalenam teṇam samaeṇam pāsāvaccijjā thera bhagavamto jeņeva samane bhagavam mahavire teneva uvagacchamti, uvägacchittä samanassa bhagavao mahāvīrassa adūrasāmante thicca evam vayāsi-se nāṇam bhamte! asamkhejje loe aṇamtā rāimdiyā uppajjimsu vā, uppajjamti vā, uppajjissamti và? vigacchimsu và vigacchamti vã, vigacchissati và? parittā rãimdiyā uppajjimsu vā, uppajjamti vā, uppajjissamti va? vigacchimsu vā, vigacchamti vā, vigacchissamti vā?
hamtā ajjo! asamkhejje loe aṇamtā rāimdiya tam ceva.
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