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Cirhosis, Hepatitis and Jaundice
These are diseases of the liver. Cirhosis is a degenerative disease, caused by chronic overconsumption of alcoholic drinks progressively interfering with its function. Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by viral or bacterial infection transmitted through contaminated food or water. It is also caused by transmission of viruses from infected person through blood transfusion. It may be accompained by jaundice, fever and enlargement of the liver. Jaundice is a yellowish coloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to the presence of bile pigments in the circulation. When the liver or biliary apparatus is diseased, these pigments enter circulation instead of being eliminated through the intestines.
IV. Disorders of The Muscles
Spasms
Sudden involuntary and painful muscle contractions are the commonest disorders of the muscular system. Backaches are spasms of the muscles in the lumbar region which follow stress or strain. Stiff-neck involves spasms of the neckmuscles on one side. When a spasm is prolonged, it becomes a cramp. Spasms may occur not only in skeletal muscles but in smooth ones as well.
Contracture
Contracture is a painful condition in which muscle-fibres are shortened in the resting position. It may result from strenuous exercise (muscle fatigue), or from long periods of inactivity, when the muscles do not receive sufficient exercise. Bed rest, for example, may cause the muscle-fibres to adjust themselves to a shorter length, corresponding to a flexed limb, and then they must be painfully and patiently exercised to be lengthened again.
Polio
Poliomyelitis (Polio) was one of the most dreaded diseases of childhood for many years. It sometimes killed but
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