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All objects are constituted of substance and modifications. With respect to their substance, all objects are identical in their being, are one and eternal,-while in respect of their modifications, they are opposite of these. The modifications are the states of the substance. They being of the nature of both being and non-being. everything is proved to be both existent and non
existent etc.," “In oriticism of this (Jaina theory ) the apho. rism (of the Vedānta ) states,- No; because it is impossible in respect of one and the same thing'. This (the Jaina theory ) does not appear to be well-established. Why? Because it is im. sossible in respect of one and the same thing;( which means) that contradictory features like existence and non-existence etc. are impossible to be simultaneously attributed to one and the same thing, just as shadow and heat; (the criticism ) is made clear in this way. The substance and what is an adjective to it viz, its particular state, otherwise called the mode, are objects different from each other and as such, inherence of contradictory features in one and the same thing cannot be possible. For existence a thing characterised by a particular foature like exis
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