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Chapter - 1
Samayaṣāra
All techniques of apprechending the soul can be broadly brought under two groups: (i) vyavahāra and (ii) niścaya. Vyavahāra naya or empirical technique deals mainly with the attributes which are useful in actual worldly life and presents them so that they can be understood by common people. It usually leaves all ultimate questions aside. It is necessarily an analysic process breaking down complex features into simpler ones. Niścaya naya, on the other hand is concerned mainly with the ultimate problems of existence and presents the transcendental aspects of jīva. Its approcah is synthetic rather than analytic. Thus the fundamental characterstic of jīva is consciousness. Vyavahāra nayȧ breaks down the attribute into three simper elements: conduct, world-view and knowledge. Ultimately, however all three are put together to make up a complex whole. The verse emphasizes that the break down of the whole into three elements is useful only in the worldly life (vyavahāra). An emancipated soul does not lose consciousness, because it is a characteristic which never leaves jīva but there is no necessity of the analytic process since the soul transcends the divisions.
Indispensability of Popular Technique (Vyavahāra)
जह णवि सक्कमणज्जो अणज्जभासं विणा उ गाहेदुं । तह ववहारेण विणा परमत्थुवदेसणमसक्कं ॥८ ॥
jaha navi sakkamaṇajjo aṇajjabhāsam viņā u gāhedum. taha vavahāreņa viņā paramatthuvadesaṇamasakkam.. 8
(Jaha) Just as (aṇajjo) a non-aryan (ṇa vi sakkam gāhedum) cannot be instructed/communicated (aṇajjabhāsam viņā du) in any other language except [his own i.e.,] non-aryan. (taha) Similarly (vavahāreņa) without resorting to popular adaptation (paramatthuvadesaṇam asakkam) transcendental [ultimate] truth can not be communicated.
Annotations :
This verse justifies the necessity of the expression of the transcendental truth into non-scientific or popular language and method. Although the ultimate aim of the author is to get behind (transcend) mere appearances and reveal the real or absolute character of the self (paramartha) which lies behind them, it is
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