________________
414 Hiortet.
( gellyPararthanumana is useful when a conviction is to be produced in the mind of another. It is based upon Svarthanumana as one cannot convince another without first convincing himself. In this Pararthanumana it is necessary that the premises must be stated with exact formality and precision, otherwise there is a possibility of the speaker being misunderstood by the hearer. Thus it is clear that in this kind of inference each proposition must be stated in a prescribed form, i. e., in other words a syllogism is essential for a Pararthanumana, whereas such is not the case with a Svarthanumana.
Generally a syllogism consists of five members ( Avayaras ), viz., (1) Assertion ( Pratijna ), (2) Reason (Hetu), (3) Example (Udaharana), (4) Application (Upanaya) and ( 5 ) Conclusion ( Nigamana). This is illustrated as follows:
(1) The mountain ( Dharmin) is fiery( Sadhya )
(Pratijna) (2) because it is smoky- (Hetu); (3) wherever there is smoke there is fire,
e. 9., in a kitchen- (Udaharana ); (4) so is this mountain full of smoke- (Upa
naya); (5) therefore this mountain is full of fire
(Nigamana). A syllogism of five members is called Madhyama or mediocre type; if it consists of less than five members, it is called Jaghanya or the worst type.
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