________________ 130 Introduction definitions of a drarya-paramanu," the samskaras like praptis and sabhagata, the terms like mata", mada, dhatu, in their views on the relation between vitarka and vichara,' riddhi and samadhi, 8 and on the nature of karitra, the three vidyas' and finally on the theory of bija. 10 Despite this identity of views, the Dipakara makes no direct or indirect reference to Samghabhadra or to the latter's famous works, viz., the "Nyayanusara and the "Samaya-pradipika." The Buddhist acharyas referred to by him, viz., (arya) Maitreya, Asvaghosha, (bhadanta) Kumaralata, Vasumitra, Ghoshaka, Dharma trata and Buddhadeva, and the non-Buddhist acharyas, viz., Kapila, Akshapada Uluka Kanada, Vyasa, Vtishagana and Vindhyavasin, all belong to a period prior to the compilation of the Kosa. Our main sources for the knowledge of the Dipakara, therefore, are all exernal. But even these are disappointing, because, to the best of our knowledge, neither the Dipa nor the Vritti seen to have been known to the contemporaries or to the successors of the Kosakara Vasubandhu. Tradition as preserved in Paramartha's 'Life of Vasubandhu' knows of only one (Vaibhashika) rival to the Kosakara, viz., Samghabhadra. and attributes to him only two works, viz., the "Nyayanusara" and the "Samaya-pradipika", which are commentaries on the Kosa and not entirely independent works like our Dipa. Yasomitra who quotes large passages from the "Nyayanusara" and criticises the views of Samghabhadra (and also several other acharyas like Anantavarman, Gunamati, Devasarman, Rama, etc.) makes not a single reference either to the Dipakara or to the Dipa, Vtitti, or to the Tattva-saptati which as noted above was also a work by the author of the Vritti. Neither the works of the post-Vasubandhu acharyas like Dignaga, Dharmakirti, santarakshita and Kamalasila (which contain an occasional criticism of the Vaibhashika), nor the works of the Chinese 1 Adv. p. 65, n. 4. 6 Adv. p. 385, n. 1 2 Adv. p. 87. n. 5. 7 Adv. p. 83, n. 3. 3 Adv. p. 89, n. 5. 8 Aav. p. 399, n. 1. 4 Adv. p. 162, n. ). 9 Adv. p. 397, n. 5. 5 Ade, p. 307, n. 5. 10 Adv. p. 170, n.-3.