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Nyāyāvatāra: 14.
4) so is this hill full of smoke (application, upanaya):
5) therefore, this hill is full of fire (conclusion, nigamana).
The above is a mediocre (madhyama) form of an “inference for the sake of others”. Here the minor term (pakşa), the major term (sādhya), the middle term (hetu) and example (drșțānta) have been used. The worst (jaghanya) form of an “inference for the sake of others” consists in a mere statement of the reason or middle term (hetu), besides the major term (sādhya) and the minor term (pakşa), thus:
1) This hill (minor term) is full of fire (major term);
2) because it is full of smoke (middle term).
The best (uttama) form of an inference for the sake of others consists in the statement of the following ten parts or members (dasāvayava): 1) proposition (pratijñā); 2) correction of the proposition (pratijñāsuddhi;) 3) reason or middle term (hetu); 4) correction of the reason or middle term (hetu-suddhi); 5) example (drstānta); 6) correction of the example (drşțāntasuddhi); 7) application (upanaya); 8) correction of the application (upanaya-suddhi); 9) conclusion (nigamana); and 10) correction of the conclusion (nigamanas'uddhi).
Any form containing less than ten members, down to five, is called mediocre (madhyama).
साध्याभ्युपगमः पक्षः प्रत्यक्षाद्यनिराकृतः । ACUTTIST Artaut tativaca197: 118811
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