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Jaina Religion: Its Historical Journey of Evolution
to Caityavāsa and Bhattārakas is available for the first time in Astapāhuda (Lingapāhuda 1-22) of Ācārya Kundakunda. And later āśādhara and Banārasi Dāsa etc. were also opposed to this. In the Śvetāmbaras the first one who penned his views against this is Ācārya Haribhadra. He openly criticized these Caityavāsis in his 'Sambodhaprakarana' and said that their conduct was against the scriptures; he even went to the extent of calling them devils in men. Criticisms of this kind against Caityavāsis further came from many other ācāryas such as Jineśvarasūri, Jinacandrasūri etc. of the Kharatara-gaccha. Kharatara-gaccha in the 10 century AD came in to being as a reaction to Caityavāsa. The original name of this was Suvihita or Samvigna-mārga. In the Digambara tradition of this period some sects like Drāvida-samgha, Māthura-samgha, Kāstā-samgha etc. were also born, which are called Jainābhāsa in the text known as Darśanasāra.
Pt. Nathu Ram ji ‘Premi' in his book 'Jaina Sāhitya Aura Itihāsa', under the title of 'Caityavāsa and Vanavāsa' has discussed this at substantial length. Still on the basis of the available evidence it is difficult to say that Jaina sargha was able to liberate itself from growing slackness or laxity of conduct of monks despite the voices of opposition to it. However, this opposition certainly became
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