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HISTORY OF JAINA MONACHISM
187 ācārya took fatherly care of his student. Thus both of them were bound to one another by ties of obedience and affection.
The Avasyakas:
Besides these, other items referred to are the six essential duties. It may, however, be noted that the Anga texts do not give details about it, and they are to be found in the Avaśyakasūtra, which belongs to the Mülasutra category.
These six āvaśyakas279 were: (1) sāmāyika-moral and mental equanimity of mind, (2) caturvimśatistava-offering prayers to twenty-four Tirthankaras, (3) vandanā-paying respect to the superiors, (4) pratikramaņa-condemnation of transgressions, (5) kāyotsarga-motionless posture of and non-attachment for the
body, and (6) pratyākhyāna—self-denial.
Thus the whole day of the monk was spent in various duties which were of a rigorous nature and no possibility was afforded to him to go astray if he led his daily routine in a normal manner. PENANCE AND FASTING:
Penance mainly consisted of fasts of various magnitudes. It was divided into two main types.
One of these types was called external (bāhira) penance, and the other internal (abbhintara). These were further divided, each into six subdivisions, which were as follows.280
(a) External Penance:
(1) anasaņa--fasting, (2) üņoyariya-eating less than the normal, (3) bhikkhāyariyā—begging food (in a peculiar way), (4) rasapariccāya-giving up dainty food, (5) kāyakilesa—mortifying the body,
279. Uttar, 26, 2-4; 29, 8-13. 280. Than. p. 364b; Smu. 11b; Uttar. 28, 34; 30, 8. Bhag. 292a, 921a.
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